钛基氧化钌电极在油田污水处理中的研究

本文以油田污水为研究对象,用钛基氧化钌作阳极,采用电化学氧化法处理石油污水,研究了电解时间、电流密度及电极间距对污水中铁去除率的影响,实验发现在优化电解时间、电流密度、电极间距等参数后,有很好的除铁效果;将电化学氧化除铁与氧化剂H2O2除铁进行实验对比,结果表明电化学氧化除铁不但具有更好的氧化能力和处理效果,而且避免了因添加化学药剂而带来的二次污染.     

温度、光照及藻细胞密度对3种水华蓝藻生长及竞争的影响

以铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa Kutzing)、细小平裂藻(Merismopedia minima G.Beck)和土生伪鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena mucicola(Naumann&Huber-Pestalozzi)Schwabe 1964)为研究对象,运用单因子和正交实验的方法,分析了温度、光照以及藻细胞初始密度对三者生长及竞争的影响.结果表明:铜绿微囊藻和细小平裂藻均能在高温、高光照的条件下达到最佳生长状态;黏伪鱼腥藻只有在低温、低光照的情况下才具有竞争优势.在相同的温度和光照条件下,不同的藻细胞初始密度是其竞争获得优势藻种地位的关键因子.除了控制营养盐和其他污染物的输入外,关注浮游植物群落结构变化,控制和降低蓝藻在水华爆发前的生物量密度,是治理淡水湖泊(水库)蓝藻水华的有效方法.     

Gas-Liquid Interfacial Plasma engineering under dilute nitric acid to improve hydrophilicity and OER performance of nickel foam

The world has been moving rapidly to find new eco-friendly energy sources. Water electrolysis consists of two reactions of Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER), whereas the OER is considered the rate-limiting step. The most commercialized electrode for OER in the alkaline electrolyte is Ni foam, but its original surface is hydrophobic. It is possible to accelerate the adsorption and desorption process of reactants and products during OER by adding hydrophilic functional groups such as –OH on the surface of Ni foam. In this study, a novel Gas-Liquid Interfacial Plasma (GLIP) engineering at room temperature was successfully applied to modify the Ni foam surface dilute (1 ?M) HNO₃ solution. At a current density of 400 ?mA ?cm^?2, GLIP-treated Ni foam electrodes at 1 ?M HNO₃ concentrations showed OER overpotentials of 458 ?mV. Among all, GLIP with 1 ?M HNO₃ treatment of 30 ?min showed 129 ?mV less overpotential than the nickel foam before treatment. In summary, GLIP can be justified as an environmentally friendly and efficient surface treatment to improve the wettability and OER performance of Ni-based electrodes in water electrolysis.     

Kinetics of the electrochemical process of galena electrodes in the diethyldithiocarbamate solution

The electrochemical process of galena in a pH 12.8 buffer solution was investigated using chronoamperometry and chronopotentiometry. To establish kinetic parameters on the surface of galena in the diethyldithiocarbamate solution, the exchange current density and the dependence of current density on reaction time were determined. Experimental results demonstrate that the exchange current density of galena is 1.585×10-2 A/m2 in the diethyldithiocarbamate-free solution. In the diethyldithiocarbamate solution, the thickness of lead diethyldithiocarbamate adsorbed on the surface of galena is 3.28 molecular layers, the diffusion coefficient of diethyldithiocarbamate on the surface of galena electrodes is 1.13×10-10 m2/s, and the exchange current density of galena is 0.45 A/m2. Lead diethyldithiocarbamate on the surface of galena is firmly adsorbed.     

金刚石薄膜电极处理含氯酚废水的实验研究

以硼掺杂金刚石薄膜(BDD)为电极,采用电化学氧化的方法对含氯酚废水进行实验研究。采用循环流动的方式,结果表明:在给定不同恒电位的情况下,电流随时间变化的规律也不同;在高电位时电流密度比较大,使间接氧化增强,导致COD去除率和瞬时电流效率(ICE)增大;由于支持电解质N aC l在电解过程中产生的次氯酸盐氧化性强,因此N aC l比H2SO4对COD去除率和ICE增大更有利。采用钛基活性涂层(ACT)电极与金刚石电极的对比实验发现:由于BDD电极的弱吸附性,其处理效果明显优于ACT。     

