小麦和青稞幼穗脱分化期间过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶组成的变化

离体培养前的小麦和青稞的幼穗均含有极少量的过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶。离体培养8h后,外植体中部分同工酶被一些新合成的同工酶替代,同工酶的数量显著增加。随着外植体的发育,新的同工酶分子不断出现。在愈伤组织形成的后期,部分同工酶逐渐消失,同工酶的数量也明显下降,过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶的变化在小麦和青稞之间无显著的差别,在小麦或青稞中,过氧化物酶同工酶的变化也同酶酶同工酶的变化基本相同。文章讨论了这两种酶的变化与脱分化过程的关系及其与其它非禾各类植物中的酶的差异。     

野生二粒小麦的Giemsa C带核型

采用改良C带技术对野生二粒小麦根尖细胞染色体进行了分带研究结果表明：野生二粒小麦体细胞中有14对染色体，染色体组型AABB不同染色体上带的数目、大小、强弱及分布情况各异，而同源染色体的带型一致，根据C带带型特征很容易将野生二粒小麦不同染色体组、及不同染色体分开因此，C带可作为野生二粒小麦的细胞学标记．此外，除4B染色体外，野生二粒小麦染色体的C带带型特征与普通小麦相应染色体相似，这从染色体结构方面进一步证实了野生二粒小麦是普通小麦祖先种之一的假设     

野生二粒小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基等位变异分析

本研究采用十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）方法,对从国内外引进的175份野生二粒小麦（Triticum dicoccoides）种质资源高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）Glu1-等位基因组成进行了鉴定和分析.结果表明,175份野生二粒小麦中,Glu-1B位点上的HMW-GS有32种变异类型,比普通面包小麦Glu-1B位点编码的HMW-GS的变异类型丰富得多,其中7＋8和14.1＋15.1亚基分布频率最高（占20.00%）;Glu-1A位点编码的HMW-GS有4种变异类型：1、1^＊、2^＊和Null,一共鉴定了10个新的高分子量亚基.这些新的亚基和等位基因有可能成为面包小麦品质改良的候选基因资源.     

入侵植物大狼把草对2种农作物的化感作用

运用水浸提法提取入侵植物大狼把草茎叶化感物质,通过对比试验研究了不同浓度的大狼把草茎叶水浸液对大麦和小麦种子萌发以及幼苗生长发育的影响.结果表明,大狼把草浸提液对大麦种子的萌发有显著抑制作用,对小麦种子萌发抑制作用不明显.除50g/L浸提液外,其余处理对大麦和小麦苗高和根长均有显著的抑制作用.浸提液对2种作物根的分化均有一定抑制性,其中,对小麦根的分化抑制作用较大.大狼把草浸提液对小麦及大麦化感作用的综合效应为抑制作用,对大麦的抑制力大于小麦.     

圆锥小麦高亲和种质的C带分析

采用改良Ｃ带技术对圆锥小麦和高亲种质矮兰麦的根尖细胞染色体进行了分析，矮兰麦体细胞具１４对染色体，非同源染色体之间，带的大小，强弱和分布不同。矮兰麦２ＡＬ和７ＡＳ染色体臂及７Ｂ染色体的带型与野生二粒小麦不同；矮兰麦３Ｂ，４Ａ，４Ｂ及７Ｂ染色体与普通小麦相应染色体的带型也有判别。     

Relationships of Aegilops tauschii revealed by DNA fingerprints: The evidence for agriculture exchange between China and the West

Genetic diversity and relationships of wild goat grass (Aegilops tauschii Cosson) from Iran and Xinjiang,west China,as well as its weedy type from the Yellow River region of Shaanxi and Henan provinces in China were analyzed by simple sequence repeat (SSR) fingerprints.A high level of genetic diversity in Aegilops tauschii accessions from Iran was observed,and the richness of genetic diversity was followed by accessions from Shaanxi,Henan,and Xinjiang.The weedy type of Aegilops tauschii showed a close genetic relationship with the wild type from different regions in Iran.The results indicated that the weedy Aegilops tauschii found in the Yellow River region was most likely introduced from lran-the diversity center of Aegilops tauschii.The weedy Aegilops tauschii populations found in the Yellow River region may be brought into the central part of China as a weed species together with common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from the West during various periods of time in history.This finding has provided strong evidence for the introduction of common wheat from the West into China via the Silk Road,and also demonstrated the important role of the Silk Road in the exchange of agri-culture and other relevant technologies between China and the West.     

