Understanding micro-diffusion bonding from the fabrication of B_4C/Ni composites

A Ni-B_4C macroscopic diffusion welding couple and a Ni-15 wt% B_4C composite fabricated by spark plasma sintering(SPS) were used to understand the micro-scale diffusion bonding between metals and ceramics. In the Ni-B_4C macroscopic diffusion welding couple a perfect diffusion welding joint was achieved. In the Ni-15 wt% B_4C sample, microstructure analyses demonstrated that loose structures occurred around the B_4C particles. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses revealed that during the SPS process, the process of diffusion bonding between Ni and B_4C particles can be divided into three stages. By employing a nano-indentation test, the room-temperature fracture toughness of the Ni matrix was found to be higher than that of the interface. The micro-diffusion bonding between Ni and B_4C particles is quite different from the Ni-B_4C reaction couple.     

Interfacial behavior of Fe76Si9B10P5/Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 amorphous soft magnetic composite during spark plasma sintering process

Fe_(76)Si_9B_(10)P_5/Zn_(0.5)Ni_(0.5)Fe_2O_4 amorphous composite with micro-cellular structure and high electrical resistivity was prepared by spark plasma sintering(SPS) at 487 °C. XRD and SEM results showed that the Fe_(76)Si_9B_(10)P_5 alloy powders remained the amorphous state and the composite was dense. A fusion zone at interface of Fe_(76)Si_9B_(10)P_5 cell body and Zn_(0.5)Ni_(0.5)Fe_2O_4 cell wall was observed by TEM, which also indicates the formation of local high temperature. The interface bonding based on the formation of local high temperature in SPS process was observed. It is believed that the tip effect of Zn_(0.5)Ni_(0.5)Fe_2O_4 nanoparticles promotes the local discharging and plasmas creation in the gaps, and the discharging energy forms an instantaneous local high temperature to complete the local sintering and the densification of Zn_(0.5)Ni_(0.5)Fe_2O_4 particles at a low nominal sinter temperature. Simultaneously, the local high temperature stimulates the adjacent gaps discharging, thus facilitate the continuous formation of new discharging path. Finally, sintering and densification of the amorphous composite is complete.     

碳纤维表面电沉积Ni-B合金工艺的研究

研究了碳纤维表面电沉积Ni-B合金工艺,结果表明碳纤维的预处理、镀液组分以及电解参数对沉积速度及镀层质量有明显的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)对镀层的微观形貌、结构及组分进行了分析,表明在确定的电镀条件下可获得镀层中硼的质量分数为0.8%~4%的Ni-B微晶镀层,镀层细致、均匀、致密、结合力好.     

反相微乳液法制备Ni-B非晶态合金团簇

采用W/O型微乳液法,用KBH4还原Ni(Ac)2制备Ni-B非晶态合金团簇.扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)测试表明,团簇形貌呈球形,尺寸为10~15 nm,分布较均匀,基本达到单分散.热分析(DSC)测试表明,Ni-B样品的热稳定性明显高于水溶液体系用KBH4还原Ni(Ac)2制得的Ni-B非晶态合金纳米颗粒.热处理实验及XRD测试结果表明,Ni-B非晶态合金团簇的晶化过程包括两个步骤,即Ni-B非晶态合金晶化成晶态Ni-B合金和Ni-B晶态合金分解成纳米晶Ni和单质B.     

原子簇NiFeB2的结构及催化性能

利用DFT(密度泛函理论)方法,对原子簇NiFeB2的10余种可能构型在单重态下进行优化计算,分析比较了优化结果的能量、成键、电荷分布情况及不同构型的催化性能.结果表明:原子簇NiFeB2以B-B键较长的三角锥形1构型最稳定,是原子簇NiFeB2最有可能存在的构型,B-B在Ni-Fe异侧的平面四边形2构型次之;Ni-B,Fe-B原子间有强烈的成键作用且Fe-B间作用力比Ni-B间作用力大;各构型中电子由B转向Ni,Fe;在形成原子簇NiFeB2的过程中Fe,B原子的所有轨道均参与成键,Ni原子的4p,4s在其成键中起主要作用;除了B-B键较短的三角锥形3构型外的其它构型中Fe原子的催化活性高于Ni原子,B-B键较短的三角锥形3构型和直线型4构型可能具有较好的催化性能;在催化加氮和加氢上直线型4构型具有较好的催化活性.     

