A novel type of human papillomavirus associated with genital neoplasias

The role of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in the development of genital neoplasias has been well documented. The genomes of two HPV types, HPV16 and HPV18, have been found to be associated with about 70% of invasive carcinomas of the uterine cervix. As, under non-stringent hybridization conditions, HPV DNA sequences have been detected in about 90% of cervical carcinomas, it seems likely that additional HPV types are associated with these tumours. Here we report the molecular cloning and characterization of a novel HPV type, tentatively named HPV33, whose sequences have been detected in 4-8% of biopsies of genital intra-epithelial neoplasias and cervical invasive carcinomas, usually as free monomeric or oligomeric molecules. However, in one specimen of vulvar Bowen's disease, HPV33 DNA sequences were integrated in the host-cell genome. Thus, HPV33 probably represents an additional type of potentially oncogenic genital HPV.     

人乳头瘤病毒感染的宫颈癌组织的病理形态学观察

应用核酸杂交技术结合组织病理学的光镜和电镜观察、检测８０例子宫颈癌、４２例正常宫颈组织、３３例宫颈非典型增生组织和１０例宫颈尖锐湿疣组织中的ＨＰＶｓ基因组相关序列。结果表明：（１）４２例正常宫颈组织ＤＮＡ无一例检出ＨＰＶ，而在宫颈癌组织、宫颈非典型增生组织和宫颈尖锐湿疣组织中，ＨＰＶ检出率分别达４３．７５％、４５．４５％和８０％；（２）宫颈癌组织中阳性３５例，阳性率为４３．７５％；ＨＰＶ型别分布主要为ＨＰＶ１６型（１８例，５１．４３％）和ＨＰＶＲ型（８例，２２．８６％）；（３）１８例ＨＰＶ１６型和３例ＨＰＶ１１／６型均为鳞癌，８例ＨＰＶＲ型中有６例也为鳞癌。ＨＰＶ１６型的１８例中有１２例为低分化癌，ＨＰＶＲ型的８例中有５例也为低分化癌；（４）不同型别ＨＰＶ感染的宫颈癌组织，其病理形态学特征有所不同。研究表明，广西地区相当部分宫颈癌的发生与ＨＰＶ感染有关，其感染的宫颈癌组织具有一定的病理形态学特征。     

Morphological transformation in vivo of human uterine cervix with papillomavirus from condylomata acuminata

Carcinoma of the human uterine cervix has been associated with several infectious agents including papillomavirus. Papillomavirus group-specific antigen (GSA) and viral particles have been demonstrated in human condylomata acuminata (CA) and flat warts of the uterine cervix. Cell alterations consisting of nuclear enlargement, hyperchromasia, irregularity, binucleation and cytoplasmic clearing (koilocytosis) are often interpreted as mild to moderate dysplasia. Present evidence that human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for the development of these lesions relies on the association of GSA and virus particles in the affected tissue, fulfilling the first two of Koch's postulates. Direct proof of an aetiological relationship, however, requires induction of the CA change in normal, human uterine cervix after exposure to papillomavirus. Infecting human subjects with HPV is ethically unacceptable and no satisfactory alternative systems have been defined. Also, human cell cultures do not support growth or transformation by HPV. Here we report the first demonstration of the morphological transformation of human tissues with a human papillomavirus under controlled, experimental conditions. 'Transformation' is used here in its literal sense to refer to a heritable morphological alteration in the appearance of the cells. The use of this term does not indicate that the changes described are neoplastic, but they are identical to the dysplastic changes found in biopsies of uterine cervical CA. Our results demonstrate the direct involvement of CA virus in dysplastic change of human cervical tissue and indicate that the experimental system described may be useful in elucidating the contribution of human papillomaviruses to the pathogenesis of human cervical cancer.     

