利用微脉冲激光雷达识别过冷水云层

在已有的云识别算法基础上, 利用微脉冲激光雷达后向散射信号区分云和气溶胶。按照云粒子的退偏振比, 区分冰云、水云、混合云以及水平导向的冰晶云。结合大气温度廓线, 对过冷水云层进行有效的识别。利用观测点上空持续一年的观测资料, 统计各种云出现的高度及比例的逐月变化, 结果显示, 过冷水云出现的时间占有云时间的9.84%, 对于0~−40℃的云层, 过冷水云出现的时间占11.99%。     

北京地区大气气溶胶的激光雷达观测及反演算法研究

利用微脉冲激光雷达在北京地区的观测, 研究两种避开利用高空信号的反演算法。算法一,根据Fernald的反演算法把边界取在混合层中间某处, 并结合太阳光度计的观测进行反演。通过激光雷达与同一地点自动气象站的地面观测比较验证了反演结果, 表明该方案用于激光雷达的气溶胶消光系数反演是可行的。算法二,由于激光雷达近端处的信号和地面气溶胶消光系数线性相关, 从而利用地面气溶胶观测数据反演雷达常数和观测期间气溶胶平均后向散射比, 结果与第一种方案一致, 表明利用该方法反演是可行的。最后利用这次激光雷达的观测, 分析北京地区冬季一次西伯利亚高压过境时的气溶胶演变过程, 将激光雷达观测与南郊观测站地面观测进行比较, 并验证了激光雷达的反演结果和算法的可靠性。     

基于OPAC的典型环境中气溶胶组分的光学特性分析

利用基于Mie散射理论的云和气溶胶粒子的光学特性软件(OPAC)在不同激光雷达探测波段对一般大陆(典型气溶胶组分:水溶性、不溶性和烟尘气溶胶)、沙漠(典型气溶胶组分:水溶性、核模态矿物、积聚模态矿物和粗模态矿物气溶胶)和洁净海洋(典型气溶胶组分:水溶性、积聚模态海盐和粗模态海盐)3种环境下的气溶胶光学参数(散射系数、光学厚度和激光雷达比)进行了仿真研究,分析了各环境中光学参数随气溶胶组分数浓度的变化规律以及各组分对光学特性的影响.结果表明消光系数和光学厚度在不同激光波段、不同环境下均随组分数浓度线性递增,在上述环境中对消光系数和光学厚度影响最大的组分依次为水溶性气溶胶、积聚模态矿物气溶胶和积聚模态海盐气溶胶.激光雷达比变化规律十分复杂,受探测波长及气溶胶组分的双重影响,一般大陆环境中非水溶性气溶胶在2个波段上的影响占主导地位;沙漠环境中,不同波段上积聚模态矿物气溶胶对激光雷达比的影响最大;洁净海洋环境中,积聚模态海盐气溶胶对激光雷达比的影响最强.     

基于转动拉曼-米激光雷达拟合大气边界层内气溶胶光学厚度与PM2.5

提出一种利用转动拉曼-米散射激光雷达米弹性散射信号与转动拉曼散射信号比值来拟合大气边界层1 km以内气溶胶光学厚度与PM_2.5值的方法. 该方法消除了几何因子对近地面探测过渡区所带来的误差,而且消除了近地面大气湿度的影响,能够获得高精度的气溶胶后向散射系数,并在此基础上推导了气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）的计算方法,最后利用实验室转动拉曼-米激光雷达系统测量的2013年北京地区气溶胶数据,拟合获得了2013年北京地区冬夏两季AOD-PM_2.5经验公式.      

小型气溶胶激光雷达水平大气回波信号分析

介绍了一台用于大气气溶胶和云层测量的小型激光雷达系统,阐述了其系统结构和工作原理.对该激光雷达的水平大气回波信号进行了分析处理,得到了此系统的几何重叠因子及一段时间内的水平大气消光系数和对应的水平大气能见度等数据.     