Effects of inorganic arsenic on growth and microcystin production of a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microcystis</Emphasis> strain isolated from an algal bloom in Dianchi Lake,China

Our previous data have shown that inorganic arsenic concentrations were high in Dianchi Lake, China, where Microcystis blooms often occur. To explore the relationship between arsenic and the growth of Microcystis, the effects of arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)] on the growth and toxin production of M. aeruginosa strain FACHB 905 were tested. Results showed that M. aeruginosa FACHB 905 was tolerant to inorganic arsenic and its growth was not inhibited when the concentration of As(III) was below 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹ or that of As(V) below 10⁻³ mol L⁻¹. Total microcystin production was stimulated in the presence of 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ As(III) and the response of this M. aeruginosa strain to As(III) seemed to be a typical inverted U-shaped hormesis. The content increase of microcystin-LR per cell indicated that the toxicity was enhanced as M. aeruginosa FACHB 905 was exposed to As(V). Considering the relatively high concentration of inorganic arsenic in Dianchi Lake (139 μg L⁻¹ in epilimnetic water), the origin of the M. aeruginosa strain, inorganic arsenic favors survival of M. aeruginosa FACHB 905 and may stimulate its microcystin production and cellular toxicity.     

外源AHLs信号物质对蓝藻生长代谢的影响

 研究了外加AHLs(acyl-HSLs)信号物质对滇池铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)FACHB905以及集胞藻(Synechocysti sp.)FACHB898生长和代谢的影响.结果表明:AHLs类信号物质对2种藻具有明显的生长抑制作用.在10~80μmol·L^-1浓度范围内,2种供试藻的生物量,藻蓝蛋白(phycocyanin,PC)含量都受到了一定程度的抑制,而2种藻的可溶性糖含量和Car/Chl a却有明显地提高.随AHLs浓度的增加,铜绿微囊藻藻液中超氧自由基含量明显地增加,而集胞藻藻液中超氧自由基含量随AHLs物质浓度的增加呈下降趋势,反映出两者在适应性上是有差异的.     

三维电沉积法处理含锌废水的实验研究

采用三维电沉积法对电解合锌废水进行处理,以去除废水中的锌．在不同实验条件下对三维电沉积反应过程中的影响因素进行了研究,并且设计了正交实验．结果表明,电流、碳水比、极板间距、电解时间等对三维电沉积处理合锌废水具有显著影响．通过正交试验确定最佳的电沉积条件是：电流为0．6A、碳水比为1：1、极板间距为40mm;最佳的电沉积时间为60min左右．     

气体扩散电极在电催化苯加氢反应中的应用

利用交流阻抗复平面图判定控制步骤的方法,论证了采用SPE电极进行的水电解制氢苯电化学加氢反应是扩散控制的反应。将气体扩散电极应用于水电解制氢苯电化学加氢体系中,从而将反应由扩散控制转化为电化学步骤控制。比较了两种方法制备的气体扩散电极对反应控制步骤的改进效果。结果表明,采用镀铂碳布扩散电极可提高反应速度。     

红色赤潮藻对球形棕囊藻的化感作用研究

红色赤潮藻(Akashiwo sanguinea)和球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)都是近年来在我国近岸海域频繁引发赤潮的藻类。为了探索红色赤潮藻和球形棕囊藻之间是否存在化感作用及作用方式,本研究采用不同起始密度培养红色赤潮藻与球形棕囊藻,并将前者的完整细胞培养液、无细胞滤液、藻液超声破碎液分别与球形棕囊藻进行混合培养,分析红色赤潮藻对球形棕囊藻细胞生长的影响。结果显示,在红色赤潮藻细胞起始密度保持5×10⁵ cells/L的混合培养条件下,起始密度分别为5×10⁵、1×10⁶、2×10⁶、1×10⁷ cells/L的球形棕囊藻生长均受到明显的抑制;无论是含有红色赤潮藻完整细胞的培养液,还是其无细胞滤液或藻液超声破碎液,均对球形棕囊藻的生长具有显著抑制作用(P<0.01),抑制强度由强至弱依次为完整细胞培养液、无细胞滤液和藻液超声破碎液;相反,球形棕囊藻的存在对红色赤潮藻细胞的生长无显著影响(P>0.05)。因此,红色赤潮藻具有抑制球形棕囊藻生长...     

