中国陆地生态系统植硅体碳汇潜力估算研究进展

植硅体封存有机碳作为长期稳定的碳汇机制之一,近年来在全球碳汇研究领域备受关注.分析植硅体在陆地生态系统植被-凋落物-土壤连续体的周转,计算其封存的有机碳含量,是进一步准确估算整个陆地生态系统植硅体碳封存潜力的基础,对陆地生态系统碳稳定固存和碳中和具有重要意义.通过全面回顾中国陆地生态系统植硅体碳封存潜力研究成果,系统论...     

Polysaccharide aggregation as a potential sink of marine dissolved organic carbon

The formation and sinking of biogenic particles mediate vertical mass fluxes and drive elemental cycling in the ocean. Whereas marine sciences have focused primarily on particle production by phytoplankton growth, particle formation by the assembly of organic macromolecules has almost been neglected. Here we show, by means of a combined experimental and modelling study, that the formation of polysaccharide particles is an important pathway to convert dissolved into particulate organic carbon during phytoplankton blooms, and can be described in terms of aggregation kinetics. Our findings suggest that aggregation processes in the ocean cascade from the molecular scale up to the size of fast-settling particles, and give new insights into the cycling and export of biogeochemical key elements such as carbon, iron and thorium.     

中国碳排放特征及碳汇经济建设分析

介绍了碳汇经济的概念,综述了中国碳排放的特征,并就进行碳汇经济建设开展讨论,这对于理解我国碳排放变化与经济发展之间的内在联系,以及产业发展调整具有一定的意义。     

2000—2010年东北三省碳源汇时空动态遥感研究

植被净生态系统生产力(Net Ecosystem Productivity,NEP)是估算区域上植被碳源、碳汇的重要指标.以东北三省为研究区,基于EOS/MODIS遥感资料,结合气象数据,对2000—2010年NEP的分布情况和时间变化特征进行分析,结果表明,2000—2010年我国东北三省大部分地区为碳汇区域,NEP值处于0~300 g C·m-2·a-1之间,碳源地主要集中在吉林省西北部和黑龙江省西南部地区;林地的碳汇能力最大,NEP均值为176.74 g C·m-2·a-1,其次为灌丛175.02 g C·m-2·a-1,农田、湿地、草地的碳汇能力依次减弱;11年间,东北三省约66.36%的地区NEP呈下降趋势,即过半数地区固碳能力都在减弱,固碳能力大幅增强的地区集中在辽宁省长白山西南段和西辽低山丘陵,NEP上升的斜率在5~15之间.结合年均温和年降水对逐年的东三省年平均NEP进行分析,结果显示,NEP与降水呈正相关关系,且相关性显著;NEP与温度呈负相关关系,但是相关性不够显著;NEP值受温度、降水的极值影响很明显.本文基于多时相遥感数据展开了区域尺度的碳源汇模拟,为遥感数据在此领域的应用和碳储蓄动态变化研究提供了理论依据和方法借鉴.     

利用表面电势表征砂岩储层岩石表面润湿性

利用Stern双电层模型研究岩石表面荷电机制,考察岩石表面电势与表面基团的对应关系,从微观岩石表面基团的电性变化出发,分析归纳岩石表面电势与砂岩储层岩石表面润湿性间的关系。结果表明:岩石表面上分布有各类带电或中性基团,这些表面基团与液体分子之间存在相互作用力,包括范德华力、库伦力和氢键,油藏润湿性是这些分子间作用力的性质、大小和综合作用的宏观表现;岩石表面电势的正负和绝对值反映了岩石表面化学基团的电性和密度,可用于表征评价岩石表面润湿性。     

The human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests

Temperate and boreal forests in the Northern Hemisphere cover an area of about 2 x 10(7) square kilometres and act as a substantial carbon sink (0.6-0.7 petagrams of carbon per year). Although forest expansion following agricultural abandonment is certainly responsible for an important fraction of this carbon sink activity, the additional effects on the carbon balance of established forests of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, increasing temperatures, changes in management practices and nitrogen deposition are difficult to disentangle, despite an extensive network of measurement stations. The relevance of this measurement effort has also been questioned, because spot measurements fail to take into account the role of disturbances, either natural (fire, pests, windstorms) or anthropogenic (forest harvesting). Here we show that the temporal dynamics following stand-replacing disturbances do indeed account for a very large fraction of the overall variability in forest carbon sequestration. After the confounding effects of disturbance have been factored out, however, forest net carbon sequestration is found to be overwhelmingly driven by nitrogen deposition, largely the result of anthropogenic activities. The effect is always positive over the range of nitrogen deposition covered by currently available data sets, casting doubts on the risk of widespread ecosystem nitrogen saturation under natural conditions. The results demonstrate that mankind is ultimately controlling the carbon balance of temperate and boreal forests, either directly (through forest management) or indirectly (through nitrogen deposition).     