Enhanced electrochemical properties of LaFeO3 with Ni modification for MH-Ni batteries

In this work, we synthesized LaFeO₃-xwt%Ni (x=0, 5, 10, 15) composites via a solid-state reaction method by adding Ni to the reactants, La₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) results revealed that Ni powders evenly dispersed among the LaFeO₃ particles and apparently reduced their aggregation, which imparted the composites with a loose structure. Moreover, the Ni formed a conductive network, thus improving the conductivity of the composites. The maximum discharge capacity of the LaFeO₃ electrodes remarkably increased from 266.8 mAh·g-1 (x=0) to 339.7 mAh·g-1 (x=10). In particular, the high-rate dischargeability of the LaFeO₃-10wt%Ni electrode at a discharge current density of 1500 mA·g-1 reached 54.6%, which was approximately 1.5 times higher than that of the pure LaFeO₃. Such a Ni-modified loose structure not only increased the charge transfer rate on the surface of the LaFeO₃ particles but also enhanced the hydrogen diffusion rate in the bulk LaFeO₃.     

非晶态Ni-B/SiO_2催化硝基苯加氢及其晶化失活

采用化学还原法制备了负载型Ni－B/SiO2非晶态合金催化剂,采用高压液相硝基苯的加氢反应,测定了上述催化剂的加氢活性和选择性,并与其他Ni系催化剂（Ni／SiO2和RaneyNi催化剂）进行了比较,发现所有催化剂均具有很高的催化活性和选择性,而Ni－B／SiO2非晶态合金的催化活性和选择性最高．通过高温处理获得对应的晶态Ni－B／SiO2催化剂,Ni－B／SiO2非晶态合金的加氢活性明显高于对应的晶态催化剂,表明催化剂存在晶化失活现象,结合催化剂的表征,讨论了非晶态合金催化剂的晶化失活机理,主要归因于高温团聚导致催化剂活性比表面积下降．     

Microstructure evolution and reaction behavior of Cu–Ni alloy and B_4C powder system

Microstructure evolution and reaction behavior of Cu–Ni alloy and B_4C power system was studied by in-situ and static experimental investigations along with theoretical calculations. The reaction process was as follows. Firstly,B_4C decomposed into B and C atoms, and then B atoms diffused into Cu–Ni matrix, leading to the formation of Ni_2B particles. Subsequently, Ni atoms diffused into B_4C, forming a loose mixture of Ni_2B and amorphous C at the initial powder boundary. Finally, with the completion of reaction, Ni_2B particles at the powder boundary grew into a monolithic block, and then C substance was excluded out and accumulated at the edge of this monolithic Ni_2B block. It is believed that the formation of Ni_2B phase is caused by the most negative change of Gibbs free energy among all the potential reactions between Ni–B and Ni–B_4C systems.     

一种针对1Cr18Ni9Ti脉冲焊补层结合强度的测量方法研究

1Cr18Ni9Ti以其良好的物理化学性能广泛应用于各种腐蚀介质储罐的制造,脉冲焊补技术是修复1Cr18Ni9Ti储罐缺陷的一种常用方法,而储罐的修复对于焊补层与基体的结合强度有着一定的要求。针对传统拉伸试验中采用的胶粘方式无法完成焊补层与基体结合强度测量的不足,本文通过改变试验中焊补区域设计,提出了一种改进的结合强度测量方法,并进行了有限元分析和实测试验。结果表明：改进后的测量方法大大扩大了试验的测量范围,为验证焊补层的结合强度提供了一种新方法。     

Pseudo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">in-situ</Emphasis> stir casting: a new method for production of aluminum matrix composites with bimodal-sized B<Subscript>4</Subscript>C reinforcement

A new method was applied to produce an Al-0.5wt%Ti-0.3wt%Zr/5vol%B₄C composite via stir casting with the aim of characterizing the microstructure of the resulting composite. For the production of the composite, large B₄C particles (larger than 75 μm) with no pre-heating were added to the stirred melt. Reflected-light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, laser particle size analysis, and image analysis using the Clemex software were performed on the cast samples for microstructural analysis and phase detection. The results revealed that as a consequence of thermal shock, B₄C particle breakage occurred in the melt. The mechanism proposed for this phenomenon is that the exerted thermal shock in combination with the low thermal shock resistance of B₄C and large size of the added B₄C particles were the three key parameters responsible for B₄C particle breakage. This breakage introduced small particles with sizes less than 10 μm and with no contamination on their surfaces into the melt. The mean particle distance measured via image analysis was approximately 60 μm. The coefficient of variation index, which was used as a measure of particle distribution homogeneity, showed some variations, indicating a relatively homogeneous distribution.     