表达肿瘤抗原HPV-58 E7的HLA-A*0201阳性宫颈癌细胞模型的构建和鉴定

为建立内源性表达58型人乳头瘤病毒(Huamn papillomavirus type 58,HPV-58)重要癌抗原E7蛋白的HLA-A*0201阳性人宫颈癌细胞模型.以HPV-58全基因组为模板,采用PCR法扩增E7蛋白的编码基因,构建真核表达载体pEGFP-N2-HPV58E7;转化大肠杆菌DH5α,通过DNA测序鉴定质粒载体;经除内毒素纯化后,将大量制备的重组质粒瞬时转染293T细胞,采用RT-PCR和细胞免疫荧光方法研究重组质粒在人源细胞中的表达情况;最后,选择HPV检出阴性的HLA-A*0201阳性人宫颈癌C33A细胞株为宿主细胞,采用脂质体转染、G418抗性加压筛选和细胞克隆化培养技术,建立能够稳定表达HPV-58 E7的恒定转染细胞株.采用RT-PCR、Western-blot和细胞增殖测定等方法从转录、翻译和表型等3个层次对所建细胞株进行鉴定研究.研究结果显示:克隆制备了HPV-58 E7蛋白的编码基因;构建获得了能够在人源细胞中表达HPV58E7-EGFP融合蛋白的真核表达质粒;并成功建立了能够稳定表达HPV-58 E7的HLA-A*0201阳性人宫颈癌细胞模型;核酸和蛋白水平的鉴定结果表明所建模型细胞能够表达HPV-58 E7癌抗原,宿主细胞本身表达的Ⅰ类组织相容性抗原HLA-A*0201有望通过内源性抗原加工途径将E7抗原的细胞毒性T细胞(Cytotoxic lyphocyte,CTL)表位提呈到细胞表面;另外,细胞增殖试验结果亦表明该细胞模型体现出E7蛋白显著的诱导细胞增殖的生物学特征.总之,能够稳定表达HPV-58 E7癌蛋白的HLA-A*0201阳性人宫颈癌细胞模型的建立为后续即将展开的以HPV-58 E7为靶标的宫颈癌治疗性疫苗和药物的寻找和研究奠定基础.     

宫颈癌中CALCA基因甲基化与HPV16-E7致癌蛋白表达的依存关系

 选择HPV16 阳性宫颈癌细胞和RNAi 技术,研究CALCA 基因甲基化与HPV16-E7 致癌蛋白表达的依存关系。构建慢病毒siRNA 重组表达载体,建立稳定表达HPV16-E7-siRNA 的RNAi 细胞模型。以SiHa 细胞和RNAi 细胞模型的基因组DNA 为对象,选择CALCA 基因启动子区富含CpG 岛屿的目标片段,使用亚硫酸氢盐测序法（bisulfite sequencing PCR,BSP）筛查分析,研究RNAi 抑制HPV16-E 7 表达后,CALCA 基因甲基化状态的可逆性程度。选出CALCA 基因启动子区富含CpG 位点的目标片段,其大小为365 bp,含有19 个CpG 岛屿,发现其中13 个CpG 位点的胞嘧啶在SiHa 细胞基因组DNA 中发生了甲基化（13/19）,而在表达HPV16-E7-siRNA 的RNAi 细胞模型中,所有CpG 位点的甲基化已发生逆转（0/19 位点）。本研究从细胞水平证明了宫颈癌细胞内的CALCA 基因启动子高甲基化对HPV16-E7 致癌蛋白表达有依赖性,为进一步研究E7 蛋白的作用及致癌机制奠定了重要的物质基础。     

HLADQB1＊03、DRB1＊13与新疆维吾尔族、汉族HPV感染和宫颈癌的相关性研究

运用PCR及PCR-SSP技术检测HPV16 DNA和HLA DQB1＊03、DRB1＊13等位基因在新疆维族、汉族ISCC和对照组织中的分布,探讨HLA DQB1＊03,DRB1＊13等位基因与HPV16感染和ISCC的相关性及在新疆维族、汉族正常人群中的分布。结果显示：HLA DQB1＊03等位基因在维族ISCC和HPV16阳性的ISCC中的分布频率高于维族对照组,差异具有统计学意义（χ2=6.166,P〈0.05;χ2=4.336,P〈0.05）;在维族正常人群中的分布频率低于汉族正常人群,差异具有统计学意义（χ2=14.923,P〈0.05）。HLA DRB1＊13等位基因在维族、汉族ISCC和HPV16阳性ISCC分布频率与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义;在维族正常人群中的分布频率与汉族正常人群比较,差异无统计学意义。提示HLA DQB1＊03等位基因可能是维族ISCC的遗传易感基因。     