造林学实验课教学改革的探索

在分析林业院校造林学实验课实验教学现状的基础上,以该门实验课实验教学改革为基础,探讨了实验教学理念,实验教学内容,实验组织方式,实验技术手段等方面的改革,并总结了取得的成绩.     

Estimation of provincial forest carbon sink capacities in Chinese mainland

Estimation of the capacity of provincial forest carbon sinks in Chinese mainland using the CO2FIX model provides data support for the effective management of provincial regions. According to China’s Sixth National Forest Inventory, we estimate the capacities of original and new afforestation carbon sinks under the assumption of using the country’s non-forest land for afforestation and reforestation to achieve a new forested area of 57323200 ha. The carbon absorption capacity of China’s forest ecosystems est...     

林业碳汇产品价值实现路径综述

通过分析林业碳汇产品价值实现路径,促进林业碳汇生态效益、经济效益、社会效益的融合共赢。采用文献综述、案例归纳分析等概述林业碳汇产品相关概念,归纳梳理林业碳汇产品价值实现路径,并探究其发展的不足之处,最后结合中国学术研究与实践发展现状,对今后的理论研究与机制设计提出相关建议。笔者界定了林业碳汇金融的概念,认为林业碳汇产品价值实现路径可概括为政府生态补偿路径、林业碳汇金融路径和林业碳汇产业化路径,这3种路径有助于实现林业碳汇产品的价值。但是当前各国政府生态补偿缺乏可持续性、林业碳汇交易规则亟须完善、金融机构参与林业碳汇金融意愿薄弱,以及林业碳汇产业化进程缓慢等问题制约着林业碳汇产品价值的实现。建议从完善林业碳汇生态补偿制度、推进林业碳汇产品纳入国家统一的碳市场交易、强化林业碳汇金融路径理论与实践研究、健全林业碳汇产业为核心的产业扶持政策、加强林业碳汇产品价值实现的保障机制建设等方面,推动中国林业碳汇价值的实现。     

Fire as the dominant driver of central Canadian boreal forest carbon balance

Changes in climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and fire regimes have been occurring for decades in the global boreal forest, with future climate change likely to increase fire frequency--the primary disturbance agent in most boreal forests. Previous attempts to assess quantitatively the effect of changing environmental conditions on the net boreal forest carbon balance have not taken into account the competition between different vegetation types on a large scale. Here we use a process model with three competing vascular and non-vascular vegetation types to examine the effects of climate, carbon dioxide concentrations and fire disturbance on net biome production, net primary production and vegetation dominance in 100 Mha of Canadian boreal forest. We find that the carbon balance of this region was driven by changes in fire disturbance from 1948 to 2005. Climate changes affected the variability, but not the mean, of the landscape carbon balance, with precipitation exerting a more significant effect than temperature. We show that more frequent and larger fires in the late twentieth century resulted in deciduous trees and mosses increasing production at the expense of coniferous trees. Our model did not however exhibit the increases in total forest net primary production that have been inferred from satellite data. We find that poor soil drainage decreased the variability of the landscape carbon balance, which suggests that increased climate and hydrological changes have the potential to affect disproportionately the carbon dynamics of these areas. Overall, we conclude that direct ecophysiological changes resulting from global climate change have not yet been felt in this large boreal region. Variations in the landscape carbon balance and vegetation dominance have so far been driven largely by increases in fire frequency.     

