具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

微波预处理对复杂铜矿磨矿及浮选动力学的影响

The effect of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ on the reduction roasting and magnetic separation of high-phosphorus iron ore containing phosphorus in the form of Fe₃PO₇ and apatite was investigated. The results revealed that Na₂CO₃ had the most significant effect on iron recovery and dephosphorization, followed by CaCO₃, the effect of CaF₂ was negligible. The mechanisms of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS). Without additives, Fe₃PO₇ was reduced to elemental phosphorus and formed an iron–phosphorus alloy with metallic iron. The addition of CaCO₃ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to generate an enormous amount of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and promoted the reduction of iron oxides. However, the growth of iron particles was inhibited. With the addition of Na₂CO₃, the phosphorus in Fe₃PO₇ migrated to nepheline and Na₂CO₃ improved the reduction of iron oxides and growth of iron particles. Therefore, the recovery of iron and the separation of iron and phosphorus were the best. In contrast, CaF₂ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to form fine Ca₃(PO₄)₂ particles scattered around the iron particles, making the separation of iron and phosphorus difficult.     

不同硅饱和系数水榴石的碳酸化分解动力学

Carbonated decomposition of hydrogarnet is one of the vital reactions of the calcification–carbonation method, which is designed to dispose of low-grade bauxite and Bayer red mud and is a novel eco-friendly method. In this study, the effect of the silica saturation coefficient (x) on the carbonation of hydrogarnet was investigated from the kinetic perspective. The results indicated that the carbonation of hydrogarnets with different x values (x = 0.27, 0.36, 0.70, and 0.73) underwent two stages with significantly different rates, and the kinetic mechanisms of the two stages can be described by the kinetic functions R3 and D3. The apparent activation energies at Stages 1 and 2 were 41.96–81.64 and 14.80–34.84 kJ/mol, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding limiting steps of the two stages were interfacial chemical reaction and diffusion.     

一种超重力燃烧合成制备高性能高熵合金的新方法

A new method of high-gravity combustion synthesis (HGCS) followed by post-treatment (PT) is reported for preparing high-performance high-entropy alloys (HEAs), Cr_0.9FeNi_2.5V_0.2Al_0.5 alloy, whereby cheap thermite powder is used as the raw material. In this process, the HEA melt and the ceramic melt are rapidly formed by a strong exothermic combustion synthesis reaction and completely separated under a high-gravity field. Then, the master alloy is obtained after cooling. Subsequently, the master alloy is sequentially subjected to conventional vacuum arc melting (VAM), homogenization treatment, cold rolling, and annealing treatment to realize a tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of 1250 MPa, 1075 MPa, and 2.9%, respectively. The present method is increasingly attractive due to its low cost of raw materials and the intermediate product obtained without high-temperature heating. Based on the calculation of phase separation kinetics in the high-temperature melt, it is expected that the final alloys with high performance can be prepared directly across master alloys with higher high-gravity coefficients.     

利用皮秒激光烧蚀制备非球形铝纳米颗粒

We report the picosecond laser ablation of aluminum targets immersed in a polar organic liquid (chloroform, CHCl₃) with ~2 ps laser pulses at an input energy of ~350 μJ. The synthesized aluminum nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at ~340 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images of Al nanoparticles demonstrated the spherical morphology with an average size of (27 ± 3.6) nm. The formation of smaller spherical Al nanoparticles and the diminished growth could be from the formation of electric double layers on the Al nanoparticles. In addition to spherical aluminum nanoparticles, triangular/pentagonal/hexagonal nanoparticles were also observed in the colloidal solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of ablated Al targets demonstrated laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs), which were the high spatial frequency LIPSSs (HSF-LIPSSs) since their grating period was ~280 nm. Additionally, coarse structures with a period of ~700 nm were observed.     

