论内能与热能

内能是热力学中三个基本量(温度、内能、熵)之一,是热力学第一定律的核心。我们知道,当系统无整体运动时,通过作机械功或热的交换,可使系统从一个状态过渡到另一个状态,系统的内能发生变化。也可以这样说,系统与外界进行的能量交换是系统的内能,而不是系统的什么别的能量形式。但是,我们在文献上也常见到这样的一些说法:如像“热力学     

5维Gauss-Bonnet-AdS黑洞的热力学和临界现象

把宇宙学常数理解为压强,利用标准的热力学方法讨论了5维Gauss-Bonnet-Ad S黑洞系统的热力学和临界现象.把Bekenstein-Hawking熵作为黑洞系统的熵,发现在5维球对称的Gauss-Bonnet-Ad S黑洞中存在相变现象.进一步计算了相变点的临界指数,发现他们满足热力学普适标度规律.     

分子有效直径对费米气体热力学性质的影响

从内能的修正出发,推导了弱简并非理想费米气体的状态方程,并以此为基础,利用相关的热力学关系,推导了系统的热容量和熵等热力学参量,分析了分子有效直径对这些热力学参量的影响机制．结果发现：分子有效直径在一定值上会使内能和熵发生突变,而在该值两边,内能和熵的变化规律都不相同,分子有效直径对热容量几乎没有影响．     

分子有效直径对费米气体热力学性质的影响

从内能的修正出发,推导了弱简并非理想费米气体的状态方程,并以此为基础,利用相关的热力学关系,推导了系统的热容量和熵等热力学参量,分析了分子有效直径对这些热力学参量的影响机制．结果发现：分子有效直径在一定值上会使内能和熵发生突变,而在该值两边,内能和熵的变化规律都不相同,分子有效直径对热容量几乎没有影响．     

暗能量背景下黑洞的全息相变

在暗能量背景下,研究了黑洞的热力学熵和纠缠熵的相结构.分别讨论了黑洞的电荷和暗能量态参数对黑洞相结构的影响.对于固定的暗能量态参数,当电荷的值增大时,黑洞热力学熵和纠缠熵的相结构与范德瓦尔斯相变的相结构完全类似,即黑洞先后经历一阶相变、二阶相变,最后达到稳定态.对于固定的电荷,当暗能量态参数增大时,黑洞热力学熵和纠缠熵的相结构并不完全类似.特别是,纠缠熵随暗能量态参数的变化与热力学熵的变化趋势完全相反.相同的是,当暗能量态参数增大时,在纠缠熵-温度平面和热力学熵-温度平面,黑洞都经历一阶相变和二阶相变.对于热力学熵和纠缠熵,发现在一阶相变的不稳定区域,麦克斯韦的等面积法则始终成立,在二阶相变临界点附近,热容的临界指数都是2/3.     

环境流体中的熵平衡方程和动力熵产生

熵平衡方程是非平衡态热力学的基础.但是目前的经典熵平衡方程,内能中不合理地隐含着流体微团组分相对于质心运动的动能,并非热力学意义上的平均分子运动动能.文中以内能仅为平均分子运动动能概念为出发点,重新推导得到了修正的熵平衡方程.在熵平衡方程中导入动力熵产生,使熵平衡方程能以显式表述动力过程.这时熵平衡方程不仅描述了一个热力学系统的不可逆过程,而且描述了动力可逆过程所造成的系统熵变化.使熵平衡方程能描述热力学系统状态和发展方向,更为合理且更具有普遍性.     

黑洞—宇宙的奇观

恒星是靠着核燃烧提供的量来保持它内部压力的,晚期恒星因热核反应产生引力坍缩现象而形成黑洞,这是经典的黑洞模型,它被描述为只进不出（光线也在内）的无底深渊。如果物质掉干电池黑洞,则宇宙中物质的熵就会减少,这违背了热力学第二定律,因此,宇宙的总熵应包括两部分;黑洞的熵和黑洞外物质的熵,这样修正,可使热力学第二定律更具普遍意义。     

负能谱中的黑洞热力学

根据LandauLD的负能谱论述,论证了高密度自引力系统是实际存在的负能谱系统,进一步以负能谱理论研讨了黑洞的视界温度、熵以及熵的演化.最后,讨论了黑洞的热力学第三定律.     

星系内黑洞形成过程的熵演化

将星系中黑洞的形成过程分为两个阶段:第一个阶段是有序化的"整肃"阶段,第二个阶段是无序化的"撞击"阶段.从热力学角度和引力场论、量子辐射的角度详细地分析了这两个阶段中星系系统熵(黑洞广义熵)的演化,得出星系中黑洞的形成过程是一个熵减少过程的结论.     

带整体单极子黑洞背景下纠缠熵的相变

在带整体单极子黑洞背景下,研究了热力学熵和纠缠熵的相变.结果表明,在熵-温度平面,热力学熵与纠缠熵具有完全类似的相结构.当黑洞电荷很小时,相变是一阶相变;当电荷增大到临界电荷时,相变是二阶相变.对于热力学熵和纠缠熵的一阶相变,发现麦克斯韦的等面积法则始终成立,对于热力学熵和纠缠熵的二阶相变,得到了相变点附近热容的临界指数,这一值和平均场论得到的值近似相等.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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