高纯铝的电化学抛光工艺研究

本文研究了高氯酸/乙醇抛光液体系在15V安全电压下高纯铝的抛光工艺以及抛光过程的电流密度,并对＂暗色膜＂现象进行了解释,对抛光电极间距、操作温度对抛光效果的影响进行探讨,得出最佳抛光工艺：电极间距7～8cm,操作温度10～15℃,电流密度0.7～0.8A/m~2,抛光时间3min。     

渗硼金刚石薄膜电极用于有机废水降解的实验

为了研究渗硼金刚石薄膜电极电化学性能以及用于含有机污染物的废水处理的可行性,采用循环电解的方法,对含苯酚的废水进行了电化学氧化实验,同时与活性涂层钛阳极进行了对比实验研究,考察了阴极的可替代性,最后用两种电极对含苯胺的工业废水进行了对比实验。实验结果表明,金刚石电极不仅具有优越的电化学性能和优异的电化学指标,而且可以用于电化学废水处理;同时,用钛电极代替金刚石作阴极经济可行。     

Generation of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) from sodium chloride solution using C/PbO2 and Pb/PbO2 electrodes

Two modified electrodes (Pb/PbO₂ and C/PbO₂) were prepared by electrodepositing a lead oxide layer on lead and carbon substrates. These modified electrodes were used as anodes for the generation of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) from sodium chloride solution. Different operating conditions and factors affecting the treatment process of NaOCl generation, including current density, pH values, conductive electrolytes, and electrolysis time, were studied and optimized. By comparison the C/PbO₂ electrode shows a higher efficiency than the Pb/PbO₂ electrode for the generation of NaOCl.     

萘对铜绿微囊藻和聚球藻生长及叶绿素荧光影响的比较

为探究萘对不同粒径蓝藻的胁迫效应,采用5组不同质量浓度萘(0、0.01 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、1 mg/L、10 mg/L)分别对聚球藻(Synechococcus sp.)和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa,PCC7806)进行为期7 d的处理,分析不同浓度萘处理下,藻细胞浓度、叶绿素a含量及叶绿素荧光参数的变化,探究不同浓度萘处理对2种藻的生长及生理影响。结果表明:(a)整个处理周期内,聚球藻的生长被显著抑制,其叶绿素a含量减小了3.9%~40.4%;(b)聚球藻的潜在光合作用能力、光合作用速率均有所减弱,但其耐受强光的能力有所增强,说明聚球藻对萘具有较强的敏感性;(c)萘对铜绿微囊藻生长具有显著的促进作用,增强了其潜在光合作用能力,但抑制了其细胞内叶绿素a的合成。     

固定化污泥与固定化小球藻共培养去除污水氮磷研究

为减少污水处理装置排出水中氮元素(N)、磷元素(P)的含量,减轻收纳土地和水体的污染,降低水华暴发的频率,本研究采用海藻酸钠分别固定小球藻和活性污泥,并以不同比例组合成共培养体系,处理经Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Bed/Blanket(USAB)工艺处理后的真实畜禽养殖废水,同时对比传统悬浮细胞方法对N、P的去除效果。结果表明,在72 h内,较低固定化污泥/固定化小球藻初始比例(R=1/3)下的共培养体系对N、P有较好的去除效率;48 h时NH_~+4-N去除率为83.2%,PO_4~(3-)-P去除率为95.1%;3个半连续批次处理中,NH_~+4-N和PO_4~(3-)-P的去除率保持相对稳定。以上结果说明藻类能促进N、P元素的去除,固定化工艺可提升去除效率,具有应用于畜禽养殖废水处理的潜力。     

二维NiFe-LDH/Mo(OS)x纳米片协同促进电催化析氧反应

过渡族金属基二维纳米材料作为电催化析氧反应（oxygen evolution reaction, OER）催化剂具有巨大的潜力。通过原位电沉积法,在泡沫镍基底表面制备了二维层状镍铁双氢氧化物（NiFe-LDH）和氧硫化钼Mo(OS)_x纳米片异质结构。NiFe LDH/Mo(OS)_x电极在1 M KOH溶液中表现出优异的OER性能和长效稳定性,在10 mA/cm²电流密度下过电势仅为220 mV。在100、500 mA/cm²的高电流密度下,也能达到253、304 mV的低过电势。研究结果表明,NiFe-LDH/Mo(OS)_x电极优异的OER性能归因于Mo(OS)_x和NiFe LDH的协同作用,极大地促进了Fe²⁺向Fe³⁺活性物质的转化,并促进了氧空位的形成。这种协同制备方法为合理构建和设计异质结构电催化剂,实现高效的水分解提供了帮助。     

