Solidification microstructure formation in HK40 and HH40 alloys

The microstructure formation processes in HK40 and HH40 alloys were investigated through JmatPro calculations and quenching performed during directional solidification. The phase transition routes of HK40 and HH40 alloys were determined as L → L + γ → L + γ + M₇C₃ → γ + M₇C₃ → γ + M₇C₃ + M₂₃C₆→ γ + M₂₃C₆ and L → L + δ → L + δ + γ→ L + δ + γ + M₂₃C₆ δ + γ + M₂₃C₆, respectively. The solidification mode was determined to be the austenitic mode (A mode) in HK40 alloy and the ferritic–austenitic solidification mode (FA mode) in HH40 alloy. In HK40 alloy, eutectic carbides directly precipitate in a liquid and coarsen during cooling. The primary γ dendrites grow at the 60° angle to each other. On the other hand, in HH40 alloy, residual δ forms because of the incomplete transformation from δ to γ. Cr₂₃C₆ carbide is produced in solid delta ferrite δ but not directly in liquid HH40 alloy. Because of carbide formation in the solid phase and no rapid growth of the dendrite in a non-preferential direction, HH40 alloy is more resistant to cast defect formation than HK40 alloy.     

激光熔覆Mo2C-Co基合金的工艺参数对其组织的影响

利用10kW的CO2激光器在409L铁素体不锈钢表面激光熔覆w(Mo2C)=20%的Mo2C/Co基涂层,运用SEM、EDS、XRD及显微硬度仪观察和分析激光功率和扫描速度对熔覆层成型性、尺寸、组织及性能的影响.结果表明:激光熔覆合理的工艺参数为:P=3.6kW,v=8mm/s;钴基熔覆层组织由平面晶、柱状晶、树枝晶构成,熔覆层中物相主要为Mo2C颗粒、亚共晶γ-Co和共晶碳化物Cr23C6、Cr7C3;由于Mo2C颗粒加入,凝固组织的晶粒尺寸减小、晶粒细化,涂层的显微硬度从870HV提高至1 400HV.     

9SiCr工具钢表面激光熔覆合金的组织与性能

使用CO2激光器对9SiCr工具钢表面进行Co基和Ni基合金熔覆处理,X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜分析了激光合金熔覆层的相组成和显微组织;显微硬度计对合金熔覆区的显微硬度进行测量·结果表明,合金熔覆层在微观结构上存在熔覆区、结合区和基体热影响3个区域·Co基合金熔覆区相组成为奥氏体+铁素体+碳化物,Ni基合金熔覆区相组成为奥氏体+铁素体+碳化物+金属间化合物·Ni基合金熔覆层的显微硬度约为Co基的2倍     

新型铁基高温合金成分及组织分析

研究了新型铁基高温合金中各合金元素的成分含量及作用,通过理论分析和实验过程找到各种合金元素的最佳配比,并进行合金化设计。运用X-射线衍射仪、光学显微镜、硬度计等测试手段和电化学分析方法,探讨了合金成分、热处理工艺对新型铁基高温合金的组织及性能的影响。结果表明:奥氏体型耐热钢经固溶—时效处理后,其组织为奥氏体基体以及弥散分布的碳化物M6C,M23C6,MC和金属间化合物Laves相而M6C和Laves相为主要的高温强化相。     

原位生成TaB_2颗粒增强镍基复合涂层的组织与耐磨性

以Ta粉、B粉和Ni60A粉为原料,利用氩弧熔覆技术在Q235钢基体表面制备原位生成TaB_2颗粒以增强Ni基复合涂层。通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计以及摩擦磨损试验机对复合涂层的显微组织、物相、显微硬度以及涂层耐磨性进行分析研究。结果表明,镍基复合涂层形成良好,没有气孔和裂纹等缺陷,涂层与基体呈现良好的冶金结合。熔覆层由原位生成的TaB_2颗粒相、Fe-Cr相及Cr_7C_3相组成。TaB_2颗粒弥散分布在基体上,氩弧熔覆涂层的平均显微硬度达到11.50 GPa,比基体Q235钢提高约4倍。在室温干滑动磨损条件下,该熔覆涂层的耐磨性比基体提高约12倍。     

Microstructure and wear resistance of PTA clad Cr7C3/γ-Fe ceramal composite coating