Relationships of Aegilops tauschii revealed by DNA fingerprints: the evidence for agriculture exchange between China and the West

Genetic diversity and relationships of wild goat grass (Aegilops tauschii Cosson) from Iran and Xinjiang, west China, as well as its weedy type from the Yellow River region of Shaanxi and Henan provinces in China were analyzed by simple sequence repeat (SSR) fingerprinting. A high level of genetic diversity in Aegilops tauschii accessions from Iran was observed, and the richness of genetic diversity was followed by accessions from Shaanxi, Henan, and Xinjiang. The weedy type of Aegilops tauschii showed a close genetic relationship with the wild type from different regions in Iran. The results indicated that the weedy Aegilops tauschii found in the Yellow River region was most likely introduced from Iran—the diversity center of Aegilops tauschii. The weedy Aegilops tauschii populations found in the Yellow River region may be brought into the central part of China as a weed species together with common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from the west during various periods of time in history. This finding has provided strong evidence for the introduction of common wheat from the West into China via the Silk Road, and also demonstrated the important role of the Silk Road in the exchange of agriculture and other relevant technologies between China and the West.     

小麦TaCAT新基因克隆及分子生物学和生化特性分析

小麦组织培养再生潜力与抗氧化胁迫能力具有相关性。为解析小麦TaCATs基因家族的分子生物学及生化特性并为后续试验验证奠定理论基础,利用e-PCR方法进行小麦过氧化氢酶(CAT)新基因克隆,结合in silico技术对小麦TaCATs基因家族的生化特性进行分析和预测。氨基酸序列同源性比对结果表明,克隆的小麦TaCATs基因家族新成员与水稻的CatA和玉米的Cat3具有较高的相似性,分别达89%及81.1%,命名为TaCAT3,基因组DNA和cDNA长度分别为1986和1482bp,编码494个氨基酸的蛋白。亚细胞定位结果表明,TaCAT3可能定位在线粒体中,且所有的功能活性位点在小麦TaCATs家族中具有一致的保守性。系统发生树构建结果表明,小麦TaCATs能形成3个独立的分支。在蛋白质编码序列同源比对的基础上,利用SwissModel的Swiss-PdbViewer 3.7软件包对TaCATs高级结构进行同源模拟,发现所构建的模型能很好地反映TaCATs的高级结构。     

Change of water use efficiency and its relation with root system growth in wheat evolution

Raising crop water use efficiency (WUE) is the physiological basis to implement crop high efficiently using water. The present soil column and field experiments are designed to investigate the change of wheat WUE (Triticum aestivum L.) at whole plant level and root system growth in evolution and the relationship between WUE and its root system growth using 10 wheat evolution genotypes with different ploidy chromosomes sets. Results show that in wheat evolution from 2n→6n, WUE at whole plant level increases with the increase of ploidy chromosomes, and root system growth (root weight, root length) and root/shoot ratio of wheat decrease with the increase of ploidy chromosomes under dry and irrigated conditions. WUE is negatively correlated with root weight and root/shoot ratio of wheat in evolution, significantly. Root system growth has an adverse redundancy for WUE in wheat evolution, and the root redundancy reduces with the increase of ploidy chromosomes, which result in the increase of wheat WUE at whole plant level.     

