夹杂物对超高强度钢应力应变场的影响

非金属夹杂物对钢性能的影响与夹杂物的特征参数密切相关.首先分析拉伸和疲劳载荷下超高强度钢中TiN夹杂物导致裂纹萌生的扫描电镜原位观察结果,采用MSC Marc有限元分析软件对夹杂物及周围基体的应力场进行计算,然后对拉伸载荷下不同特征参数的TiN夹杂物及周围基体的应力应变场进行模拟.结果表明,有限元法能够解释并预测夹杂物及周围基体的力学行为.三角形夹杂物尖角附近的应力集中最严重.矩形夹杂物内部高应力区的位置受夹杂物与外载荷方向夹角的影响.随邻近夹杂物间距的增大,基体内的最大应力由夹杂物外侧移至夹杂物之间.近表面夹杂物使得基体自由表面附近出现高应力区,基体内最大应力的位置受夹杂物与自由表面距离和尺寸的影响.     

硫化物对GCr15轴承钢疲劳寿命的影响

硫使钢产生“热脆”,异相夹杂物使钢基体产生嵌镶应力,对基体产生划伤、割裂作用,破坏机体的连续性.不同类型异相夹杂因其形状、性能、分布、线膨胀系数等的不同而对基体产生的影响迥异.硫化物夹杂因其塑性好、线膨胀系数大、对轴承钢疲劳寿命影响较小.对硬脆夹杂物有包裹作用而对轴承钢疲劳裂纹的产生、发展有一定阻碍作用.但在脆性夹杂物大幅度降低条件下,硫(硫化物杂夹)含量范围应当予以限制.     

PM Rene 95合金中夹杂物的微观力学行为

采用人工植入Al2O3夹杂物的试样,通过SEM原位观察及非线性有限元分析,研究了在单轴拉伸条件下P/MRene95合金中夹杂物与基体的相互作用机理.结果表明,不同尺寸及位置的夹杂物对拉伸进程影响不同;夹杂物/基体界面的裂纹萌生及扩展取决于界面附近基体材料的应力状态.     

核级设备结构中基体夹杂界面应力计算分析

基于复变函数方法,研究了在反平面载荷下核级设备结构中基体夹杂界面应力分布。利用基体和夹杂在界面处的位移和应力连续边界条件,推导得到含复应力函数系数的线性方程组,求解该方程组获得基体和夹杂的界面应力。通过数值计算结果表明:夹杂形状、基体与夹杂剪切模量比值对界面环向应力和界面径向应力均有影响,为核级设备结构设计及工程应用提供理论参考。     

圆形夹杂与内裂纹的相互作用

研究了在SH波作用下基体中圆形夹杂与内裂纹的相互作用问题,主要采取Green函数和裂纹切割相结合的方法.首先,构造本文需要的Green函数基本解,该基本解为基体内含夹杂时夹杂内任一点承受时间谐和的出平面线源荷载作用时的位移函数.然后,从基体圆形夹杂对SH波散射问题出发,沿裂纹位置施加一应力,该应力与夹杂对SH波散射产生的应力大小相等,方向相反,从而形成裂纹,进而可得到夹杂和裂纹同时存在时的位移与应力函数式,利用此函数式讨论夹杂周围的动应力集中情况.最后,给出算例,讨论了入射波数、入射角度、裂纹大小、基体和夹杂材料性质等因素对此问题的影响.     

基体中螺位错偶极子与含共焦钝裂纹椭圆夹杂的干涉效应

将复变函数的分区全纯理论、柯西型积分、应力函数奇性主部分析方法与Riemann边值问题相结合,研究了基体中的螺型位错偶极子与含共焦椭圆钝裂纹的椭圆夹杂的弹性干涉问题,求得了基体和夹杂区域复势函数的级数形式精确解.并由此推导出了基体和夹杂区域的应力场、椭圆钝裂纹右端点的应力强度因子以及作用在螺型位错偶极子中心的位错像力和像力偶矩的公式,同时分析了螺位错偶极子倾角、夹杂和椭圆钝裂纹的尺寸以及材料常数对它们的影响规律.结果表明:位错力和应力强度因子随螺位错偶极子倾角作周期变化,且受相对剪切模量的影响很大.     