A wear resistant Cr7C3/γ-Fe ceramal composite coating was fabricated on substrate of the hardening and tempering C degree steel by PTA (plasma transferred arc) cladding with (wt%) Fe-25Cr-7C elemental powder blends. Microstructure of the coating was characterized by OM, SEM, XRD and EDS. Wear resistance of the coating was tested under dry sliding wear condition at room temperature. The results indicate that the PTA clad ceramal composite coating has a rapidly solidified fine microstructure consisting of Cr7C3 primary particles uniformly distributed in the γ-Fe matrix and is metallurgically bonded to the C degree steel substrate. The PTA clad Cr7C3/γ-Fe ceramal composite coating has high hardness and excellent wear resistance under dry sliding wear test conditions. The excellent wear resistance of the Cr7C3/γ-Fe ceramal composite coating is attributed to the coating's high hardness, strong covalent atomic bonding and refined microstructure.     

激光熔覆3Cr2W8V模具钢的干滑动摩擦磨损性能

采用激光熔覆技术对3Cr2W8V模具钢进行了激光表面熔覆.所用的三种涂层材料分别为Ni基合金、Fe基合金和50?基 50%WC.在与硬质合金对磨环的干滑动摩擦磨损过程中,测定了摩擦系数、磨损率随滑动距离的变化曲线,并与基材的进行对比;借助于扫描电镜观察熔覆层的微观组织形貌,分析了凝固组织的形成过程.试验结果表明,三种激光涂层都不同程度地改善了基材的耐磨性.其中50?基 50%WC复合涂层在一定的滑动距离条件下的磨损率比基材的下降约90%,其次是Fe基合金涂层(下降约80%)、Ni基合金涂层(下降约60%).耐磨性的改善与涂层组织中形成的大量硬质相和高硬度的未熔化合物有关.     

Microstructure characteristics of Ni/WC composite cladding coatings

A multilayer tungsten carbide particle (WCp)-reinforced Ni-based alloy coating was fabricated on a steel substrate using vacuum cladding technology. The morphology, microstructure, and formation mechanism of the coating were studied and discussed in different zones. The microstructure morphology and phase composition were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In the results, the coating presents a dense and homogeneous microstructure with few pores and is free from cracks. The whole coating shows a multilayer structure, including composite, transition, fusion, and diffusion-affected layers. Metallurgical bonding was achieved between the coating and substrate because of the formation of the fusion and diffusion-affected layers. The Ni-based alloy is mainly composed of γ-Ni solid solution with finely dispersed Cr₇C₃/Cr₂₃C₆, CrB, and Ni+Ni₃Si. WC particles in the composite layer distribute evenly in areas among initial Ni-based alloying particles, forming a special three-dimensional reticular microstructure. The macrohardness of the coating is HRC 55, which is remarkably improved compared to that of the substrate. The microhardness increases gradually from the substrate to the composite zone, whereas the microhardness remains almost unchanged in the transition and composite zones.     

Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Cr7C3/γ-Fe Ceramal Composite Coating Fabricated by Plasma Cladding

A new type in situ Cr7C3/γ-Fe ceramal composite coating was fabricated on substrate of hardened and tempered grade C steel by plasma cladding with Fe-Cr-C alloy powders. The ceramal composite coating has a rapidly solidified microstructure consisting of primary Cr7C3/γ- and the Cr7C3/γ-Fe eutectics, and is metallurgically bonded to the degree C steel substrate. The corrosion resistances of the coating in water solutions of 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 and 3.5% NaCl were evaluated utilizing the electrochemical polarization corrosion-test method. Because of the inherent excellent corrosion-resisting properties of the constituting phase and the rapidly solidified homogeneous microstructure, the plasma clad ceramal composite coating exhibits excellent corrosion resistance in the water solutions of 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 and 3.5% NaCl.     

结晶器用铜合金表面激光熔覆Ni基涂层研究

采用IPG-YLS-5000光纤激光器在Cu-Cr-Zr合金表面制备了Ni60+WC合金熔覆层。利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪等分析手段对熔覆层的微观组织、界面成分、物相组成、硬度及耐磨性进行表征和测试,得到了工艺参数对稀释率的影响规律。结果显示,提高激光功率和激光扫描速率均可以增加稀释率。当WC含量较少时,WC颗粒全部熔解;当WC含量较多时,存在未熔解的WC颗粒相。随着WC含量的增加,熔覆层组织先粗化后细化,枝晶间分布有颗粒相。熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性远高于基体,并随着WC含量的增加而增加,熔覆层的硬度最高可达1 000 HV。随着WC含量的增加,熔覆层的磨损失重逐渐变小,与铜合金相比,当WC的含量达到20%时,磨损失重仅为1.1 g。     