Synergistic effect of microwave irradiation and CaF<Subscript>2</Subscript> on vanadium leaching

The effect and mechanism of microwave irradiation on vanadium leaching were studied via a comparison between microwave heating and conventional heating. The results show a synergistic effect of microwave irradiation and calcium fluoride (CaF₂) on the vanadium leaching efficiency. It is confirmed that the vanadium leaching process can be improved by microwave irradiation when CaF₂ is present. The leaching rate of vanadium under microwave irradiation is increased by 8%-15% when 5wt% CaF₂ is added; by contrast, in the absence of CaF₂, the leaching rate is almost unaffected compared to that by conventional heating. Morphological analysis reveals that the particles are gradually eroded by acid under microwave irradiation, whereas some of the fine particles in samples subjected to conventional heating are tightly covered by a flocculent silicate product. Moreover, a large amount of Al and V and a small amount of Si are dissolved from samples under microwave heating, as revealed by the elemental analysis of leachates. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis also indicates a higher mass transfer coefficient in the diffusion layer of the raw material by microwave irradiation. When CaF₂ is present, the reaction energy barrier is lowered and the leaching process is controlled by the tightly covered product layer, resulting in a prominent effect of microwave irradiation.     

真空扩散焊接(VDW)法制作扩散偶在研究原子扩散中的应用

利用扩散偶来研究碳、氮原子和氧原子在钢中的扩散是一种很有用的方法［１］。本文作者利用真空扩散焊接工艺来制作扩散偶，并为此设计制作了一台小型真空扩散焊接设备。已使用这种方法制作的扩散偶研究了碳、氮原子在不同成分钢中的扩散规律，并测出了这些原子的扩散系数。     

Effects of metal binder on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-based micro-nanocomposite ceramic tool material

The Al₂O₃-(W,Ti)C composites with Ni and Mo additions varying from 0vol% to 12vol% were prepared via hot pressing sintering under 30 MPa. The microstructure was investigated via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Mechanical properties such as flexural strength, fracture toughness, and Vickers hardness were also measured. Results show that the main phases Al₂O₃ and (W,Ti)C were detected by XRD. Compound MoNi also existed in sintered nanocomposites. The fracture modes of the nanocomposites were both intergranular and transgranular fractures. The plastic deformation of metal particles and crack bridging were the main toughening mechanisms. The maximum flexural strength and fracture toughness were obtained for 9vol% and 12vol% additions of Ni and Mo, respectively. The hardness of the composites reduced gradually with increasing content of metals Ni and Mo.     

Synthesis and characterization of Co<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> prepared from atmospheric pressure acid leach liquors of nickel laterite ores

A chemical precipitation-thermal decomposition method was developed to synthesize Co₃O₄ nanoparticles using cobalt liquor obtained from the atmospheric pressure acid leaching process of nickel laterite ores. The effects of the precursor reaction temperature, the concentration of Co2+, and the calcination temperature on the specific surface area, morphology, and the electrochemical behavior of the obtained Co₃O₄ particles were investigated. The precursor basic cobaltous carbonate and cobaltosic oxide products were characterized and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, specific surface area analysis, and electrochemical analysis. The results indicate that the specific surface area of the Co₃O₄ particles with a diameter of 30 nm, which were obtained under the optimum conditions of a precursor reaction temperature of 30℃, 0.25 mol/L Co2+, and a calcination temperature of 350℃, was 48.89 m2/g. Electrodes fabricated using Co₃O₄ nanoparticles exhibited good electrochemical properties, with a specific capacitance of 216.3 F/g at a scan rate of 100 mV/s.     

Co助剂对Ni-B非晶态催化剂微观结构和加氢性能的影响

通过化学还原法制备了一系列Ni-B非晶态合金催化剂,研究了n(KBH4)/n(Ni)和Co含量对Ni-B非晶态合金催化剂微观结构及其催化二硝基甲苯(DNT)合成甲苯二胺(TDA)性能的影响。通过XRD和H2-TPD技术对催化剂微观结构表征表明,随着n(KBH4)/n(Ni)的增大,NiB2含量增多,催化剂的加氢性能先增大后减小;当n(KBH4)/n(Ni)=4时,Ni-B非晶态合金的催化加氢性能最优。Co助剂的引入增大了Ni-B非晶态合金的无序程度,降低了Ni活性中心对H2的吸附强度,使得H2物种更容易在催化剂表面流动并参加反应,进一步增大了Ni-B催化DNT加氢合成TDA的活性和选择性。当Co的摩尔分数为6%时,Ni-Co-B非晶态合金催化剂的性能最优,DNT转化率为96.8%,TDA的选择性达100%。     

Effect of reinforcement content on the adhesive wear behavior of Cu10Sn5Ni/Si3N4 composites produced by stir casting

