二种植绥螨对朱砂叶螨利他素定位反应的比较

利用嗅觉仪测定智利小植绥螨和拟长钝绥螨对其猎物朱砂叶螨所释放的利他素的定向行为并作了比较研究，阐明了与这二种植绥螨的定位反应有关的刺激源是除雄螨以外不同发育阶段的叶螨及其分泌物和排泄物，而与叶螨的寄主植物无关，不同植绥螨对同一种叶螨不同发育阶段产生的利他素源反应有着一定的种间特异性。     

南京裂爪螨种群消长及其空间格局时序动态

通过一年的林间定点抽样调查与研究 ,结果表明 :(1)南京裂爪螨 (Schizotetranychus nanjingensis Maet Yuan)卵和活动螨 (幼、若、成螨 )群体的旬数量消长规律较为相近 ,卵的数量高峰期为 3月上、中旬和 9月上旬到 10月上旬 ;活动螨群体的数量高峰期为 3月上、中、下旬和 9月上旬到 10月下旬。 4月上旬到 7月上旬 ,卵和活动螨群体数量处于较低的水平。 (2 )天敌捕食螨与南京裂爪螨卵和活动螨群体在数量上的相关性分别达到显著 (r=0 .4 72 8)和极显著 (r=0 .5 830 )水平 ,可见 ,捕食螨对该螨种群在时间维上的控制效应强 ,且对活动螨的控制效应比卵强。 (3)南京裂爪螨卵的空间格局在年周期中均呈聚集分布 ,呈现高度聚集 -低度聚集 -中度聚集 -低度聚集的变化规律 ;活动螨群体的空间格局在年周期中大多数时期均呈聚集分布 ,仅 6月中旬呈均匀分布 ,表现为中度聚集 -低度聚集 -均匀分布 -中度聚集 -高度聚集 -低度聚集的变化规律。这些现象与该螨不同群体本身的生物学特性和生存环境的变化有关。 (4)相关分析表明 :气象因子和天敌捕食螨对卵聚集程度的影响大小序列为旬平均气温 >旬降雨量 >旬平均相对湿度 >天敌捕食螨 ,对活动螨群体聚集程度的影响序列为天敌捕食螨 >旬平均相对湿度 >旬降雨量 >旬平均气温。     

玛河流域棉田叶螨天敌研究初报

为了配合棉田叶螨的综合治理,笔者于1986—1988年对本地区棉田叶螨的优势种土耳其斯坦叶螨(Tetranychus turkestani)的天敌种类进行了调查研究,从采到的标本中,鉴定出叶螨天敌14科21种。其中天敌昆虫11种,蜘蛛4种,捕食螨6种。并对天敌数量和重要天敌的捕食量进行了调查和接种观察,为叶螨的生防提供了重要理论数据。     

Habitat structure and population persistence in an experimental community

Understanding spatial population dynamics is fundamental for many questions in ecology and conservation. Many theoretical mechanisms have been proposed whereby spatial structure can promote population persistence, in particular for exploiter-victim systems (host-parasite/pathogen, predator-prey) whose interactions are inherently oscillatory and therefore prone to extinction of local populations. Experiments have confirmed that spatial structure can extend persistence, but it has rarely been possible to identify the specific mechanisms involved. Here we use a model-based approach to identify the effects of spatial population processes in experimental systems of bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus), herbivorous mites (Tetranychus urticae) and predatory mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis). On isolated plants, and in a spatially undivided experimental system of 90 plants, prey and predator populations collapsed; however, introducing habitat structure allowed long-term persistence. Using mechanistic models, we determine that spatial population structure did not contribute to persistence, and spatially explicit models are not needed. Rather, habitat structure reduced the success of predators at locating prey outbreaks, allowing between-plant asynchrony of local population cycles due to random colonization events.     

影响抗药性变化几个因子的研究

本文用玻片浸沾法测定棉花红蜘蛛(普通红叶螨—Tetranychus telariusLinn和中华红叶螨T.Chinensis Lo)对E—1059的抗药性变化。试验结果表明,营养条件的变动可以导致抗性的变化,一般杂草上棉叶螨较棉花上的敏感;不同种的敏感性也不同,在棉花上,T.telarius比T.chinensis抗性强;在抗药性的季节性变化中,以7月下旬～8月上旬达到最高峰,8月中旬后又开始下降,形成两头低中间高;在虫体内胆碱酯酶的敏感性,抗性品系降低十分明显,而用E—1059处理后,酶的活性受到不同程度的抑制(从33.3％～100％)。     

Surface-to-air signals.