窄板坯结晶器内连铸工艺参数对钢液流场的影响

Computational simulations and high-temperature measurements of velocities near the surface of a mold were carried out by using the rod deflection method to study the effects of various operating parameters on the flow field in slab continuous casting (CC) molds with narrow widths for the production of automobile exposed panels. Reasonable agreement between the calculated results and measured subsurface velocities of liquid steel was obtained under different operating parameters of the CC process. The simulation results reveal that the flow field in the horizontal plane located 50 mm from the meniscus can be used as the characteristic flow field to optimize the flow field of molten steel in the mold. Increases in casting speed can increase the subsurface velocity of molten steel and shift the position of the vortex core downward in the downward circulation zone. The flow field of liquid steel in a 1040 mm-wide slab CC mold can be improved by an Ar gas flow rate of 7 L·min?1 and casting speed of 1.7 m·min?1. Under the present experimental conditions, the double-roll flow pattern is generally stable at a submerged entry nozzle immersion depth of 170 mm.     

电渣重熔脱硫技术研究进展

Electroslag remelting (ESR) gives a combination of liquid metal refining and solidification structure control. One of the typical aspects of liquid metal refining during ESR for the advanced steel and alloy production is desulfurization. It involves two patterns, i.e., slag–metal reaction and gas–slag reaction (gasifying desulfurization). In this paper, the advances in desulfurization practices of ESR are reviewed. The effects of processing parameters, including the initial sulfur level of consumable electrode, remelting atmosphere, deoxidation schemes of ESR, slag composition, melting rate, and electrical parameters on the desulfurization in ESR are assessed. The interrelation between desulfurization and sulfide inclusion evolution during ESR is discussed, and advancements in the production of sulfur-bearing steel at a high-sulfur level during ESR are described. The remaining challenges for future work are also proposed.     

Mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al2O3?Na2O system during high-temperature sintering

The mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al₂O₃?Na₂O system during the high-temperature sintering process were systematically investigated using DSC?TG, XRD, SEM?EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectra, and the crystal structure of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was also simulated by Material Studio software. The results indicated that the minerals formed during the sintering process included Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀, CaO·Al₂O₃, and 12CaO·7Al₂O₃, and the content of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ could reach 92wt% when sintered at 1200°C for 30 min. The main formation stage of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ occurred at temperatures from 970 to 1100°C, and the content could reach 82wt% when the reaction temperature increased to 1100°C. The crystal system of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was tetragonal, and the cells preferred to grow along crystal planes (110) and (210). The formation of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was an exothermic reaction that followed a secondary reaction model, and its activation energy was 223.97 kJ/mol.     

含细夹层的分矿充填层中流动特性的可视化

Ore particles, especially fine interlayers, commonly segregate in heap stacking, leading to undesirable flow paths and changeable flow velocity fields of packed beds. Computed tomography (CT), COMSOL Multiphysics, and MATLAB were utilized to quantify pore structures and visualize flow behavior inside packed beds with segregated fine interlayers. The formation of fine interlayers was accompanied with the segregation of particles in packed beds. Fine particles reached the upper position of the packed beds during stacking. CT revealed that the average porosity of fine interlayers (24.21%) was significantly lower than that of the heap packed by coarse ores (37.42%), which directly affected the formation of flow paths. Specifically, the potential flow paths in the internal regions of fine interlayers were undeveloped. Fluid flowed and bypassed the fine interlayers and along the sides of the packed beds. Flow velocity also indicated that the flow paths easily gathered in the pore throat where flow velocity (1.8 × 10?5 m/s) suddenly increased. Fluid stagnant regions with a flow velocity lower than 0.2 × 10?5 m/s appeared in flow paths with a large diameter.     