刺参养殖池塘浮游和底栖藻类群落及水质特征

为研究刺参（Apostichopus japonicus）养殖池塘微藻和水质特征,对山东威海市荣成刺参养殖池塘的浮游和底栖藻类群落结构、生物量及池塘水质进行周年调查与相关性分析。结果表明：（1）刺参养殖池塘共发现浮游藻类7门38属53种,底栖藻类4门25属42种,硅藻门种类最多;（2）池塘盐度、pH值、磷酸盐的变化范围较小,水温、溶氧变化呈显著的季节性特征;（3）池塘藻类生物量均呈春、夏季较高,秋、冬季较低的变化规律,并随水温升高而增大;浮游藻类生物量最低值和最高值分别出现在1月和7月,分别为2.9和23.7 mg/L;底栖藻类生物量最低值和最高值分别出现在12月和4月,分别为2.5和16.5 mg/L;（4）池塘浮游藻类多样性指数最低值和最高值分别出现在12月和7月,分别为1.94和2.98;底栖藻类多样性指数最低值和最高值分别出现在11月和4月,分别为1.66和2.35;（5）不同季节藻类群落中的优势种存在演替现象。在刺参池塘养殖过程中,应保持池塘水环境和营养盐结构稳定,为刺参健康养殖营造有利的环境条件。     

Effect of Cl- on photosynthetic bicarbonate uptake in two cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechocystis PCC6803

Photosynthetic inorganic carbon utilization was investigated in two cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechocystis PCC6803 grown in standing culture. Photosynthetic rates for the two algae reached about 10 times the theoretical CO₂ supply rate at low dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of 100 μmol/L, and the rates were unaffected by the addition of 20 mmol/L Na⁺, indicating that the two algae possessed Na+-independent HCO^-₃ utilization for photosynthesis under low DIC. Their photo- synthetic rates at low DIC were inhibited by higher Cl^- and the degrees of inhibition were increased with the rise of CI^- concentration, and in the presence of Diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC), a reported Cl^- channel inhibitor, the rates decreased by 74%－82%, implying that putative DPC-sensitive Cl^- channels participate in Na+-independent HCO₃^- uptake for photosynthesis. The experiment of intracellular 14C-DIC accumulation for photosynthesis showed that internal DIC pools decreased by about 80% with 200 μmol/L DPC and by 64%－70% with 100 mmol/L Cl^-. The experiment of chlorophyll a fluorescence quenching showed that initial rates and extents of fluorescence quenching obviously decreased with 200 μmol/L DPC or 100 mmol/L Cl^-. The two experiments gave further evidence that putative DPC-sen- sitive Cl^- channels participate in Na+-independent HCO^-₃ uptake for photosynthesis in the two algae grown in standing culture.     

甲基橙在复合修饰电极上的电催化氧化

为了更好地处理偶氮类印染废水,采用电化学催化氧化的方法,以具有典型偶氮结构的甲基橙模拟废水为处理对象,使用Ti/Sb-RuO2电极和Ti/Sb-RuO2/Co-Mo电极,分别研究了电流密度、降解时间、极板间距、pH值对甲基橙溶液脱色效果的影响,并优化出最佳的处理条件.实验结果表明:使用Ti/Sb-RuO2/Co-Mo电极在电流密度为100mA/cm3,降解时间为15min,极板间距为1.5cm,pH值为6.0条件下,甲基橙的脱色率可达到95%以上.     

电絮凝技术处理油田污水的影响因素实验研究

针对油田乳化液的水质特性,用电絮凝方法对配制的含油污水进行实验研究.首先分析极板间距、溶液初始pH值及NaCl含量对除油率的影响,确定实验参数.继而,实验研究电絮凝装置中竖直方向上典型的三层溶液,考察不同电流密度下除油率随时间的变化规律,比较三层除油率的特性曲线.发现A层去除效果最快最好,B层比C层处理效果差.在电解前4min,电流密度为150A/m~2时,A层除油率占其总效率的96.05%.从平均成本和三层除油率综合判定,电解16min,电流密度在100A/m~2时,电絮凝装置中整体处理效果最好.