钢中近界面微区的形变与断裂Ⅰ-夹杂物与基体界面近区的形变与断裂

采用增量拉伸、表面复型及剖面金相技术，结合断口分析，揭示夹杂物与基体从相容形变残留内应力到不相容形变而发生夹杂物或其与基体界面断裂成孔洞，孔洞近邻基体局部形变断裂与孔洞长大聚合及最终断裂的微观过程．根据夹杂物特性，结合界面微观力学分析，闸明夹杂物近界面的形变断裂与钢宏观断裂的机理及夹杂物与钢力学性能关系．     

P/M Rene95合金夹杂物微观力学行为观察

以典型粉末高温合金P/M Rene95为研究对象,在扫描电镜原位下观察了其中尺寸不同的陶瓷夹杂物在拉伸载荷下导致裂纹萌生的过程.结果表明,在SEM原位拉伸试验中,随着载荷的增加,裂纹在陶瓷夹杂物处萌生.Al2O3夹杂物的尺寸不同,导致裂纹萌生的方式不同.小尺寸的夹杂物引起的裂纹萌生易于产生在夹杂物内部,即夹杂物本身开裂,产生裂纹是在基体大面积屈服之后;而大夹杂物处的裂纹则是在合金基体未屈服之前萌生,位于夹杂/基体的界面.     

形状记忆合金短纤维增强复合材料的热相变行为

基于Eshelby等效夹杂模型和Mori—Tanaka的场平均法，考虑到形状记忆合金材料的强物理非线性和基体材料的弹塑性，发展了增量型的等效夹杂模型．基于该模型，探讨了形状记忆合金短纤维增强弹塑性基复合材料在应力自由状态下的热相变特性，特别研究了基体材料的塑性对复合材料热相变特性的影响．计算结果表明：当基体进入屈服阶段后，在复合材料卸载过程中出现残余应力；弹塑性基体复合材料的特征相变温度偏移随纤维体积分数的变化规律与弹性基体复合材料的变化规律不同，其热相变特性有显著的区别．     

球形非金属夹杂物与焊缝金属的断裂

对四种不同强度级别的焊缝金属的廷性断口和脆性断口上的夹杂物进行了系统的观察与分析,探讨了球形非金属夹杂物对焊缝金属断裂性能的影响。焊缝金属的延性断裂性能与所含夹杂物的数量存在直接的关系,而焊缝金属的解理断裂中有相当大的一部分由尺寸相对较大的,与基体结合强度较高的Ti型夹杂物所引发。     

Effect of main inclusions on crack initiation in bearing steel in the very high cycle fatigue regime

This work aims to investigate the effect of main inclusions on crack initiation in bearing steel in the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime. The size and type of inclusions in the steel were quantitatively analyzed, and VHCF tests were performed. Some fatigue cracks were found to be initiated in the gaps between inclusions (Al₂O₃, MgO-Al₂O₃) and the matrix, while other cracks originated from the interior of inclusions (TiN, MnS). To explain the related mechanism, the tessellated stresses between inclusions and the matrix were calculated and compared with the yield stress of the matrix. Results revealed that the inclusions could be classified into two types under VHCF; of these two, only one type could be regarded as holes. Findings in this research provide a better understanding of how inclusions affect the high cycle fatigue properties of bearing steel.     

In-depth analysis of the fatigue mechanism induced by inclusions for high-strength bearing steels

A numerical study of stress distribution and fatigue behavior in terms of the effect of voids adjacent to inclusions was conducted with finite element modeling simulations under different assumptions. Fatigue mechanisms were also analyzed accordingly. The results showed that the effects of inclusions on fatigue life will distinctly decrease if the mechanical properties are close to those of the steel matrix.For the inclusions, which are tightly bonded with the steel matrix, when the Young's modulus is larger than that of the steel matrix, the stress will concentrate inside the inclusion; otherwise, the stress will concentrate in the steel matrix. If voids exist on the interface between inclusions and the steel matrix, their effects on the fatigue process differ with their positions relative to the inclusions. The void on one side of an inclusion perpendicular to the fatigue loading direction will aggravate the effect of inclusions on fatigue behavior and lead to a sharp stress concentration. The void on the top of inclusion along the fatigue loading direction will accelerate the debonding between the inclusion and steel matrix.     

In-depth analysis of the fatigue mechanism induced by inclusions for high-strength bearing steels

A numerical study of stress distribution and fatigue behavior in terms of the effect of voids adjacent to inclusions was conducted with finite element modeling simulations under different assumptions.Fatigue mechanisms were also analyzed accordingly.The results showed that the effects of inclusions on fatigue life will distinctly decrease if the mechanical properties are close to those of the steel matrix.For the inclusions,which are tightly bonded with the steel matrix,when the Young’s modulus is larger than that of the steel matrix,the stress will concentrate inside the inclusion;otherwise,the stress will concentrate in the steel matrix.If voids exist on the interface between inclusions and the steel matrix,their effects on the fatigue process differ with their positions relative to the inclusions.The void on one side of an inclusion perpendicular to the fatigue loading direction will aggravate the effect of inclusions on fatigue behavior and lead to a sharp stress concentration.The void on the top of inclusion along the fatigue loading direction will accelerate the debonding between the inclusion and steel matrix.     