氩弧熔敷原位自生WC复合涂层组织及耐磨性

为提高采煤机中截齿的耐磨性能,利用氩弧熔敷技术,在35CrMnSi钢表面制备WC增强Ni基复合涂层。利用OM、SEM、XRD和EDS分析复合涂层的显微组织,采用显微维氏硬度仪测试复合涂层的显微硬度,并测试涂层在室温磨损条件下的耐磨性能。结果表明：氩弧熔敷涂层组织均匀致密,熔敷涂层与基体呈冶金结合,主要由WC、W：C、T—Ni、（Fe,Cr）23,C6等物相组成;WC颗粒呈弥散分布,颗粒尺寸为1txm;熔敷涂层可以改善基体的表面硬度,最高显微硬度可达12．6GPa;熔敷涂层在室温冲击磨粒磨损实验条件下,具有优异的耐磨性,磨损机制主要是磨粒磨桶．其耐磨性较35CrMnSi基体提高近12倍。     

FeCrAl不锈钢的平衡凝固相变与析出行为

借助Thermo-calc软件对FeCrAl不锈钢所属的Fe-(18~21)Cr-(3~5)Al-(0~0.03)C-(0~0.2)Si-(0~0.2)Mn多元体系在凝固过程中的相变及析出行为进行了研究.采用Thermo-calc中TCFE7数据库对该体系的垂直截面图进行计算,分析了不同组元对凝固和冷却过程中相变的影响,并得到FeCrAl不锈钢的平衡凝固相变路径图.结果表明FeCrAl不锈钢由1600℃平衡冷却至300℃的过程中完整的平衡相变路径为:L→AlN+αδFe→AlN+αδFe+Cr7 C3→AlN+αδFe+Cr7 C3+Cr23 C6→AlN+αδFe+Cr23 C6→AlN+αδFe+Cr23 C6+σ→AlN+αδFe+Cr23 C6+σ+α'→AlN+αδFe+Cr23 C6+α'.凝固过程中Cr7 C3与σ相是否析出分别取决于体系中C、Si含量;Al含量的提高可扩大αδFe+Cr7 C3的稳定区,降低α'相的析出温度,抑制σ相的析出;Cr含量的提高可以减小αδFe+Cr7 C3的稳定区,扩大σ相和α'相的稳定区.     

Evaluation of precipitation hardening in TiC-reinforced Ti<Subscript>2</Subscript>AlNb-based alloys

Ti₂AlNb-based alloys with 0.0wt%, 0.6wt%, and 2.0wt% carbon nanotube (CNT) addition were fabricated from spherical Ti-22Al-25Nb powder by sintering in the B2 single-phase region. Phase identification and microstructural examination were performed to evaluate the effect of carbon addition on the hardness of the alloys. Carbon was either in a soluble state or in carbide form depending on its concentration. The acicular carbides formed around 1050℃ were identified as TiC and facilitated the transformation of α₂+B2 → O. The TiC was located within the acicular O phase. The surrounding O phase was distributed in certain orientations with angles of 65° or 90° O phase particles. The obtained alloy was composed of acicular O, Widmanstatten B2+O, and acicular TiC. As a result of the precipitation of carbides as well as the O phase, the hardness of the alloy with 2.0wt% CNT addition increased to HV 429±9.     

高温合金激光熔覆涂层中裂纹防止方法的研究

高温合金激光熔覆铁基合金过程中容易在涂层与基材的结合处形成缺陷和开裂。通过选择合理的涂层合金配方及工艺参数,增设韧性良好的过渡层,并加入2wt/％的稀土氧化物,获得了无裂纹缺陷,显微组织均匀,并具有硬度平缓过渡的优质熔覆层。     

超音速火焰喷涂WC—Co涂层结构的研究

用Ｘ射线衍射研究超音速火焰喷涂ＷＣ－Ｃｏ涂层的结构及其影响因素的结果表明，超音速火焰喷涂过程中，ＷＣ的分解也会发生，但受ＷＣ－Ｃｏ喷少粉末结构的影响很大。当粉末中的结合相为复合碳化钨（如Ｃｏ３Ｗ３Ｃ，Ｃｏ６Ｗ６Ｃ）而非金属钴时，ＷＣ最容易发生分解，依赖于燃气的种类，将分解为Ｗ２Ｃ或金属钨。钴包覆ＷＣ型粉末喷制的涂层结构明确显示了涂层中Ｃｏ－Ｗ－Ｃ非晶态相的形成。Ｃｏ－Ｗ－Ｃ三元非晶合金经结晶化热处     