Protective effects of nitricoxide on salt stress-inducedoxidative damage to wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) leaves

The changes of chlorophyll and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, plasma membrane permeability confirmed that 0.1 and 1 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a donor of nitric oxide (NO) in vivo, could markedly alleviate the oxidative damage to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves induced by 150 and 300 mmol/L NaCl treatments, respectively. Further results proved that NO significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), both of which separately contributed to the delay of and H2O2 accumulation in wheat leaves under salt stress. Meanwhile, the accumulation of proline was apparently accelerated. Therefore, these results suggested that NO could strongly protect wheat leaves from oxidative damage caused by salt stress.     

农杆菌介导的胆碱脱氢酶基因(betA)转化小麦及影响转化效率的因素

用LBA4404／pCDH，Agl 1／pUNN2和Ag;P(无质粒)3种菌株分别转化小麦品种济南177、99P、核生3号幼胚诱导的愈伤组织以及济南177的幼胚．其中以胚性愈伤组织为外植体，获得了转基因植株．PCR和PCR-Southem分析证实转化植株中包含了外源基因．通过染色体分析，发现胚性愈伤组织在农杆菌LBA4404侵染后形成的染色体削减比经Agl1侵染和未经感染的对照形成的染色体削减程度更大，甚至发现较多的染色体断片．分析了农杆菌菌株，材料的基因型，外植体类型，培养时间和温度以及筛选的时间和周期对于转化效率的影响．     

黄淮麦区部分小麦新品种(系)醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

采用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)技术分析了黄淮麦区106个小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)新品种(系)间醇溶蛋白带型的遗传差异,结果表明:106份材料间均存在带型差异,每种材料可分离10-24条谱带,106份材料共分离出63条差异带;45份材料具有1B/1R易位系标记性位点Gli-B11,占供试材料的42.5%;106份材料间的遗传距离为0.028 7～0.974 4,平均值为0.570 3.基于遗传距离的聚类分析表明,供试材料在遗传距离0.646水平上聚为5类.上述结果表明供试的黄淮麦区小麦新品种(系)具有广泛的醇溶蛋白遗传多样性.     

衰老叶片叶绿素荧光动力学变化及6-BA延缓衰老的机理研究

观测了离体小麦叶片衰老进程中685nm光诱导荧光动力学的变化,发现曲线的第二峰首先消失,F_v(F_p-F_t)、F_p-F_t和F_v/F_o比值迅速下降,达最大荧光P点的时间缩短。推测衰老叶片中PQ分子数目的减少是光合能力丧失的主要原因。用6-BA处理叶片,阻止了F_v和F_v/F_o比值的下降,与对照相比,衰老第三天仍保持第二峰;此外,核黄素使第二峰消失,而核黄素+BA与BA效果相似;同时叶片衰老时SOD活性的下降和膜脂过氧化作用均被延缓,据此探讨了BA作为自由基清除剂延缓叶片衰老的可能机理。     

氟化氢熏气对植物的伤害研究

以小麦,玉米和蚕豆为实验材料,采用开项林熏气装置,研究了不同浓度氟化氢熏气对三种植物叶片的质膜透性和膜脂过氧化作用的影响,讨论了氟化氢熏气以植物膜系统的伤害,实验结果表明,不同浓度的氟化氢熏气后膜脂过氧化作用加剧,质膜透性升高,研究发现三种植物对氟化氢的敏感性不同,蚕豆〉春小麦〉玉米。     

钾对小麦叶片感染叶锈病的减轻作用及对几种酶活性的影响

用含有不同浓度（０、２．５５、３０．６０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）钾离子的Ｈｏａｇｌａｄｎ培养液培养的小麦接种叶锈病病原菌，接菌９ｄ后统计接菌叶片上的孢子堆数目，结果表明钾能明显减轻小麦锈病的发生；小麦感染锈病后，叶中多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性明显升高，用含较高浓度钾离子（３０．６０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的培养液培养的小麦叶片酶活性的增加值显然高于用含较低浓度钾离子（２．５５ｍｍｏｌ     