漂浮阳极泥中铋的提取与三氧化二铋的制备

漂浮阳极泥经过盐酸浸出、稀释水解、氢氧化钠中和得到氯氧铋,氯氧铋经过氢氧化钠转化制备得到三氧化二铋.当盐酸浓度为6mol/L,固液比为1∶5,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为1h时,漂浮阳极泥中锑和铋浸出率分别达到99.17％和99.08％.当稀释比为8∶1时,盐酸浸出液中锑水解率为98.13％,铋水解率仅为8.8％.稀释后液中加入氢氧化钠溶液,当pH为1.5时,铋水解率达到99.5％,水解产物氯氧铋(BiOCl)中铋、氧、氯的质量分数分别为54.23％,19.30％和14.61％.氯氧铋再次经过盐酸浸出,稀释水解,氢氧化钠沉淀得到氯氧铋.除杂后氯氧铋经过硫酸洗涤、氢氧化钠转化,当氢氧化钠浓度为6mol/L,液固比为3∶1,反应温度为80℃时,反应2h后过滤,用0.5mol/L盐酸洗涤得到形貌为纤维状、晶型为单斜的α-Bi2O3,氧化铋纯度达到99.81％.     

由铁鳞制备纳米氧化铁可见光光催化剂

以铁鳞为原料,采用水热法成功制备不同形貌的纳米Fe2 O3光催化剂。探讨了不同浓度的盐酸、液固比及反应时间对铁鳞浸出规律的影响。系统研究了铁鳞浸出液的纯度对于水热法制备纳米Fe2 O3的微观形貌和光催化性能的影响。结果表明：8 g铁鳞与150 mL浓度为3 mol·L-1的盐酸溶液在100℃回流反应2 h,铁鳞的浸出率达到约93%且浸出液纯度较高。浸出液中的杂质离子改变了纳米Fe2 O3的微观形貌和晶体的择优生长方向。另外,以铁鳞为原料制备出的纳米Fe2 O3可见光光催化性能较好,光降解罗丹明B溶液60 min后,其降解率可达87%左右。     

硫化锑精矿湿法清洁冶金新工艺

研究硫化锑精矿的浸出—净化—电积的闭路循环实验。考察温度、添加剂种类及浓度、Sb3+浓度和电流密度对沉积锑的形貌和质量的影响,得到避免爆锑形成的优化条件:阴极电流效率高达99%,每吨锑电耗约为1 200 kW.h。利用隔膜电积阳极室生成的SbCl5为浸出剂,得到SbCl5浸取硫化锑矿的最佳条件:温度为85℃,H+浓度为3.5 mol/L,液固比为8:1,SbCl5过量系数为理论量的1.1倍,浸出时间为1.5 h,在此条件下,硫化锑矿的浸出率达到99.5%。浸出液经过锑粉还原、硫化除重金属及Na3PO2除砷,得到的净化液用于电沉积能够得到质量良好的沉积物。     

黑铜泥综合回收工艺研究

以黑铜泥为原料,分别以硫化钠浸出法、酸浸法、碱浸-硫浸联合法进行黑铜泥综合回收的实验研究.结果表明:硫化钠浸出法与酸浸法均不易实现黑铜泥中Cu、As、Sb的有效分离,而碱浸-硫浸联合法的分离效果较好,在NaOH物质的量浓度1mol/L、液固比为10∶1、反应时间为6h、温度80℃的条件下,黑铜泥中As的浸出率为92%,Cu、Sb的浸出率均低于3%.碱浸渣中的As、Sb采用硫化钠浸出,对硫浸液进行氧化处理可获得砷酸钠和锑酸钠产品.     

含铬污泥中铬、铁分离研究

采用硫酸浸出了含铬废水处理污泥，采用磷酸萃取剂分离溶液中的铁，考察了主要的工艺条件。实验结果表明：硫酸溶液可用来浸出含铬污泥，固液比l：20，温度50℃的条件下获得最佳浸出效果，铬浸出率接近100％。磷酸萃取剂可以用来萃取分离铁，适宜的浸出液pH值为1．5左右。在反应时间12h、有机相与水相比为2：l、萃取剂占有机相比例为40％的条件下，可获得最佳分离效果。     

