基于GIS的中国泥石流易发性评价

探讨全国泥石流易发程度,为地质灾害防治规划、宏观层面国土空间布局等提供依据。以中国内地(未包含香港、澳门和台湾)为研究区,选取起伏度、地貌类型、活动断裂距离、岩组(性)、年平均≥50mm暴雨日数、土地利用程度等6个易发性评价因子,基于1km×1km评价单元,采用概率比率模型,进行了易发性评价,形成了全国泥石流易发程度分区,并对结果进行了检验。评价结果表明:高易发区面积占7%,泥石流数量占全部的52.50%;中易发区面积占的28%,泥石流数量占33.51%;低易发区面积占28%,泥石流数量占11.45%;不易发区占37%,泥石流数量占2.55%。     

基于物源特征的白龙江流域泥石流易发性评价

白龙江流域是泥石流地质灾害的易发区和高发区,历史上曾发生过多次泥石流灾害。为探讨物源对泥石流的影响,对流域内泥石流物源数量、类型、分布进行了详细地调查分析,进而研究了物源转化泥石流的方式。在分析泥石流物源发育影响因素的基础上,采用确定性模型与灰色关联组合方法,筛选出物源敏感性、坡面侵蚀程度、沟床比降、沟壑密度四个因子,运用AHP模型进行区域泥石流易发性区划。得出以下认识：(1)白龙江流域泥石流物源分为重力侵蚀堆积型、坡面侵蚀汇集型、沟道侵蚀堆积型和弃渣侵蚀堆积型。其中物源量最多的为重力侵蚀堆积型,分布面积最广的是坡面侵蚀汇集型;(2)泥石流的物源多分布于坡度在15°~45°范围内的斜坡上,1 000~2 500 m的高程范围内,距离断裂500 m范围内,且物源量与植被覆盖率呈较好的负相关性;(3)流域内物源转化为泥石流的方式主要有崩落冲刷拉槽型、集中堵塞溃决型、沟道揭底铲刮型、坡面径流侵蚀溜滑型;(4)白龙江流域泥石流高易发区位于物源分布密集区,即泥石流流域中下游两岸。     

基于RS-IVM的吉林省泥石流灾害易发性评价研究

针对信息量模型(information value model,IVM)在地质灾害易发性评价中未考虑各评价指标之间的权重大小和冗余属性的约简问题,本文引入粗糙集(rough set,RS)理论,提出一种基于粗糙集理论的信息量评价模型(RS-IVM)方法.通过RS理论属性重要度分析,约简重要度极低的冗余属性,并根据属性重...     

确定性系数法的海城市地质灾害易发性评价

海城市地貌类型多样,地质灾害多发.本文选取高程、坡度、坡向、地层岩性、年均降雨量、距河流距离、植被覆盖度和距断层距离8个影响因子进行地质灾害易发性评价,基于ArcGIS栅格统计功能,运用确定性系数模型对海城市地质灾害易发性进行评价.结果表明:海城市地质灾害可分为高、中、低和不易发区,高易发区主要分布在海城市东南部低山丘...     

三明市后山冲沟泥石流易发性评价及预报

2019年5月15—17日和6月7—10日三明市区持续强降雨,其中5月16日24 h降雨量为50年一遇,受强降雨影响,市区东侧后山产生大量浅层滑坡,冲沟内松散固体物源增加,后山冲沟山洪暴发;若在100年一遇甚至200年一遇暴雨作用下,冲沟内产生的浅层滑坡数量及能够参与泥石流活动的松散固体物源量都将会大幅度提高,很可能暴发由浅层滑坡诱发的沟谷泥石流.根据直接指标评价法对三明市区后山20条冲沟的泥石流易发程度进行评价:除了碧桂园后山冲沟为不易发外,其余19条冲沟的泥石流易发程度均为轻度易发;通过19条轻度易发泥石流冲沟的地形数据和2019年5—6月两次降雨过程数据,对浅层滑坡诱发沟谷泥石流降雨预报模型进行验证,结果表明模型预报结果与实际相符;并利用该预报模型给出三明后山冲沟泥石流预报临界降雨值,为该区泥石流预测预报和监测预警指标选取提供参考.     