激光雷达在大气探测中的应用研究进展

激光雷达具有高方向性、相干性、单色性以及体积小等特点,在大气探测、气象监测领域得到了广泛的应用。本文综述了激光雷达在大气探测中的最新研究进展和应用现状,认为激光雷达技术在该领域目前存在的主要问题是易受环境变化的影响,该技术未来将向着高精度、高性能和智能化方向发展。     

一种基于激光雷达和卫星资料估算地面颗粒物浓度的方法

从2013年5月至11月中筛选激光雷达和MODIS大气光学厚度(AOD)资料,提出一种基于激光雷达反演大气气溶胶消光系数廓线,结合MODIS大气光学厚度资料,估算地面颗粒物质量浓度的方法;将该方法与AOD/大气边界层高度(ABLH)方法进行对比,最后将估算的颗粒物浓度与实测值进行比较。研究表明,该方法估算地面颗粒物浓度效果好于AOD/ABLH方法,与实测PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度相关系数分别达到0.8和0.62。两种方法估算得到的地面颗粒物浓度与实测值比较,新方法估算的结果准确性更好。     

利用激光雷达和卫星遥感获得城市地面大气悬浮颗粒物浓度分布

使用香港元朗地区2008年MODIS卫星遥感的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品、激光雷达气溶胶消光系数垂直分布、地面相对湿度和地面气溶胶浓度观测资料等数据, 通过激光雷达数据建立地面消光系数和激光雷达AOD与气溶胶标高的关系, 利用这一关系和卫星AOD进行地面消光系数的反演估计, 并进行湿度订正; 通过建立地面气溶胶浓度和地面消光系数的关系, 进行卫星AOD产品和激光雷达气溶胶探测反演地面大气颗粒物质量浓度的研究及应用。结果表明, 卫星估计的地面消光系数与小时平均的颗粒物质量浓度观测值的相关系数为0.57~0.86 (PM2.5)和0.59~0.78 (PM10), 估计的质量浓度与小时平均的观测值对比的均方根偏差分别为11.64~25.34 g/m³ (PM2.5)和24.64~91.64 g/m³ (PM10), 表明可以通过卫星遥感进行大气悬浮颗粒物污染的监测应用。其中1 km分辨率的AOD产品, 因其更高的空间分辨率, 更适合反映具有复杂地形的城市地区大气悬浮颗粒物污染。     

北京地区大气气溶胶的激光雷达观测及反演算法研究

利用微脉冲激光雷达在北京地区的观测,研究两种避开利用高空信号的反演算法。算法一,根据Fernald的反演算法把边界取在混合层中间某处,并结合太阳光度计的观测进行反演。通过激光雷达与同一地点自动气象站的地面观测比较验证了反演结果,表明该方案用于激光雷达的气溶胶消光系数反演是可行的。算法二,由于激光雷达近端处的信号和地面气溶胶消光系数线性相关,从而利用地面气溶胶观测数据反演雷达常数和观测期间气溶胶平均后向散射比,结果与第一种方案一致,表明利用该方法反演是可行的。最后利用这次激光雷达的观测,分析北京地区冬季一次西伯利亚高压过境时的气溶胶演变过程,将激光雷达观测与南郊观测站地面观测进行比较,并验证了激光雷达的反演结果和算法的可靠性。     

MODIS资料遥感黄土高原半干旱地区气溶胶光学厚度

借助6S辐射传输模式,模拟了MODIS红、蓝、中红外通道的表观反射率在不同气溶胶类型下对地表反射率和气溶胶光学厚度的敏感性试验.利用Kaufman扩展的暗像元方法反演了黄土高原半干旱地区晴空天气条件下的2.5 km高分辨率气溶胶光学厚度,选取的10天反演结果有6天的相对误差较小,在16%以下,绝对误差小于0.05的有7天.反演的10天资料中,兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站与之对应的CE-318观测资料的光学厚度平均值为0.2226,反演的平均值为0.2170,反演结果较合理.将反演结果与CE-318观测资料和NASA发布的气溶胶产品进行了对比,显示反演结果与NASA发布结果的空间发布存在一致性.     