盐酸体系中二氧化锰浸出方铅矿的研究

在盐酸溶液中,用二氧化锰浸出方铅矿精矿制备氯化铅,并考察操作参数对铅浸出率的影响。研究结果表明盐酸体系中二氧化锰浸出方铅矿的最佳操作条件如下:搅拌速率为500 r/min,反应体系中总液体与总固体质量比为10,二氧化锰与方铅矿精矿质量比为1.3,反应时间为60 min,反应温度为80℃,盐酸浓度为3 mol/L,氯化钠质量浓度为250 g/L;在此最佳操作条件下,方铅矿精矿中的铅浸出率在99.5%以上,氯化铅产物纯度在99.6%以上。     

熔融态高钙高磷钒渣氧化钠化—水浸提钒

采用XRD对钠化高钙高磷钒渣(11.48%V2O3、13.71%Ca O、0.78%P2O5)熟料的物相组成进行了分析,并研究了钒渣熟料提钒的最佳实验参数。结果表明:在Na2CO3加入量相对较少时(35%),V存在于Na4V2O7、Na3VO4、Na1.33V2O5和Na Ca VO4中,随着Na2CO3加入量的增加,Na4V2O7和Na Ca VO4会进一步与Na2CO3反应转化为Na3VO4;钒渣熟料中P存在于水溶性Na3PO4中;当实验条件如下:Na2CO3加入量为40%,液固比为5∶1 m L/g,浸出温度为90℃,浸出时间为4min,搅拌速度为150 r/min,高钙高磷钒渣熟料浸出率可超过90%。可见,熔融态高钙高磷钒渣氧化钠化水浸提钒的方法可行。     

从碱性炼铋渣中选择性浸出钠盐和钼

采用常温和较高温分阶段浸出铋精矿低温碱性熔炼渣.研究结果表明:Na2S2O3和Mo主要进入常温浸出液中,而Na2CO3主要进入热浸液中.在温度为300K,液固比为0.75及时间为1h的条件下,进行两段逆流循环浸出后,Mo和Na2S2O3的浸出率分别为82.28％和75.03％,而Na2CO3的浸出率仅为33.13％;常温浸液中n(S2O32-)/n(CO32-)为1.97,实现了Na2S2O3和Na2CO3的初步分离;在温度为313～363 K,液固比不小于l,时间为lh的条件下进行热水浸出,Na2CO3,Na2S2O3及Mo的热浸率分别为94.0％,94.3％和69.0％;它们的两段总浸出率分别为95.99％,98.58％及94.51％.     

铅锑复合渣于低温真空蒸发直接制备纳米Sb2O3

以铅锑复合渣为原料,用低温真空蒸发法直接制备纳米Sb2O3.通过XRD、激光粒度仪、SEM和白度仪分别对Sb2O3的结构、形貌、粒度和白度进行表征,探讨温度、残压、时间等对Sb的蒸发率以及Sb2O3的纯度、白度和粒度的影响.研究结果表明：在温度为893 K、残压为250 Pa和时间为2 h的条件下,纳米Sb2O3具有立方晶型,其平均颗粒粒度为72 nm,比表面积为15.5 m^2/g,白度为90.0%,纯度为98.50%.     

臭氧-过氧化氢联合浸出方铅矿

在盐酸溶液中,以臭氧和过氧化氢为氧化剂、三氯化铁为助浸剂联合浸出方铅矿精矿制备氯化铅,考察各种操作参数对铅浸出率的影响.实验结果表明:搅拌速率为500r/min、氯化钠初始质量浓度为250g/L、反应温度为90℃、反应时间为180min、三氯化铁初始质量浓度为259/L、过氧化氢初始质量浓度为6.669/L、盐酸初始浓度为0.3mol/L、臭氧进口氧气流量为1.0L/min是臭氧-过氧化氢联合浸出方铅矿的最佳操作参数,此时铅的浸出率达99.5％,产物氯化铅纯度达99.6％.