不同类型禾谷类作物幼芽中甜菜碱醛脱氢酶蛋白含量差异

用Western blot方法分析了甜菜碱生物合成酶之一甜菜碱醛脱氢酶（BADH）在同基因型禾谷类作物——小麦、玉米、水稻、高粱和大麦幼芽中蛋白含量的变化，结果表明BADH在禾谷类作物种子萌发早期（幼芽）中普遍存在，并有较高的含量．不同类型的作物BADH蛋白含量不同，在同一类型作物的不同品种间也表现出明显的差异．     

The VER2 promoter contains repeated sequences and requires vernalization for its activity in winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）

Previously, we isolated a vernalization-related gene, VER2, from winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its expression was restricted in the immature leaves of vernalized wheat seedlings. To further investigate the regulation of VER2 expression and the function of its promoter, we isolated a 41.7 kb genomic clone containing VER2 gene from atransformation-competent artificial chromosome (TAC) library of wheat (Triticum aestivum-Haynaldia villosa). The sequence analysis showed that there were eleven predicted genes in the TAC. The exons of gene 3 corresponded to the cDNA sequence of VER2 gene. Analysis of VER2 promoter structure showed that there were three small repeat sequences divided by two large repeat sequences. The putative response elements, such as abscisic acid response elements (ABRE), MeJA-response elements (Me-JARE), low-temperature response elements (LTR), endosperm expression elements, MYB binding sites and similar elements to GA response elements (GARE), were involved in the VER2 promoter region. Construct containing the VER2 promoter (-5895 to 73) driving GFP reporter gene was bombarded into vernalized or non-verualized immature leaves in wheat. The vernalized immature leaves showed bright green fluorescence after incubation for 24 h, however, the green fluorescence was not observed in the non-vernalization leaves under the same condition. These results suggested that vernalization was essential for the function of VER2 promoter in the immature leaves of winter wheat.     

外源一氧化氮对PEG6000水分胁迫下小麦幼苗生理特性的影响

采用10%的聚乙二醇6000对小麦幼苗根部进行轻度水分胁迫处理,并通过添加不同浓度的一氧化氮供体硝普钠(SNP),研究外源NO处理对水分胁迫下小麦幼苗生理特性的影响.结果表明,0.05 mM SNP能显著降低水分胁迫下小麦幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧自由基(O2-)产生速率,但能显著增加小麦幼苗叶绿素a,类胡萝卜素、叶绿素(a+b)含量及株高、根长、叶面积和干重.表明外源0.05 mM SNP处理对水分胁迫下小麦幼苗具有明显的保护作用,可以促进植株生长.     

Molecular verification of the integration of Tripsacum dactyloides DNA into wheat genome through wide hybridization

RAPD and RFLP analyses of double haploid lines which derived from hybridization between hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.2n=42) and eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides L.2n=4x=72) are reported.Two of the 340 Operon primers have been screened,which stably amplified Tripsacum dactyloides (male parent) specific bands in the double haploid lines.These results confirm the fact that Tripsacum dactyloides DNA has been integrated into wheat genome by sexual hybridization at molecular level.This idea has been further testified by RFLP analysis.Application and potentials of transferring Tripsacum dactyloides DNA into wheat genome by sexual hybridization in wheat breeding are discussed.     

Protective effects of nitric oxide on salt stress-induced oxidative damage to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves

The changes of chlorophyll and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, plasma membrane permeability confirmed that 0.1 and 1 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a donor of nitric oxide (NO) in vivo, could markedly alleviate the oxidative damage to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves induced by 150 and 300 mmol/L NaCl treatments, respectively. Further results proved that NO significantly enhanced the activities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), both of which separately contributed to the delay of O ₂ ⁻ and H₂O₂ accumulation in wheat leaves under salt stress. Meanwhile, the accumulation of proline was apparently accelerated. Therefore, these results suggested that NO could strongly protect wheat leaves from oxidative damage caused by salt stress.