铜冰铜熔炼过程的物理现象

在模拟反射炉和电炉熔炼冰铜的实验中,用X射线电视装置研究了铜冰铜熔炼时的各种物理现象。炉料在熔炼时所发生的变化均记录在电视录像磁带及X光胶片上。利用渣锍两相之间界面张力的数据计算了体系的浮游系数和膜系数。讨论了熔融硫化物对固体炉料的浸染,泡沫渣的形成条件,冰铜液滴与气泡在渣中的行为以及它们对金属在渣中损失的影响。     

Development of inclusions in 3104 alloy melt during heating and holding treatments

Developments in the contents of different typical inclusions in 3104 alloy melt were described during heating and holding processing. The settling process of inclusion particles was investigated by measuring the contents of inclusions in the surface, center, and bottom layers of the molten metal. In the results, main inclusions observed and determined by Prefil and PoDFA methods are MgO, Al₂O₃, spinel (MgAl₂O₄), and TiB₂ particles or thin films. It is found that some small particles of Al₂O₃ and MgO are transformed into spinel particles, and the formation rate increases as the temperature and the holding period of melt increase. The content of inclusions increases from 3.37 mm2·kg-1 to 7.54 mm2·kg-1 and then decreases to 3.08 mm2·kg-1 after holding for 90 min. This is attributed to a settling phenomenon and a significant increase in settling velocity after holding for 60 min. The content of inclusion particles decreases by means of settlement and flotation in liquid aluminum with an increase in holding time. The theoretical analysis and experiment results are in essential agreement with those from industrial production.     

FeV50合金浇铸沉降理论的应用及其影响因素

采用近似无限大流体重力沉降原理分析了多期法FeV50合金浇铸过程渣金分离及浇铸渣层钒的分布规律,考察了熔渣黏度、沉降粒度、浇铸温度、渣层厚度以及保温制度对渣中钒含量的影响.结果表明,浇铸渣中钒的赋存形式除了未还原完全的钒氧化物之外,还存在部分未完全沉降的初级合金;合金沉降速度随合金粒度的增加而增大,随熔渣黏度的增加而减小.1850℃条件下,当渣层厚度为50 mm,熔渣组分质量分数为65.2%Al2 O3、15.5%CaO、14.6%MgO、1.9%Fe2 O3、0.9%SiO2时,粒径为100μm的合金沉降时间及熔渣上浮时间分别为24.9和1.2 min.基于此,进行浇铸工艺优化试验,在渣层厚度35 mm,浇铸温度1900℃、熔渣主要成分质量分数Al2 O360%~65%、CaO 15%~20%、MgO 9%~15%、浇铸锭模保温层厚度9 cm的条件下,浇铸渣中平均TV质量分数由1.39%降低至0.58%.     

含钛电炉熔分渣碱熔过程中 Ti元素的选择性富集及MgAl2O4的物相转化规律

以KOH为改性剂,利用渣碱共熔反应对攀钢含钛电炉熔分渣进行改性处理,成功地将炉渣中Ti元素从原来的重钛酸镁选择性地富集到偏钛酸钾中,同时渣中镁铝尖晶石和镁橄榄石转化为易溶于水的铝酸盐和硅酸盐.采用X射线衍射技术研究了共熔反应中煅烧温度、渣碱比(含钛电炉熔分渣的质量与KOH质量之比)、保温时间等对Ti元素迁移富集和镁铝尖晶石转化的影响.当渣碱比为1：2.1、煅烧温度700℃及保温时间1 h时,生成的偏钛酸钾衍射峰达到最强,镁铝尖晶石的衍射峰最弱,有效地实现了Ti元素的选择性富集及镁铝尖晶石的物相转化.实验证实了较高K/Ti比( K2 O与TiO2的摩尔比)是生成偏钛酸钾的主要原因.以最佳碱熔条件下得到的共熔渣为原料,经过后续处理,在850℃的条件下合成了六钛酸钾纳米晶须.     

动态氧化条件下含钛高炉熔渣中金属铁的聚集、长大与沉降行为

为了探明动态氧化条件下含钛高炉熔渣中金属铁的聚集、长大及沉降行为,通过高温氧化实验研究氧化时间、空气搅拌强度和纯氧氧化对金属铁沉降的影响.此外,还研究动态氧化过程中熔渣的温度与黏度变化情况,计算金属铁在熔渣中的沉降速度.实验室与1200 kg中试实验结果表明,向熔渣鼓入氧化性气体,低价钛化合物减少,熔渣温度升高,黏度减低,促进金属铁聚集、长大和沉降分离.氧化时间过长,熔渣中(FeO)与低价钛化合物基本消失,金属铁回收率下降.氧化终点的判断应以保留一定含量(FeO)与低价钛为依据.     