TP347H精炼渣二次氧化控制及夹杂物变性处理

研究了采用EF+VOD+IC工艺流程生产TP347H不锈钢时由于精炼渣成分产生的二次氧化及其氧化夹杂物的变性处理过程.试验中VOD精炼过程中采用Al进行终脱氧，降低精炼渣中FeO、SiO2含量，精炼渣四元碱度控制在1.3以上，保证钢中全氧质量分数小于0.003%.脱氧后使用喂Ca-Si线及钢包软吹的精炼手段，可将硬质Al2 O3及MgAl2 O4转变为CaO-Al2 O3夹杂，减少硬质MgAl2 O4夹杂总量并使夹杂物熔点低于1500益.此类夹杂在炼钢温度下呈液态且更易于聚集与上浮，而在后续轧制、锻造过程中低熔点夹杂随基体发生形变，减少钢材裂纹的产生.     

Micromechanics-BEM Analysis for Piezoelectric Composites

The effective material properties of piezoelectric composites are predicted using micromechanics models of the composite structure combined with a boundary element method (BEM) solution of the governing equation. The composites consist of inclusion and matrix phases. The micromechanics method gives formulae for the overall material constants as functions of the concentration matrix, while the boundary element simulation gives numerical solutions of the boundary displacement and electric potential equations for inclusion or hole problems. Numerical results for a piezoelectric plate with circular inclusions are presented to illustrate applications of the proposed micromechanics-BEM formulation.     

Ultrahigh cycle fatigue fracture mechanism of high-quality bearing steel obtained through different deoxidation methods

The mechanism of oxide inclusions in fatigue crack initiation in the very-high cycle fatigue(VHCF)regime was clarified by subjecting bearing steels deoxidized by Al(Al-deoxidized steel)and Si(Si-deoxidized steel)to ultrasonic tension-compression fatigue tests(stress ratio,R=−1)and analyzing the characteristics of the detected inclusions.Results show that the main types of inclusions in Si-and Al-deoxidized steels are silicate and calcium aluminate,respectively.The content of calcium aluminate inclusions larger than 15μm in Si-deoxidized steel is lower than that in Al-deoxidized steel,and the difference observed may be attributed to different inclusion generation processes during melting.Despite differences in their cleanliness and total oxygen contents,the Si-and Al-deoxidized steels show similar VHCF lives.The factors causing fatigue failure in these steels reveal distinct differences.Calcium aluminate inclusions are responsible for the cracks in Al-deoxidized steel.By comparison,most fatigue cracks in Si-deoxidized steel are triggered by the inhomogeneity of a steel matrix,which indicates that the damage mechanisms of the steel matrix can be a critical issue for this type of steel.A minor portion of the cracks in Si-deoxidized steel could be attributed to different types of inclusions.The mechanisms of fatigue fracture caused by calcium aluminate and silicate inclusions were further analyzed.Calcium aluminate inclusions first separate from the steel matrix and then trigger crack generation.Silicate inclusions and the steel matrix are closely combined in a fatigue process;thus,these inclusions have mild effects on the fatigue life of bearing steels.Si/Mn deoxidation is an effective method to produce high-quality bearing steel with a long fatigue life and good liquid steel fluidity.     

Effect of weld microstructure on brittle fracture initiation in the thermally-aged boiling water reactor pressure vessel head weld metal

Effects of the weld microstructure and inclusions on brittle fracture initiation are investigated in a thermally aged ferritic high-nickel weld of a reactor pressure vessel head from a decommissioned nuclear power plant.As-welded and reheated regions mainly consist of acicular and polygonal ferrite,respectively.Fractographic examination of Charpy V-notch impact toughness specimens reveals large inclusions(0.5-2.5μm)at the brittle fracture primary initiation sites.High impact energies were measured for the specimens in which brittle fracture was initiated from a small inclusion or an inclusion away from the V-notch.The density,geometry,and chemical composition of the primary initiation inclusions were investigated.A brittle fracture crack initiates as a microcrack either within the multiphase oxide inclusions or from the debonded interfaces between the uncracked inclusions and weld metal matrix.Primary fracture sites can be determined in all the specimens tested in the lower part of the transition curve at and below the 41-J reference impact toughness energy but not above the mentioned value because of the changes in the fracture mechanism and resulting changes in the fracture appearance.