氩弧熔铸TiC-TiB_2/Fe复合材料的组织与耐磨性

为改善合金材料的耐磨性能,采用氩弧熔铸技术,以Fe、Ti、B和C粉为原料,按质量分数比45∶30∶20∶5制备原位合成TiC-TiB2/Fe复合材料。通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、洛氏硬度计及摩擦磨损试验机对复合材料的显微组织、物相、洛氏硬度和耐磨性进行分析研究。结果表明:复合材料由原位生成的TiB2和TiC增强颗粒相及α-Fe相组成,颗粒呈块状、板条状和多边形,且颗粒结合地很紧密。复合材料的平均洛氏硬度约为9.37 GPa。在室温干滑动磨损条件下,该熔铸复合材料的耐磨性约是GCr15工具钢的6倍。该研究为原位合成TiC-TiB2/Fe复合材料的制备提供了一种新方法。     

Microstructural evolution of a heat-treated H23 tool steel

The microstructure and the stability of carbides after heat treatments in an H23 tool steel were investigated. The heat treatments consisted of austenization at two different austenizing temperatures (1100℃ and 1250℃), followed by water quenching and double-aging at 650℃, 750℃, and 800℃ with air cooling between the first and second aging treatments. Martensite did not form in the as-quenched microstructures, which consisted of a ferrite matrix, M₆C, M₇C₃, and MC carbides. The double-aged microstructures consisted of a ferrite matrix and MC, M₆C, M₇C₃, and M₂₃C₆ carbides. Secondary hardening as a consequence of secondary precipitation of fine M₂C carbides did not occur. There was disagreement between the experimental microstructure and the results of thermodynamic calculations. The highest double-aged hardness of the H23 tool steel was 448 HV after austenization at 1250℃ and double-aging at 650℃, which suggested that this tool steel should be used at temperatures below 650℃.     

铸钢轧辊电火花沉积YG8涂层的组织结构和性能

采用新型电火花沉积设备,把YG8电极材料沉积在铸钢轧辊材料上,制备了WC沉积涂层,研究了其微观组织及耐磨性能. 结果表明:沉积层主要由Fe3W3C、Co3W3C、W2C和Fe7W6C等相组成;沉积层与基体冶金结合,具有纳米颗粒尺寸的Fe7W6、W2C等硬质相弥散分布于沉积层中;沉积层的平均硬度为1 331 HV;沉积层较铸钢轧辊的磨损性能提高了2.3倍;沉积层的磨损机理以疲劳磨损为主,细小的弥散分布的硬质相是沉积层硬度及耐磨性提高的主要因素.     

等离子熔覆铁基涂层组织结构及热影响区特点

采用等离子束作为热源,在16Mn钢上熔覆一层铁基合金涂层.分析了涂层的组织结构;并通过对等离子熔覆热循环的特点和冶金过程的探讨,着重对钢基体的热影响区进行了测试分析;将热影响区划分为过热区、完全相变区和不完全相变区.过热区显微组织粗大,有魏氏体产生,硬度下降;完全相变区晶粒细化,硬度较高;不完全相变区组织只有部分发生转变,晶粒大小不均匀.过热区魏氏体组织的产生,使热影响区有脆化的倾向.     

高碳马氏体不锈钢8 Cr13 MoV钢铸态组织及碳化物

利用Thermo-Calc软件对8Cr13MoV马氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行计算,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析仪对铸态组织和碳化物形貌以及类型进行观察与分析,利用Gleeble热模拟试验机测定材料的静态连续冷却转变曲线.结果表明,8Cr13MoV在平衡凝固条件下组织为铁素体和M23 C6型碳化物,而在实际的凝固条件下,组织为铁素体、马氏体、残余奥氏体、M7 C3型和M23 C6型碳化物,由于偏析导致最终组织中碳化物以M7 C3型为主,少量M23 C6以薄片或树枝状分布在晶界上.由于较高的C和Cr含量,以0.1℃·s-1的冷却速率冷却时,奥氏体也会发生马氏体转变.