电子膨胀阀制冷剂流量系数的试验研究

通过搭建的液环法节流机构流量特性试验台,进行了不同制冷剂质量流量测试.采用R22制冷剂,试验研究了电子膨胀阀开度、节流前后压差、入口制冷剂密度、出口制冷剂比体积以及阀头半锥角、流通面积和径向间隙对电子膨胀阀制冷剂流量系数的影响规律,获得了较大工况范围内流量系数的量化关系.结果表明,相对偏差在±6.5%以内,提出的关联式可以广泛应用于制冷空调领域的阀头线型设计中,以提高设计效率和经济效益.     

电子膨胀阀节流机构流量特性的实验研究

分析总结了国内外对膨胀阀流量特性的研究成果,指出电子膨胀阀节流机构流量多元影响因素的特性.利用自行研制的液环法电子膨胀阀流量特性实验台分析了出口压力、入口压力、入口过冷度、阀开度、入口密度和出口干度对电子膨胀阀质量流量及流量系数的影响.结果表明:上述参数对电子膨胀阀的流量特性均有一定的影响,但各参数的影响程度不同;开度是改变质量流量的主要因素,并反映出阀的调节特性.     

跨临界CO2节流短管流量特性实验研究

以节流短管为对象,实验研究了流量和节流短管上游压力、下游压力、入口温度以及几何结构的关系,得到了CO2通过节流短管的半经验流量关系式.研究结果表明,跨临界CO2节流短管流动与制冷剂R134a显著不同,通过短管的制冷剂流量和直径呈指数关系,CO2的指数(2.73)大于常规制冷剂(R134a为2.11);所有实验条件下,流动均发生临界流现象,即CO2通过短管的流量对下游压力不敏感,对进出口倒角也不敏感.     

过冷度对喷嘴效率影响的测试研究

为研究流体过冷度对喷嘴工作性能的影响,研制了两相流体混合速度的测试装置.基于动量定理,测定两相流体的质量流量和冲击力,从而得到质量平均的流体混合速度.利用R410A制冷系统实验台,实验研究了制冷剂过冷度对喷嘴出口流体混合速度及喷嘴能量转化效率的影响.实验表明:随着入口制冷剂过冷度的提高,喷嘴的通过质量流量逐渐增加;同时,制冷剂过冷度的提高使喷嘴出口流体混合速度及喷嘴转化效率明显下降;在实验工况下,喷嘴进口为饱和制冷剂时,2#喷嘴出口制冷剂混合速度达到了94.1 m/s,喷嘴转化效率为64.1%;当制冷剂过冷度由饱和状态增至11℃时,2#喷嘴出口流体的混合速度降低35.7%,喷嘴转化效率降低33.9%.     

CO_2微通道气体冷却器压降与传热特性研究

在微通道平行流式气冷器内进行了CO2的压降和换热特性实验研究,探讨了跨临界CO2循环换热过程中制冷剂质量流量、系统压力对气冷器换热性能、进出口压降的影响.实验结果表明:在接近临界温度时,CO2物理性能受压力和温度的影响较大,换热系数是远离临界区的7～9倍;随着CO2质量流量的提高,微通道管内流体Re相应提高,而较高的Re又使得湍流扩散率、管内温度梯度增大,同时在制冷剂入口附近的微通道换热器高温区域面积增大,表明当系统压力相同时,制冷剂入口温度随CO2质量流量的增加而增大.在一定的质量流量或压力下,存在着一个最佳的压力或质量流量,使得气冷器进出口压降达到最小.随着Re增加,气冷器的CO2压降关联式的预测精度均有所提高,为此提出了新的换热关联式和压降关联式.     

空调机组制冷变工况运行特性研究

以送风式空调的制冷工况为研究对象,通过理论分析和试验测试的方法,分析了该空调在室内环境湿度和风量发生变化时,机组蒸发压力、冷凝压力、过热度、过冷度、吸气比容和制冷剂循环流量的变化特性.研究结果表明:当蒸发器负荷减小时,蒸发压力降低的幅度大于冷凝压力降低的幅度,输气系数减小;吸气比容增加,制冷剂循环流量减小,系统的制冷能力降低.     

滑阀矩形节流槽阀口的流量系数

基于阀口流量压差特性试验和矩形阀口面积计算,对滑阀上矩形节流槽阀口的流量系数进行研究,获得滑阀矩形节流槽阀口流量系数及其变化规律.研究发现:滑阀矩形节流槽阀口流量系数与阀口开度、液流方向、截面深宽比和截面水力直径关系密切,阀口开度较小时流量系数接近于1,随着阀口开度的增大而逐渐减小,在阀口中间区段接近于常数,在接近全开度时流量系数又快速增大;流入节流槽方向的流量系数比流出方向大0.05~0.10;流量系数随矩形节流槽截面深宽比增大而增大,并随截面水力直径增大而有所增大.     

制冷剂雾化喷嘴节流性能研究

为提高制冷系统蒸发器内液态制冷剂的分配均匀度和换热性能,该文提出采用雾化喷嘴代替节流阀的雾化节流方案。采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对制冷剂的节流雾化特性进行模拟,分析了系统蒸发温度、冷凝温度、阀前过冷度等对制冷剂节流雾化特性的影响。结果表明,当蒸发温度、冷凝温度和过冷度的范围分别为5~15℃、45~55℃和0~8 K时,节流雾化喷嘴的出口流量在4.125~5.230 g/s之间波动,并受冷凝温度影响较大;雾化流场中约90%的两相流体处于3m/s以下的低速段时,雾化效果较好。冷凝温度升高、蒸发温度降低、过冷度减小均有利于雾化,但也造成雾化流场蒸发量不均,气流紊乱,使得湍动能边界产生剧烈波动,雾化不稳定。     

变制冷剂流量制冷循环性能与气液两相流流型的研究

实验应用流动显示方法,发现变制冷剂流量制冷循环的蒸发器入口(也是膨胀阀出口)的制冷剂流动存在两类不同的气液两相流流型--液气分相流和泡气分相流,并且存在流型转变的过渡区域.在不同的气液两相流流型时,变制冷剂流量制冷循环的制冷量、过热度、排气温度等性能截然不同,在流型转变的过渡区域,制冷循环处于波动之中.     

制冷剂参数对混合制冷剂循环液化天然气流程性能的影响

分析了高、低压、混合制冷剂的入口压力、温度、组分的摩尔分率对流程制冷剂流量、压缩机功耗、冷却水的冷却量及丙烷预冷量的影响,利用所编制的计算机软件计算了这些参数对流程性能的影响,计算结果表明,制冷剂流量受高压制冷剂的压力和温度以及混合制冷剂中甲烷的摩尔分率影响较大;压缩机功耗受高压制冷剂的温度、低压制冷剂的压力及混合制冷剂中甲烷的摩尔分率影响较大;冷却水的消耗量受低压制冷剂的压力及混合制冷剂中甲烷的     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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