MCM4在宫颈癌中的表达及其意义

目的探讨微染色体维持蛋白4（MCM4）在子宫颈癌中的表达及与临床病理因素之间的关系．方法采用免疫组织化学法检测50例宫颈癌组织,20例宫颈内皮瘤病变组织CINⅠ、20例CINⅡ-Ⅲ、20例正常宫颈组织的表达．结果正常宫颈,宫颈内皮瘤病变组织CINⅠ、CINⅡ-Ⅲ及宫颈癌中MCM4阳性表达率差异有显著性（χ^2=45．588,P〈0．05）．正常宫颈、宫颈内皮瘤病变组织CINⅠ、CINⅡ-Ⅲ及宫颈鳞癌组织四组间MCM4的阳性表达程度差异有显著性（Hc=36．655,P〈0．05）,在不同分化程度的宫颈癌中,MCM4的表达强度的差异有显著性（χ^2=10．359,P〈0．05）;在不同临床分期的宫颈癌中,在淋巴结有转移与无转移组之间,MCM4的表达强度差异有显著性（χ^2=5．748,P〈0．01）;MCM4的阳性表达率与年龄分组和临床分期进展无关（χ^2=1．666,P〉0．05;χ^2=0．076,P〉0．05）．结论①MCM4的表达与宫颈癌的发生发展有关;②检测MCM4可作为判定宫颈癌恶性程度、评估其侵袭性及转移性的分子生物学指标,其对早期宫颈癌的诊断及宫颈癌的预后判定可能具有重要的参考价值．     

性激素是HPV16—DNA永生化人外宫颈上皮细胞的弱调节剂

研究激素对ＨＰＶ１６－ＤＮＡ永生化人外宫颈上皮细胞（ＨＣＥ１６／３细胞系）体外生长的影响。方法：使用［３Ｈ］－胸苷掺入试验,软琼脂糖集落试验和Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ印迹法分析了性激素对ＨＣＥ１６／３细胞的生长调节和病毒基因的表达。结果：在无类固醇血清无酚红的培养条件下,雌二醇和孕酮对ＨＣＥ１６／３细胞的生长无明显影响,而胰岛素则是ＨＣＥ１６／３细胞的生长刺激素。胰岛素的刺激细胞生长作用不能被性激素所增强;雌二醇也不能诱导ＨＣＥ１６／３细胞停泊独立生长。但Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ印迹分析显示性激素上调ＨＣＥ１６／３细胞病毒早期基因表达,该基因的表达可能与ＨＰＶＤＮＡ永生化细胞的生长有关。结论：ＨＣＥ１６／３细胞的生长仍然依赖于生长因子,性激素刺激病毒早期基因表达,要阐明性激素对人宫颈癌发生所起的作用,仍需做更多的工作     

HLA DRB1＊1501和DQB1＊0602与新疆维吾尔、汉族HPV感染及宫颈癌发生的相关性

探讨HLADRB1＊1501和DQB1＊0602与新疆维吾尔、汉族妇女HPV感染及宫颈癌发生的相关性。PCR-SSP和PCR检测287例浸润性宫颈癌（维族192例,汉族95例）及297例正常宫颈组织（维族203例,汉族94例）中DRB1＊1501和HLADQB1＊0602的分布频率和HPV16DNA。维族HPV16阳性NILM组中DRB1＊1501基因频率高于HPV16阴性NILM组（OR,2．222;95％CI,1．107—4．461;P=0．023）,差异有统计学意义;在维族ISCC组及HPV16阳性ISCC组中DQB1＊0602基因频率均低于对照组（OR,0．484;95％CI,0．324～0．722;P=0．000;OR,0．552;95％CI,0．360～0．845;P=0．006）,差异有统计学意义;汉族ISCC组中DRBl。1501等位基因及DRB1＊1501～DQB1＊0602单体型均低于对照组（分别为OR,0．305;95％CI,0．115～0．813;P=0．013和OR,0．274;95％CI,0．086—0．874;P=0．021）,差异有统计学意义。携带DRB1＊1501等位基因为新疆维族妇女HPV16易感基因。DQB1＊0602基因可能是新疆维族妇女宫颈癌的保护基因,而DRB1＊1501基因及DRB1＊1501～DQB1＊0602单体型则可能是新疆汉族妇女宫颈癌的保护基因。     

Specific interaction between HPV-16 E1-E4 and cytokeratins results in collapse of the epithelial cell intermediate filament network.

The human papillomaviruses (HPV) are associated specifically with epithelial lesions, ranging from benign warts to invasive carcinoma. The virus encodes three late proteins, which are produced only in terminally differentiating keratinocytes, two of which are structural components of the virion. The third, E1-E4, is derived primarily from the E4 open reading frame, which represents a region of maximal divergence between different HPV types. E1-E4 does not seem to be a component of the virus particle or to be needed for transformation in vitro, but accumulates in the cytoplasm, where in certain benign lesions it can comprise 20-30% of total cell protein. We show here that expression of the HPV-16 E1-E4 protein in human keratinocytes (the natural host cell for HPV infection) results in the total collapse of the cytokeratin matrix. Tubulin and actin networks are unaffected by E1-E4, as are the nuclear lamins.     