Powerful volatile regulators of gene expression, pheromones and other airborne signals are of great interest in biology. Plants are masters of volatile production and release, not just from flowers and fruits, but also from vegetative tissues. The controlled release of bouquets of volatiles from leaves during attack by herbivores helps plants to deter herbivores or attract their predators, but volatiles have other roles in development and in the control of defence gene expression. Some of these roles may include long-distance signalling within and perhaps between plants.     

三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物对杂草的化感作用

以三叶鬼针草、稗草和莲子草3种杂草为受体植物,测定三裂叶蟛蜞菊茎叶挥发物对3种杂草种子萌发时的化感作用活性。结果表明,三裂叶蟛蜞菊的茎叶在密闭系统中产生的挥发性物质对三叶鬼针草、稗草和莲子草的幼苗生长有显著抑制作用。利用水蒸气蒸馏法所得的三裂叶蟛蜞菊茎叶挥发油对稗草、三叶鬼针草和莲子草的幼苗生长也有显著抑制作用,且抑制作用随着浓度的增大而增强。实验结果表明三裂叶蟛蜞茎叶挥发物是其产生化感作用的主要途径之一。     

不同食料对稀点雪灯蛾生长发育的影响

对稀点雪灯蛾Spilosoma urticae(Esper)选用22科47种植物进行室内词养试验,发现该虫可不同程度取食的植物有20科42种。在其取食的植物中具偏嗜选择行为,并具有转移寄主取食为害的习性;幼虫前期如能获得嗜食食料,后期虽得不到嗜食食料,成活率仍较高,但如幼虫前期和后期均得不到嗜食食料,则将降低幼虫的成活率。     

中国叶螨抗药性研究进展

由于螨类自身特点 ,以及大量、不合理使用杀虫、杀螨剂 ,螨类抗药性问题日趋严重 ,部分螨类已达到高抗水平。建立螨类敏感品系和敏感基线对于抗药性检测极其重要 ,并有利于抗药性机理的深入研究。已知螨类抗药性机理主要有 :乙酰胆碱酯酶敏感性降低、解毒代谢酶活性发生变化、表皮增厚使药剂穿透力减弱等。从遗传学角度看 ,螨类抗性基因多是由单个不完全显性基因控制 ,因此容易发生抗性且增长速度快     

福建茶园前气门亚目和内气门亚目益螨资源初步分类研究

针对我国茶树害螨为害严重、益螨研究薄弱的现状,笔者对福建部分地区茶园的益螨资源进行了调查,并对已采获的茶园益螨标本约20000余号,制作玻片标本2000余号,经过对其科的初步分类鉴定,已鉴定出前气门亚目和内气门亚目捕食性或寄生性益螨9总科、13科,分别是:吸螨科Bdellidae、巨须螨科Cunaxidae、长须螨科Stigmaeidae、小真古螨科Eupalosellidae、肉食螨科Cheyletidae、大赤螨科Anystidae、赤螨科Erythraeidae、绒螨科Trombidiidae、真足螨科Eupodidae、莓螨科Rhagidiidae、镰螯螨科Tydeidae、镰寄螨科Iolinidae、阿里螨科Alycidae.阿里螨科Alycidae为中国新记录科.另外,还有大量前气门亚目以外的螨类标本,尚待进一步研究鉴定.     

Gating of the rapid shade-avoidance response by the circadian clock in plants

The phytochromes are a family of plant photoreceptor proteins that control several adaptive developmental strategies. For example, the phytochromes perceive far-red light (wavelengths between 700 and 800 nm) reflected or scattered from the leaves of nearby vegetation. This provides an early warning of potential shading, and triggers a series of 'shade-avoidance' responses, such as a rapid increase in elongation, by which the plant attempts to overgrow its neighbours. Other, less immediate, responses include accelerated flowering and early production of seeds. However, little is known about the molecular events that connect light perception with increased growth in shade avoidance. Here we show that the circadian clock gates this rapid shade-avoidance response. It is most apparent around dusk and is accompanied by altered expression of several genes. One of these rapidly responsive genes encodes a basic helix-loop-helix protein, PIL1, previously shown to interact with the clock protein TOC1 (ref. 4). Furthermore PIL1 and TOC1 are both required for the accelerated growth associated with the shade-avoidance response.     

新疆昌吉市棉花害虫种类及防治现状调查

对昌吉市棉花害虫种类进行了调查.结果表明:棉花害虫(螨)有17种,其中害螨4种,为害严重的害虫(螨)有棉铃虫、棉蚜、棉叶螨等.文章阐述了昌吉市棉花主要害虫的危害及防治现状,提出了今后对棉花害虫(螨)综合治理的意见和建议.     