响应面法优化青霉素菌渣活性炭制备技术的研究

以制药厂废青霉素菌渣为原料,采用化学活化法,以K2CO3为活化剂,运用响应面法,确定了化学活化法制备青霉素菌渣活性炭的最佳工艺条件:活化温度为800℃,活化比为1∶3,活化时间为3h。以比表面积和得率为性能评价指标,建立的模型具有良好的吻合性,能较好地反映各影响因素之间的关系。     

白洋淀表层沉积物中的多卤代芳烃及其潜在风险

采用GC-MS/MS技术对45个白洋淀表层沉积物（0～5 cm）样品中的三类（多溴联苯、 多溴联苯醚和多氯联苯）多卤代芳烃(PHAHs)进行分析。实验发现多氯联苯(PCBs)是优势污染物（20.57 ng·g-1 ·dw）,PCB28,52, 66, 138, 156和170是被检出的主要同族体;多溴联苯(PBBs)和多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）在沉积物中的检出浓度相对较低（0.47 ng·g-1 ·dw和1.78 ng·g-1 ·dw）,PBDE28和PBDE 47是最具支配地位的PBDE同族体,分别占PBDEs总量的16 %和21 %。实验结果与国内外最近的文献报道值相比较,显示这三类PHAHs在沉积物中的浓度处于低污染水平,引起的潜在风险也相对较低。     

硅酸盐岩风化碳汇与我国热带季风区花岗岩流域碳循环*

为探讨岩石风化碳汇在环境变化过程中的作用,阐明硅酸盐岩风化作为地质时间尺度净碳汇在全球碳循环过程中的重要意义。综述了岩石化学风化与环境变化之间的关系,总结了岩石风化领域的研究进展,重点论述了有关玄武岩和花岗岩地区碳汇速率的研究成果。结果表明,学者对玄武岩流域的研究开展较早,涉及玄武岩台地、火山岛屿及大陆边缘火山带等代表区域,但由于其在陆壳硅酸盐岩面积比例较低,当综合评价全球硅酸盐岩的碳汇能力时,花岗岩地区更具代表性。有关花岗岩地区的研究集中在北美洲和欧洲地区,学者对亚洲季风区,尤其是热带季风地区关注较少。事实上,热带地区花岗岩风化速率为10.05~44.3 t·km~(-2)·y~(-1),平均碳汇能力达5.25×10~5mol·km~(-2)·y~(-1),与国内外已有成果相比,中国热带季风区花岗岩正经历快速风化和较高的CO_2吸收通量,加上区域内特殊的河流碳输送规律,该区域在全球碳循环研究中意义重大。然而,目前中国花岗岩流域碳循环研究主要在温带及亚热带地区展开,无疑,对于中国热带季风区花岗岩流域碳循环的研究应是学者未来关注的重点。     

中国陆地生态系统碳汇发展的现状、问题及建议

 分析了陆地生态系统碳汇相关问题的内涵与科学意义,结合中国陆地生态系统碳汇和生物多样性领域的发展现状和问题,从加快推进生态保护和修复重大工程、构建促进生态系统碳汇增量发展的科技支撑体系、加强生态碳汇的技术研发与能力建设、推进完善生态系统碳汇交易机制、加强碳中和与生物多样性保护统筹等方面,提出了陆地生态系统碳汇促进碳中和目标实现的对策建议。     

Three-year changes of surface albedo of degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in a semiarid area

Diurnal, seasonal and interannual variations of surface albedo of degraded grassland and cropland surfaces at a semiarid area of Tognyu have been investigated based on the continuous three years observational data from 2003 to 2005. The changes of surface albedo with solar elevation angle and soil moisture have been discussed also. It has been found that surface albedo has almost the same diurnal and seasonal variations on degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in the semiarid area, while surface albedo is large in winter and small in summer. The diurnal variation of the surface albedo has relationship with the weather condition. The diurnal cycle of the surface albedo likes the ＂U＂ shape curve in sunny day, while it is low-high after the rain, and high-low after the snow. The surface albedo has large variation in cloudy day, while it has no any variation in overcast day. The large difference of the surface albedo can be 0.04 in winter between two land surfaces, because the snow has large effects on the surface albedo in winter. The rainfall is an important factor in summer on the surface albedo, while the difference of the surface albedo is 0.01 only between two land surfaces. The differences of the surface albedo can also be 0.04 in autumn due to vegetation growing. The seasonal-average surface albeo from 2003-2005 is 0.25, 0.22, 0.24, 0.32 respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter on the degraded grassland surface, while it is 0.25, 0.21,0.22, 0.33 respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter on the cropland surface. The surface albedo becomes smaller with the increase of solar elevation angle. When the solar elevation angle is greater than 40°, the surface albedo changes very little and tends to be a constant. The surface albedo has negative exponent functions with soil moisture in the growing season.     