尾矿改性高炉渣的凝固行为与黏度行为

通过在高炉渣中加入不同质量分数的尾矿作为改性剂,研究了改性熔渣的凝固行为和黏度行为.采用X射线衍射和偏光显微镜研究了熔渣的矿物组成和显微结构,采用熔体物性测定仪研究了熔渣在1 200℃到1 475℃的黏度.结果表明:配加尾矿后,熔渣的酸度系数(Mk)达到1.2~1.8时,熔渣凝固后呈现非晶/玻璃质的特征;显微结构除Mk=1.8以外,均为致密均匀的结构.此外,熔渣成纤适宜的温度区间显著增大,尾矿适宜的配比为16.98%~34.18%.     

Rheological behavior and constitutive equations of heterogeneous titanium-bearing molten slag

Experimental studies on the rheological properties of a CaO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃–MgO–TiO₂–(TiC) blast furnace (BF) slag system were conducted using a high-temperature rheometer to reveal the non-Newtonian behavior of heterogeneous titanium-bearing molten slag. By measuring the relationships among the viscosity, the shear stress and the shear rate of molten slags with different TiC contents at different temperatures, the rheological constitutive equations were established along with the rheological parameters; in addition, the non-Newtonian fluid types of the molten slags were determined. The results indicated that, with increasing TiC content, the viscosity of the molten slag tended to increase. If the TiC content was less than 2wt%, the molten slag exhibited the Newtonian fluid behavior when the temperature was higher than the critical viscosity temperature of the molten slag. In contrast, the molten slag exhibited the non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluid characteristic and the shear thinning behavior when the temperature was less than the critical viscosity temperature. However, if the TiC content exceeded 4wt%, the molten slag produced the yield stress and exhibited the Bingham and plastic pseudoplastic fluid behaviors when the temperature was higher and lower than the critical viscosity temperature, respectively. When the TiC content increased further, the yield stress of the molten slag increased and the shear thinning phenomenon became more obvious.     

MgO含量对CaO-Al2O3-MgO-FexO-SiO2-K2O系熔体性质的影响

研究了MgO含量变化对CaO-Al2O3-MgO-FexO-SiO2-K2O系熔体黏度和熔化特性的影响,结合X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析熔渣冷却过程中的物相析出,并通过FactSage软件计算了该体系的黏度、熔点和冷却过程中析出相的含量与温度的关系,并与实验结果进行了对比和分析.结果表明,MgO含量的增多会造成熔渣熔化温度的升高,黏度随温度变化时会出现黏度骤增的转折点,高于转折点温度时,熔渣黏度随MgO含量变化不大,同时该转折点温度随MgO含量的增加而升高.在熔渣冷却过程中析出相主要为固溶的橄榄石相和Fe3O4尖晶石相,MgO含量的增大可以促进橄榄石相的析出,熔体黏度骤增主要由于橄榄石相的析出造成的.     

不锈钢渣凝固过程中物相转变的热力学分析

采用热力学软件FactSage6.2，研究不锈钢渣凝固过程中的物相转变规律.结果表明:降低碱度和添加Al₂O₃含量均能降低硅酸二钙的析出温度，抑制硅酸二钙的产生，并促进黄长石相的生成.不锈钢渣中尖晶石相的含Cr量随着碱度的降低而增加，当碱度从1.6降到1.0时，Cr质量分数从24.93%增加到48.27%，同时凝固过程液态渣中的铬元素含量随着碱度的降低也有所减少.添加10%的Al₂O₃，有利于尖晶石相的析出，且随着温度的降低，Al³⁺逐步取代尖晶石中的Cr³⁺，尖晶石相中的Cr质量分数也由30.39%(1500℃)降低至13.88%(1300℃).     

基于修正的(NBO/T)比值的黏度模型

针对传统的(NBO/T)比值计算方法在熔渣黏度预报上的不足,研究氧化物对熔渣聚合度的影响规律,修正了(NBO/T)比值的计算方法,计算结果反映了黏度随(NBO/T)比值变化的基本趋势.提出了一个基于修正的(NBO/T)比值的黏度预报模型.利用该模型预报了CaO-SiO2-Al2O3三元系、高炉渣CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3四元系和CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-RO(R2O)体系的黏度值,预报效果比传统的Urbain模型和修改后的Iida模型要好.该模型能有效预报CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3-R2O(K2O或Na2O)体系黏度值.     