黄土高原淤地坝溃决型泥石流易发性评价

生态环境脆弱,极端气候频发,黄土高原淤地坝溃决形成的泥石流灾害事件增多,对当地人民生命财产安全带来巨大危害,有效地开展淤地坝溃决型泥石流灾害易发性评价对国土规划、防灾减灾具有重要意义。以黄土高原淤地坝溃决型泥石流为研究对象,从工程地质条件和降水量入手,基于产流模型、产沙模型,建立了淤地坝溃决型泥石流易发性评价模型及其计算方法,定义了库水位坝高比概念,并开展了考虑坝系结构的淤地坝溃决型泥石流易发性评价。研究结果表明,当降雨频率为5%、降雨时长4.5 h时,大型淤地坝溃决形成泥石流易发性等级达到了高易发,一般降水情况下均为不易发和低易发;当降雨频率为20%、降雨时长4.5 h时,中型淤地坝溃决形成泥石流易发性等级达到了高易发,一般降水情况下均为不易发和低易发;而当降雨时长1 h时,小型淤地坝溃决形成泥石流易发性等级均达到高易发以上。此外,坝系的结构对淤地坝溃决型泥石流易发性也有一定的影响。     

山区公路泥石流易发性评价的Fisher判别分析法

针对山区公路泥石流易发性评价问题,基于Fisher判别分析理论,在分析影响泥石流易发程度的基础上,选取9个影响因子作为判别指标,以G314线奥依塔克镇至布伦口段公路50条沟谷作为学习样本,建立了山区公路泥石流易发性评价的Fisher判别分析模型,利用回代估计方法对建模数据逐一进行检验,正确率达100%,并选用其它4组待检样本对判别模型进行验证,验证结果均与实际情况相符.研究结果表明:Fisher判别分析法用于山区公路泥石流易发性判别效果良好,是解决评价山区公路两侧沟谷泥石流易发性的一种有效方法.     

基于RF和SVM模型的东川泥石流易发性评价研究

泥石流具有很大的破坏力,尤其是在山区,严重威胁着人民的生命财产安全,因此研究山区泥石流易发性评价对国土空间规划、防灾减灾及制定合理的泥石流防治措施等具有重要意义.以泥石流多发地东川区为例,采用随机森林(RF)、支持向量机(SVM)两种机器学习算法,以流域单元作为评价单元,在识别泥石流点的基础上,选取15个指标因子构建山...     

基于确定性系数与支持向量机的滑坡易发性评价

准确的滑坡易发性评价对防灾减灾具有重大意义。以略阳县为研究区,在确定性系数模型(certainty factor, CF)易发性分区的基础上,剔除极高和高易发区后选取非滑坡点,提取CF值为支持向量机模型(support vector machine, SVM)的输入值,采取灰狼优化算法得到最优参数建立CF-SVM模型对研究区进行预测,同时与随机选取的非滑坡点SVM模型进行对比。结果表明：CF-SVM模型在极高和高易发区涵盖了74.2%的历史滑坡点,且受试者特征工作曲线下的面积(area under receiver operating characteristic curve, AUC)达到0.95,均高于SVM模型,由此说明CF-SVM模型具有更高的准确率,并且证明了在CF模型基础上选取非滑坡点的可行性,可为该区域的风险管理提供科学依据。     

基于浆体的泥石流容重计算

给出了一种运用于无观测资料的泥石流沟的泥石流容重计算方法。推导的理论公式表明由泥石流的浆体容重和细颗粒含量可以计算泥石流容重,而泥石流浆体的上限粒径决定了浆体容重和细颗粒含量的取值;提出以泥石流沟边壁、岩壁的固体黏结物的最大粒径作为上限粒径,还提出了浆体容重和细颗粒含量的确定方法,其中浆体容重值主要根据浆体的屈服应力一致性得到。实例计算表明该方法与现在流行的计算方法有较好的吻合。     

Hazards Assessment of Regional Debris Flows Based on Geographic Information Science

Supported by the spatial analysis feature of geographic information science and assessment model of regional debris flows, hazards degrees of the debris flows in the Upper Yangtze River Watershed （UYRW） are divided into five grades based on grid cell. The area of no danger, light danger, medium danger, severe danger and extreme severe danger regions respectively are 278 000, 288 000, 217 000, 127 000, 15 000 km^2. Furthermore, the counties in the UYRW are classified into four classes based on the hazards degrees in each county. The number of severe danger, medium danger, light danger and no danger counties respectively are 49, 82, 77 and 105. The assessment results will be provided for the hazards forecasting and mitigation in the UYRW and ongoing regionalization of Main Function Regions in China as data and technique framework.     