维、汉族妇女宫颈病变进程与雌激素受体1（ESR1）蛋白表达缺失的关系

 以往的报道显示宫颈癌组织内的雌激素受体1（Estrogen Receptor 1,ESR1）基因启动子发生高度甲基化,并提示其基因表达水平可能下降或基因休眠。本研究从蛋白质水平观察ESR1表达缺失与宫颈病变进程的关系及其维、汉妇女族群差异。收集维吾尔族和汉族妇女宫颈炎、宫颈内上皮瘤样病变（Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia,CIN）I/II/III和宫颈鳞癌患者的福尔马林浸泡与石蜡包埋宫颈组织标本共180例,采用免疫组织化学方法鉴定ESR1蛋白表达水平。结果显示,ESR1蛋白在宫颈上皮和间质细胞均有表达,但是随着CIN和宫颈鳞癌的发病进程,其在上皮细胞内的表达逐渐发生缺失;ESR1蛋白表达缺失率在宫颈炎和CIN I组较低（22%）,CIN II/III组明显升高（64%）,宫颈鳞癌达到最高（76%）,各组之间差异显著（P＜0.01）,但是在个体年龄之间无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。维、汉妇女族群ESR1表达缺失率的变化趋势有共性,其族群差异也无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。由此表明,ESR1表达缺失可能是宫颈鳞癌的早期预警指标,这为揭示该基因高度甲基化相关的表观遗传学机制提供了重要依据。     

通辽地区179例妇科门诊患者人乳头瘤病毒感染检测分析

目的：以通辽地区妇科门诊患者为对象,检测其生殖道人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染情况.方法：采用HPV21型凯普导流杂交法,对179例妇科就诊患者宫颈标本进行HPV基因分型检测.结果：HPV基因检测总阳性率为17.31%,其中以单一感染率为主,比例为74.19%,多重感染率为25.81%;共检出16种HPV亚型,包括高危型12型,低危型4型,其中以HPV16、31、18三种亚型最多见.结论：通辽地区HPV感染以单一感染为主,又包含一定比例的多重感染,常见感染亚型分布总体符合亚洲人群规律,但又具有独特的地域分布特点.     

巨噬细胞增强宫颈癌细胞对SN-38的抗性

通过GDSC在线软件,分析了SN-38在数据库中8种宫颈癌细胞系对310多种化疗药的半抑制质量浓度(IC50)Z分数值,并选取HPV-18阳性HeLa细胞、HPV-16阳性SiHa和CaSki细胞以及HPV阴性C-33A细胞,经过SN-38处理24、48 h,通过CCK8试验检测了细胞活力来探究巨噬细胞是否介导宫颈癌细...     

HPV16/18型原位杂交检测在子宫颈液基细胞学中的应用价值

目的:评价薄层液基细胞学及HPV16/18型原位分子杂交检测在子宫颈病变中的应用价值。方法:应用薄层液基细胞学技术及HE染色对112例患者行子宫颈脱落细胞学检查,按照TBS(theBethesda report system)细胞学分类标准分类:无上皮内病变或恶性病变(negative for introepithelia or ma-lignancy,NILM),意义不明确的非典型鳞状上皮细胞(atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance,ASC-US)、低度鳞状上皮内病变(Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion,LSIL)、高度鳞状上皮内病变(High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion,HSIL),鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell carcinoma,SCC)。同时应用原位分子杂交方法对样本进行HPV16/18型检测。结果:①在112例细胞涂片中,NILM:16例(14.3%);炎症病变:26例(23.2%);ASC-US:44例(39.3%);LSIL:25例(22.3%);HSIL:1例(0.89%);②112例细胞涂片中HPV16/18型阳性率随着子宫颈病变加重而增高,NILM及炎症、ASC-US、LSIL及HSIL各组间相比,NILM及炎症病变组与LSIL及HSIL组之间表达差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);③对5例细胞学HPV16/18型胞浆阳性病例的子宫颈活检标本进行HPV原位杂交对照检查,结果显示细胞核均呈阳性。结论:子宫颈液基细胞学联合HPV16/18型原位分子杂交检测有助于发现HPV感染引起的子宫颈病变;HPV16/18型细胞涂片中胞浆阳性染色,可作为细胞学检查HPV阳性的判定指标。     