Preparation of ferronickel from nickel laterite via coal-based reduction followed by magnetic separation

The sticking phenomenon between molten slag and refractory is one of the crucial problems when preparing ferronickel from laterite ore using rotary hearth furnace or rotary kiln processes. This study aims to ameliorate sticking problems by using silicon dioxide (SiO₂) to adjust the melting degree of the briquette during reduction roasting. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the melting temperature of the slag gradually increases with an increase in the SiO₂ proportion (SiO₂/(SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ + MgO) mass ratio). Experimental validations also prove that the briquette retains its original shape when the SiO₂ proportion is greater than 75wt%, and sticking problems are avoided during reduction. A ferronickel product with 8.33wt% Ni and 84.71wt% Fe was prepared via reductive roasting at 1500℃ for 90 min with a SiO₂ proportion of 75wt% and a C/O molar ratio of 1.0 followed by dry magnetic separation; the corresponding recoveries of Ni and Fe reached 75.70% and 77.97%, respectively. The microstructure and phase transformation of reduced briquette reveals that the aggregation and growth of ferronickel particles were not significantly affected after adding SiO₂ to the reduction process.     

预熔型精炼渣发泡性能实验研究

在实验室内利用中频感应炉对CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO熔渣的发泡性能进行研究，分析了熔渣组成、碱度、粘度、表面张力及助熔剂对熔渣的起泡寿命和发泡指数的影响，同时对高碱度熔渣的发泡性能进行具体分析，研究结果表明碱度在3．0（低碱度渣）和10左右（高碱度渣）、渣指数在0．3左右、Al2O3在低碱度区时含量在8％-14％和高碱度区20％-28％时熔渣具有良好的发泡性能，同时研究表明随着粘度的增加，发泡指数和发泡寿命逐渐降低；随着表面张力的增加，发泡指教和发泡寿命逐渐增加。这对于实际生产的合理配渣衣指导意义。     

Effect of FeO on the formation of spinel phases and chromium distribution in the CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3-Cr2O3 system

Synthetic slag samples of the CaO-SiO₂-MgO-Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃ system were obtained to clarify the effect of FeO on the formation of spinel phases and Cr distribution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), as well as the thermodynamic software FactSage 6.2, were used for sample characterization. The results show that the addition of FeO can decrease the viscosity of molten slag and the precipitation temperatures of melilite and merwinite. The solidus temperature significantly decreases from 1400 to 1250°C with the increase of FeO content from 0wt% to 6wt%. The addition of FeO could enhance the content of Cr in spinel phases and reduce the content of Cr in soluble minerals, such as merwinite, melilite, and dicalcium silicate. Hence, the addition of FeO is conducive to decreasing Cr leaching.     

电磁场控制连铸结晶器内弯月面区域金属流动状态的试验研究

在连铸实验装置上,以低熔点PbSnBi合金和硅油分别模拟钢液和保护渣,对施加电磁场前后弯月面区域金属流态进行了试验研究·结果表明:双条形电磁场对弯月面区域的金属运动速度有较强抑制作用;能够改善连铸坯初凝固壳生成和生长的条件     

熔渣中卤离子行为的研究

研究了碱土金属氧化物+卤化物+氧化铁熔渣中卤离子的行为。结果表明,氯离子和氟离子在元素周期表中虽属同一族,但由于其离子半径的差异而在炉渣中表现出完全不同的行为。在相同条件下,用氟离子取代氯离子降低渣中氧化铁的活度,但相图的均一液相区变窄。渣中 Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)比随 MO/MCl_2(M=Ca,Sr 或 Ba)比的降低而降低,而 MO/MF_2 比的变化不影响 Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)比。     

Removal of phosphorus-rich phase from high-phosphorous iron ore by melt separation at 1573 K in a super-gravity field

A new approach of removing the phosphorus-rich phase from high-phosphorous iron ore by melt separation at 1573 K in a super- gravity field was investigated. The iron-slag separation by super-gravity resulted in phosphorus being effectively removed from the iron-rich phase and concentrated as a phosphorus-rich phase at a temperature below the melting point of iron. The samples obtained by super-gravity exhibited obvious layered structures. All the iron grains concentrated at the bottom of the sample along the super-gravity direction, whereas the molten slag concentrated in the upper part of the sample along the opposite direction. Meanwhile, fine apatite crystals collided and grew into larger crystals and concentrated at the slag–iron interface. Consequently, in the case of centrifugation with a gravity coefficient of G = 900, the mass fractions of the slag phase and iron-rich phase were similar to their respective theoretical values. The mass fraction of MFe in the iron-rich phase was as high as 97.77wt% and that of P was decreased to 0.092wt%.     