不同降雨频率单沟泥石流灾害风险评价

通过对危险度与易损度进行耦合分析,结合GIS技术,得出单沟泥石流不同降雨频率下灾害风险度,最终获得了段河坝泥石流沟不同降雨频率下风险分区.结果表明:段河坝泥石流沟总体属于中偏高风险等级,50年一遇最大泥石流冲出量为36.5×104m3,极高风险区面积为0.01 km2;100年一遇最大泥石流冲出量为196×104m3,极高风险区面积达到0.13 km2.     

GIS-Based Risk Assessment of Debris Flow Disasters in the Upper Reach of Yangtze River

This paper discussed theory and methodologies of debris-flow risk assessment and established an implementation process according to indicators of debris-flow hazard degree, vulnerability, risk degree, etc. Among these methodologies, historical and potential hazard degree was comprehensively considered into hazard assessment and hazard index was presented to indicate the debris-flow hazard degree. Regarding debris-flow vulnerability assessment, its statistical data and calculating procedure were based on the hazard-degree regionalization instead of administrative divisions, which improved the assessing scientificity and precision. These quantitative methodologies integrated with Geography Information System （GIS） were applied to the risk assessment of debris flows in the upper reach of Yangtze River. Its results were in substantial agreement on investigation data and the actual distribution of debris flows, which showed that these principles and methodologies were reasonable and feasible and can provide basis or reference for debris-flow risk assessment and disaster management.     

Regional Prediction of Impending Debris Flow Based on Doppler Weather Radar

Debris flow prediction is one of the important means to reduce the loss caused by debris flow. This paper built a regional prediction model of impending debris flow based on regional environmental background （including topography, geology, land use, and etc.）, rainfall and debris flow data. A system of regional prediction of impending debris flow was set up on ArcGIS 9.0 platform according to the model. The system used forecast precipitation data of Doppler weather radar and observational precipitation data as its input data. It could provide a prediction about the possibility of debris flow one to three hours before it happened, and was put into use in Liangshan Meteorological Observatory in Sichuan province in the monsoon of 2006.     

基于FLO-2D数值模拟的结底岗村公路泥石流危险性评价

工布江达县公路沿线泥石流频发,对公路交通安全和县内各区域经济发展造成严重影响。为研究高海拔地区暴雨型泥石流对公路的危害特征和潜在危险性,同时探索基于FLO-2D模型模拟泥石流的方法在高寒、高海拔、强地质构造地区的适用性,本文运用FLO-2D软件,以西藏自治区工布江达县典型公路泥石流——结底岗村泥石流为例,模拟泥石流泥深、流速等方面的冲淤特征,确定泥石流强度并划定危险性分区评价泥石流危险性。以公路沿线典型泥石流沟危险性的“点评价”为基础,通过分析公路泥石流危险分区以及与受威胁路段之间的拓扑关系,定量评估泥石流危险性,可以合理的预测公路泥石流的影响区域和危害程度,为工布江达县公路泥石流灾害分析、预警以及建设设计和公众疏散计划提供技术参考。     

Fractal Structure of Debris Flow

One of the most remarkable characteristics of debris flow is the competence for supporting boulders on the surface of flow,which strongly suggests that there should be some structure in the fluid body. This paper analyzed the grain compositions from various samples of debris flows and then revealed the fractal structure. Specifically,the fractality holds in three domains that can be respectively identified as the slurry,matrix,and the coarse content. Furthermore,the matrix fractal,which distinguishes debris flow from other kinds of flows,involves a hierarchical structure in the sense that it might contain ever increasing grains while the total range of grain size increases. It provides a possible mechanism for the boulder suspension.     

Model and Method of Debris Flow Risk Zoning Based on Momentum Analysis

0IntroductionRisk zoning of debris flowis one of the i mportant meas-ures for debris flowdisasters mitigation and is effectiveon assessingthe risk degreesinthe dangerous area and hasthei mportant significance to guide land-use and layout in moun-tain area…