蜘蛛信息素的研究进展

蜘蛛是农林生态系统中重要的捕食性节肢动物,许多蜘蛛种类具有噬食同类的行为趋向,因而蜘蛛同种个体之间或与猎物之间的信息交流显得尤为重要。化学通讯在蜘蛛种内及种间的信息交流中起着重要的作用,已有大量的研究用行为学的方法证实蜘蛛雌雄之间、亲子之间以及蜘蛛与猎物之间能够依据信息化学物质进行通讯,但蜘蛛信息素的化学结构鉴定以及释放和接收机制等尚缺乏深入的研究。本文就蜘蛛信息化学物质的研究进展作一概述。     

叶螨染色体的制备与观察研究

叶螨Spider mites是各种农作物上的害螨,有关叶螨染色体的研究在我区尚未见报道,为了探索出叶螨染色体的制备技术,为准确分类和防治上的运用打基础,作者于1990—1992年对叶螨染色体作了研究,得到了朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)、土耳其斯坦叶螨(T.turkestani)和截形叶螨(T.truncatus)的核型图,并将三种叶螨的核型在数目和大小诸方面进行了对比研究。     

Attractiveness of tobacco volatiles induced by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa assulta</Emphasis> to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Campoletis chlorideae</Emphasis>

The attraction of Helicoverpa armigera-and Helicoverpa assulta-induced and mechanical damage-induced tobacco volatiles to Campoletis chlorideae was investigated, and the induced volatiles were analyzed. In windtunnel, C. chlorideae was strongly attracted by herbivoreinduced tobacco volatiles. Mechanically damaged tobacco leaves, whether treated with caterpillar regurgitant or water,were more attractive to the parasitoid than undamaged tobacco leaves. GC-MS analysis revealed that only 4 compounds were released from undamaged tobacco leaves,whereas 13 compounds were commonly emitted from herbivore-infested and mechanically damaged tobacco leaves.Compound β-pinene was specifically induced by the infestation of H. armigera, and (Z)-3-hexenal was only induced by the infestation of H. armigera and H. assulta, whereas hexyl acetate was only induced by mechanical damage. Tobacco leaves infested by H. armigera and H. assulta released larger amounts of volatiles than undamaged tobacco leaves did.Tobacco leaves treated with artificial damage plus caterpillars regurgitant or water emitted the same levels of volatiles,which were higher than that emitted by undamaged tobacco leaves. The emission amounts of single compounds were also different between differently treated plants. The differences were large between herbivore-induced and mechanical damage-induced compounds, and small between H. armigeraand H.assulta-induced compounds, and among compounds emitted from mechanically damaged plants treated with water or caterpillar regurgitant.     

Phenotypic consequences of 1,000 generations of selection at elevated CO2 in a green alga

Estimates of the effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations on future global plant production rely on the physiological response of individual plants or plant communities when exposed to high CO2 (refs 1-6). Plant populations may adapt to the changing atmosphere, however, such that the evolved plant communities of the next century are likely to be genetically different from contemporary communities. The properties of these future communities are unknown, introducing a bias of unknown sign and magnitude into projections of global carbon pool dynamics. Here we report a long-term selection experiment to investigate the phenotypic consequences of selection for growth at elevated CO2 concentrations. After about 1,000 generations, selection lines of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas failed to evolve specific adaptation to a CO2 concentration of 1,050 parts per million. Some lines, however, evolved a syndrome involving high rates of photosynthesis and respiration, combined with higher chlorophyll content and reduced cell size. These lines also grew poorly at ambient concentrations of CO2. We tentatively attribute this outcome to the accumulation of conditionally neutral mutations in genes affecting the carbon concentration mechanism.     

濒危植物南方红豆杉的叶面积测定及其相关分析

采用方格法和数字图像处理方法测定了濒危植物南方红豆杉[Taxus chinensis var.mairei(Lemèe&Lèvi.)Cheng et L.K.Fu]的叶面积,并对其叶片的特征指数、叶形指数、比叶面积、叶面积指数进行了相关分析.结果表明,方格法和数字图像处理方法所测得的叶面积差异不显著(P>0.05);不同方位叶片的平均叶形指数和幼叶(7.11)高于老叶(5.65),雌株(7.22)高于雄株(7.00);在同一植株中,平均叶形指数上层最大(雌7.30、雄7.58),下层(雌7.06、雄6.59)次之,中层(雌7.29、雄6.85)最小.平均比叶面积雌株(上层1 850.5,中层1 980.5,下层2336.8)高于雄株(上层1 161.5,中层1 407.8,下层1 865.3);在同一植株中,下层的比叶面积高于上层.上、下层平均叶面积指数雄株(上层0.733 8,下层0.750 1)略高于雌株(上层0.733 4,下层0.740 6);在同一植株中,叶面积指数下层高于上层,北面(雌0.758 5、雄0.758 2)高于南面(雌0.730 4、雄0.725 8).