Thermodynamic analysis on the formation mechanism of MgO·Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> spinel type inclusions in casing steel

MgO·Al₂O₃ spinel type inclusions in casing steel were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results show that there are three forms. One is pure MgO·Al₂O₃ spinel, another is the composite oxide of the Mg-Al-Ca-Si-O system, and the third is the complex with oxide as a core covered by sulfide. The formation mechanisms were studied. The influences of slag basicity and vacuum degree on the magnesium content during the vacuum treatment of molten steel and furnace lining in molten steel were calculated with the coexistence theory of slag structure. The results show that the magnesium content increases with the increase in slag basicity and aluminum content in molten steel, and decreases with the increase in CO partial pressure.     

连铸结晶器内钢液弯月面行为的研究

在自行设计的可以实现振动、水冷及拉坯的连铸模拟装置上，用低熔点的Ｐｂ－Ｓｎ－Ｂｉ合金模拟钢液，用硅油似保护渣对弯月面行为进行了研究，结果表明，增加过热度使得弯月面与结昌器壁的接触角变小，弯月面的高度降低；在弯月面区域加上电磁场时，变月面变结晶器中心拱起，其拱起程序随着电磁强度和磁场的增加相应增大，但液态金属高的过热度会弱电磁场的作用效果，结晶器振幅增大及拉速提高均会使弯月面处液态金属的波动程度增大     

Al2O3对高炉渣物化性能影响的理论分析

随着优质铁矿资源的消耗,钢铁企业可利用的铁矿原料品位逐渐降低。因此,高铝质铁矿资源越来越受到钢铁企业的关注,但高铝原料在高炉冶炼过程中会带来渣铁黏稠、炉温偏低、冶炼安全等一系列问题。本研究中采用FactSage热力学软件分析Al₂O₃质量分数对高炉渣平衡物相、熔化温度、相析出温度的影响以及高铝渣液相区变化和黏度变化,旨在为高炉冶炼高铝原料提供一定的基础支撑。研究发现：炉渣为低铝（5%～10%）含量时,随着Al₂O₃含量增加,炉渣熔化温度升高,析出相为黄长石相和纯物质相,高炉渣黏度变化不大,炉渣中SiO₂含量高,炉渣黏度过高,不适合高炉冶炼;炉渣为中铝（10%～15%）含量时,随着Al₂O₃含量增加,炉渣熔化温度升高,析出相为尖晶石相、黄长石相和纯物质相,高炉渣黏度增加幅度略有提高,Al₂O₃含量对高炉渣性质影响较小,增加炉渣二元碱度对炉渣黏度降低效果较明显;炉渣为高铝（15%～30%）含量时...     

Effect of mold rotation on the bifilar electroslag remelting process

A novel electroslag furnace with a rotating mold was fabricated, and the effects of mold rotational speed on the electroslag remelting process were investigated. The results showed that the chemical element distribution in ingots became uniform and that their compact density increased when the mold rotational speed was increased from 0 to 28 r/min. These results were attributed to a reasonable mold speed, which resulted in a uniform temperature in the slag pool and scattered the metal droplets randomly in the metal pool. However, an excessive rotational speed caused deterioration of the solidification structure. When the mold rotational speeds was increased from 0 to 28 r/min, the size of Al₂O₃ inclusions in the electroslag ingot decreased from 4.4 to 1.9 μm. But the excessive mold rotational speed would decrease the ability of the electroslag remelting to remove the inclusions. The remelting speed gradually increased, which resulted in reduced power consumption with increasing mold rotational speed. This effect was attributed to accelerated heat exchange between the consumable electrode and the molten slag, which resulted from mold rotation. Nevertheless, when the rotational speed reached 28 r/min, the remelting speed did not change because of limitations of metal heat conduction. Mold rotation also improved the surface quality of the ingots by promoting a uniform temperature distribution in the slag pool.