HPV16、18型E6/E7融合基因痘苗病毒表达载体的构建

目的:构建一种含人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)16型、18型E6/E7融合基因痘苗病毒表达载体.方法:PCR扩增HPV16型、18型E6、E7基因,克隆到pSC-A载体中,通过定点突变方法,分别构建成含E6/E7融合基因的质粒,即pSC-A.HPV16 E6/E7和pSC-A-HPV18 mE6/E7,并将二者连接成载体pSC-A-HPV16 E6/E7-HPV18mE6/E(pSC-T,HPV16 E6/E7-HPV18mE6/E7:T),最后以痘苗病毒表达载体pJ38为转移载体,构建质粒pJ38-HPV16 E6/E7-HPV18mE6/E7(pJ38-T),对所有重组质粒进行酶切鉴定和测序分析.结果:E6/E7融合基因成功克隆到pJ38上.结论:成功构建表达HPV E6/E7融合基因重组痘苗病毒载体,为研制宫颈癌治疗性疫苗奠定基础.     

人乳头瘤病毒16L1抗血清的制备和鉴定

人乳头瘤病毒16型是导致宫颈癌发生的主要因素,其晚期蛋白L1在体内或体外可自组装形成VLP颗粒.作者构建了DNA疫苗载体pDRVI1.0-16L1,大提质粒后免疫BalB/C小鼠制备抗体,并对抗体进行了特异性鉴定,为HPV16L1预防性疫苗的进一步研究和应用奠定了基础.     

Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in anogenital neoplasias

The presence of papillomaviruses in epithelial-derived cancers from several animal species has led to the speculation that these viruses may also have a pathogenic role in the development of certain human carcinomas, particularly those associated with the anogenital tract. Recently, human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA has been detected in epithelial-derived cancers, both cutaneous and metastatic, from patients exhibiting the rare, chronic flat wart disease, epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). Except for patients exhibiting this chronic wart syndrome, the association of HPV genomes with human epithelial cancers has not been demonstrated. In an attempt to delineate the association and possible involvement of papillomaviruses with human anogenital carcinomas, we have begun an analysis of these cancers for the presence of HPV-specific nucleotide sequences by using highly sensitive hybridization procedures capable of detecting distantly related papillomaviruses at low copy number. Here we demonstrate the presence of HPV DNA in several types of anogenital tumours: Bowenoid papulosis, carcinoma in situ, and verrucous carcinoma. These data indicate that HPV can be detected in several types of premalignant and malignant tumours, supporting the contention that this group of viruses may be involved in the development of certain types of human epithelial-derived cancers.     

CD44v6和p16在宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨CD44v6和p16表达产物在宫颈上皮瘤样病变及宫颈癌中表达的意义。方法对正常宫颈鳞状上皮、宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）和宫颈癌组织共95例,采用免疫组织化学SP法,对宫颈癌变过程中CD44v6和p16蛋白进行研究,将结果进行统计分析。结果CD44v6蛋白在CIN中的表述高于正常宫颈上皮（P〈0.01）,在宫颈癌中的表达也高于正常宫颈上皮（P〈0.01）,且高于CIN中的表达（P〈0.01）,p16蛋白在CIN中的表达高于正常宫颈上皮（P〈0.01）,在宫颈癌中的表达也高于正常宫颈上皮（P〈0.01）;CD44v6和p16两种蛋白在CIN和宫颈癌中的表达无明显差异。结论CD44v6和p16蛋白的表达与宫颈癌的发生有关,提示这两种蛋白有可能作为高危人群早期筛查的一种免疫组化指标。     

HLA-B*6701 as a subtype performing post-selected marking gene for cervical cancer

A method of sequence-based typing (SBT) has been adopted to assort types of exons 2 and 3, which have the most polymorphism, of HLA-B locus of the Tujia nation group in Hubei province. The correlation among the HLA-B alleles, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer risk has also been investigated. Under the condition of resident location and age, race unified, 100 specimens of cancer patients were sampled as a case group, of which 86 were HPV positive and were screened for HLA-B alleles; while 187 specimens were taken from healthy people, of which 92 were HPV negative as a control group. The result shows that by comparing the above mentioned 86 HPV positive cervical cancer group and 92 HPV negative normal group, it was concluded that HLA-B*6701 was only found in the cervical cancer group (p < 0.034), which shows that HLA-B*6701 can be used as an important candidate biological marking gene for generation of cervical cancer in Wufeng county of Hubei province.