甘肃半干旱区城乡气溶胶光学特性的观测与分析

利用CE318型太阳光度计(532nm波段)在2004年5月-2007年5月的城乡观测资料,反演分析了半干旱地区城乡气溶胶的光学特征.得到了气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的年季变化,并对不同季节气溶胶的光学厚度以及波长指数的变化规律进行了讨论.结合兰州市郊区资料,对城郊大气气溶胶光学特征进行了对比及原因分析.认为较城市而言,半干旱区乡村大气总体上较城市更为洁净.城市气溶胶受到冬季采暖期等人为因素的影响,出现了AOD冬季大、夏季小的特点.气溶胶主要以工业粉尘和沙尘气溶胶为主,夜间逆温层对AOD的日变化影响较大.乡村春季沙尘天气较多,气溶胶浓度变化受季节的影响,春季AOD最大.气溶胶主控粒子多为沙尘粒子.     

Parameterization for narrow band shortwave optical properties of water clouds

Based on the drop size distribution models built from the observational data of microphysical properties of water clouds, the relationships between the optical properties and microphysical characteristics of water clouds have been investigated, and some different parameterization schemes of cloud optical properties have been analyzed. It is found that with the parameterization scheme, in addition to the equivalent radius, also including the mean radius of cloud droplet size distribution, the role of small cloud drops might be able to be considered more properly and better accuracies of parameterization calculation of cloud optical properties can be obtained, compared with that of using only the equivalent radius as parameter.     

Parameterization for narrow band optical properties of water clouds

The equivalent radius of cloud droplets is an important microphysical parameter in determining the optical properties of clouds. But for the present schemes of parameterization with merely the equivalent radius, the role of small droplets in clouds has not been considered properly. In this paper, several parameterization schemes are pre sented, and their performances have been analyzed through comparison with Mie scattering calculations and accurate ra diative transfer computations. The results show that for the parameterization scheme, in addition to the equivalent ra dius, including also the mean radius of cloud droplets, the role of small cloud droplets might be considered more proper ly and better accuracy could be achieved.     

Parameterization for narrow band optical properties of water clouds

The equivalent radius of cloud droplets is an important microphysical parameter in determining the optical properties of clouds. But for the present schemes of parameterization with merely the equivalent radius, the role of small droplets in clouds has not been considered properly. In this paper, several parameterization schemes are pre sented, and their performances have been analyzed through comparison with Mie scattering calculations and accurate ra diative transfer computations. The results show that for the parameterization scheme, in addition to the equivalent ra dius, including also the mean radius of cloud droplets, the role of small cloud droplets might be considered more proper ly and better accuracy could be achieved.     

Determination of the optical thickness and effective particle radius of clouds from transmitted solar radiation measurements

A method is presented for determining the optical thickness (τ_c) and effective particle radius (r_e) of stratiform cloud layers from transmitted solar radiation measurements. A detailed study shows that the cloud optical thickness and effective particle radius of water clouds can be determined from transmission function measurements at 0.75 and 2.13 μm, provided that the scaled optical thickness τ′_0.75>1 and r_e>5 μm. The wavelengths adopted by our study are similar to the channels of the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS). The proposed method is invalid for optically thin clouds since transmission at 2.13 μm is less sensitive to r_e. The retrieval errors of τ′_0.75 and r_e monotonically decrease with increasing τ_c. For clouds having τ′0.75≥2， the retrieval errors of τ′_0.75 and r_e are below 10% and 20%, respectively. Transmissions at 0.75 and 1.65 μm can also be used to retrieve τ_c and r_e.     

Determination of the optical thickness and effective particle radius of clouds from transmitted solar radiation measurements

A method is presented for determining the optical thickness (τc) and effective particle radius (re) of stratiform cloud layers from transmitted solar radiation measurements. A detailed study shows that the cloud optical thickness and effective particle radius of water clouds can be determined from transmission function measurements at 0.75 and 2.13 μm, provided that the scaled optical thickness τ′0.75>1 and re>5 μm. The wavelengths adopted by our study are similar to the channels of the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS). The proposed method is invalid for optically thin clouds since transmission at 2.13 μm is less sensitive to re. The retrieval errors of τ′0.75 and re monotonically decrease with increasing τc. For clouds having τ′0.75≥2, the retrieval errors of τ′0.75 and re are below 10% and 20%, respectively. Transmissions at 0.75 and 1.65 μm can also be used to retrieve τc and re.