The main objective of this paper was to fabricate Cu10Sn5Ni alloy and its composites reinforced with various contents of Si₃N₄ particles (5wt%, 10wt%, and 15wt%) and to investigate their dry sliding wear behavior using a pin-on-disk tribometer. Microstructural examinations of the specimens revealed a uniform dispersion of Si₃N₄ particles in the copper matrix. Wear experiments were performed for all combinations of parameters, such as load (10, 20, and 30 N), sliding distance (500, 1000, and 1500 m), and sliding velocity (1, 2, and 3 m/s), for the alloy and the composites. The results revealed that wear rate increased with increasing load and increasing sliding distance, whereas the wear rate decreased and then increased with increasing sliding velocity. The primary wear mechanism encountered at low loads was mild adhesive wear, whereas that at high loads was severe delamination wear. An oxide layer was formed at low velocities, whereas a combination of shear and plastic deformation occurred at high velocities. The mechanism at short sliding distances was ploughing action of Si₃N₄ particles, which act as protrusions; by contrast, at long sliding distances, direct metal-metal contact occurred. Among the investigated samples, the Cu/10wt% Si₃N₄ composite exhibited the best wear resistance at a load of 10 N, a velocity of 2 m/s, and a sliding distance of 500 m.     

扩散焊接条件下复合材料接合区界面行为研究

对复合材料SiCw-6061A1扩散焊接接合区基体-基体、弱吉相-基本、弱强相-增强相三种界面行为进行了探索性的研究,分析了接头微观组织及其力学性能。研究表明,在试验范围内,当焊接温度低于复合材料固相线温度时,基体-基体界面可以实现良好结合,而增强相-基体-增强相-增强相界面难以实现结合。发现在铝基复合材料SiCw-6061Al液、固两相温度区间存在一个“临界温度”,当焊接温度达到该温度时,接合区出现一定数量的液态基体金属,不仅基体-基体、增强相-基体界面可以实现较好结合,而且增强相-增强相界面将转化为增强相-基体-增强相界面,焊接接头强度达到母材强度;在此基础上首次提出“非夹层液相扩散焊接”新工艺,成功实现复合材料SiCw-6061Al扩散连接。     

Core-shell structure nanoprecipitates in Fe-xCu-3.0Mn-1.5Ni-1.5Al alloys: A phase field study

The core-shell structure precipitatates of Fe-xCu-3.0Mn-1.5Ni-1.5Al alloys under internal and external strain was investigated by using a multicomponent continuous phase field model based on Gibbs free energy of sub regular solution. Results show that the early cluster nuclei are not pure Cu, and Mn/Ni/Al also gather in the same position of Cu rich nuclei, resulting in four core-shell structures in precipitation. In the absence of external strain, the morphology of precipitates is mainly determined by interfacial energy, intrinsic elastic anisotropy and lattice distortion between new phase and parent phase. Intrinsic elastic strain energy can inhibit precipitation, while has no obvious effect on particle morphology. In coarsening, the elastic energy decreases due to the combination of particles. The loading direction and magnitude of the applied elastic strain field can control the morphology of precipitates. The external strain and the interaction between Mn, Ni and Al promote the joining and merging of adjacent core-shell particles. This work has guiding significance for the design of Fe-xCu-3.0Mn-1.5Ni-1.5Al alloys and other core-shell precipitates materials.     

化学镀镍硼合金镀层组织形态及其形成机制

基于化学镀镍硼合金镀层的组织形态和成分、结构．探讨了镍硼合金镀层的沉积规律．分析表明，镀层在侧向和纵向上的相对沉积速度快慢是影响镀层组织形态的关键因素．柱状组织的形成原因是由于纵向沉积速度相对较快，该组织镀层含镍量相对较高，结构是非晶晶态混合结构；圆粒状组织是在侧向、纵向沉积速度较接近的条件下形成的，其成分中硼的含量相对较高，镀层结构趋于完全非晶态．     

Microstructure of Ni–Al powder and Ni–Al composite coatings prepared by twin-wire arc spraying

Ni–Al powder and Ni–Al composite coatings were fabricated by twin-wire arc spraying (TWAS). The microstructures of Ni-5wt%Al powder and Ni-20wt%Al powder were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the obtained particle size ranged from 5 to 50 μm. The morphology of the Ni–Al powder showed that molten particles were composed of Ni solid solution, NiAl, Ni₃Al, Al₂O₃, and NiO. The Ni–Al phase and a small amount of Al₂O₃ particles changed the composition of the coating. The microstructures of the twin-wire-arc-sprayed Ni–Al composite coatings were characterized by SEM, EDS, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the main phase of the Ni-5wt%Al coating consisted of Ni solid solution and NiAl in addition to a small amount of Al₂O₃. The main phase of the Ni-20wt%Al coating mainly consisted of Ni solid solution, NiAl, and Ni₃Al in addition to a small amount of Al and Al₂O₃, and NiAl and Ni₃Al intermetallic compounds effectively further improved the final wear property of the coatings. TEM analysis indicated that fine spherical NiAl₃ precipitates and a Ni–Al–O amorphous phase formed in the matrix of the Ni solid solution in the original state.