Preliminary regional estimation of carbon sink flux by carbonate rock corrosion: A case study of the Pearl River Basin

The formation of carbonate rocks has had a dramatic sink effect on atmospheric CO2 throughout geological time.The wide global distribution of carbonate rocks and their strong sensitivity to climate change mean that carbonate rock corrosion consuming air/soil CO2 can play an important role in the global carbon cycle.The carbon sink accounts for 12.00%-35.29% of the missing carbon in the global carbon cycle.Using the Pearl River Basin as a case study,we analyzed comprehensively the factors impacting karstific...     

福建省天然乔木林碳储量动态变化及增汇策略

【目的】根据福建省森林资源清查数据,估算天然乔木林的生物量碳库及其变化,并提出增汇策略,为天然林的固碳能力提升和科学经营管理提供依据。【方法】基于福建省2003—2018年4次森林资源清查数据,采用生物量转换因子连续函数法,结合主要林分组含碳率、根冠比,估算福建省天然乔木林碳储量变化和碳密度。【结果】福建省天然乔木林碳储量由2003年的156.11 Tg增加到2018年的248.68 Tg,年均增长率为3.15%;碳密度由2003年的47.30 Mg/hm²增加到2018年的76.24 Mg/hm²,年均增长1.93 Mg/hm²。天然乔木林碳储量以阔叶类树种(含针阔混交林)占主体,4个清查时期占比均超过70%,最高达86.47%。2003—2018年,天然乔木林幼龄林和中龄林面积占比58.78%~73.76%,碳储量占比50.72%~61.90%,面积和碳储量都以幼、中龄林为主,但占比均呈现明显下降趋势,且呈现碳储量占比明显低于面积占比的特征。天然乔木林碳密度随着林龄的增加呈现明显上升趋势,各林分的碳密度总体上以阔叶类高于针叶类。【结论】福建省天然乔木林碳储量呈较快增长趋势,碳密度不断提高,碳汇能力明显增强,随着天然林保护、生态修复的持续,现阶段以中幼龄林为主的天然乔木林已进入快速增长期,未来固碳潜力巨大。     

碳纤维表面磁改性成膜性研究

采用铁溶胶对碳纤维的成膜性进行了研究,分别考察了碳纤维脱胶工艺和铁溶胶涂层碳纤维热处理工艺对铁溶胶成膜性的影响.碳纤维脱胶处理研究结果表明,碳纤维在N2保护下,800℃脱胶处理后,进行铁溶胶涂层,可获得光滑、平整的表面膜;对铁溶胶涂层碳纤维进行了差热分析,结果表明铁溶胶涂层碳纤维热处理工艺分为两个阶段,并对两段热处理温度设计了正交试验,结果表明第一阶段温度控制在120℃,第二阶段温度控制在300℃,可获得涂层较薄且均匀一致的Fe溶胶涂层碳纤维.图4,表2,参9.     

太原市发展屋顶绿化应注意的若干问题

屋顶绿化是我国城市建设的一个崭新亮点，它既有增加城市绿地面积、发挥生态林业的作用，又有美化城市、为居民提供活动场所的功能。简要介绍了国内外屋顶绿化的发展状况，分析了太原市发展屋顶绿化的技术难点，提出了地毯式、花槽连网架式、花园式3种屋顶绿化模式，并建议就不同模式进行试点。     

碳/碳复合材料表面烧蚀多尺度粗糙度模拟简

通过建立碳/碳（C/C）复合材料在宏观、微观不同尺度上的烧蚀模型,利用有限元方法分析了C/C复合材料在烧蚀过程中的体积损失、表面粗糙度以及烧蚀性能的变化规律。微观上,模拟了材料烧蚀呈现的尖笋状粗糙度形貌。宏观上,采用ALE方法,并基于实验结果通过Fortran编程控制材料表面烧蚀后退运动,建立了C/C复合材料表面烧蚀的多尺度热力耦合分析模型,并进行瞬态有限元分析。结果表明：材料烧蚀表面粗糙度程度与烧蚀速率、材料性能密切相关;并且随着材料烧蚀程度的不同,材料的表面应力也相应变化。