低碳微合金钢回火过程的组织演变规律

采用膨胀实验和差式扫描量热实验,结合SEM、TEM和显微硬度测试,研究了低碳微合金钢700L在回火过程中的组织演变规律。结果表明,700L钢回火过程包括5个阶段:渗碳体I的析出(50～200℃)、残余奥氏体的分解(200～300℃)、渗碳体II的析出(250～400℃)、合金碳化物的析出(450～580℃)和Mn的分配(580～650℃)。在2℃/min的升温速率下,钢中渗碳体析出、合金碳化物析出及Mn分配三个阶段存在明显的硬度改变,而且合金碳化物析出阶段试样的体积改变最显著,这可能是影响钢中残余应力演变的重要阶段。     

Q&P钢配分过程中的组织演变

利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射和电子探针等研究了0.2C--1.51Si--1.84Mn钢在配分阶段组织的演变情况.配分温度为400℃时,碳在10 s时就可以完成配分,得到残余奥氏体最大体积分数为13.4%.随着配分时间的增长,钢中马氏体发生回火现象,奥氏体发生分解,强度、延伸率降低.当配分时间达到1000 s时,屈服强度、延伸率突然升高.分析认为马氏体回火带来的塑性提高抵消了残余奥氏体量减少引起的塑性降低,并且由于渗碳体和碳化物的析出,变形时阻碍位错的运动,从而提高了屈服强度.通过电子探针分析说明配分阶段发生了碳的扩散,随着配分时间的增长,发生了渗碳体和碳化物的析出,降低了残余奥氏体中碳的含量.     

喷射成形M3型高速钢碳化物组织特征与加热过程演化

采用常规铸造和喷射成形工艺分别制备了M3型高速钢铸坯和沉积坯.利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱和X射线衍射等分析方法对冷却速度对合金的显微组织的影响,加热温度对M3高速钢中M2C共晶碳化物分解行为的影响,以及热加工变形后铸态和沉积态组织的变化进行了研究.结果表明:铸态合金含有粗大的一次枝晶和M2C共晶碳化物,而喷射成形沉积坯主要为等轴晶且碳化物细小均匀;冷却速度的提高极大地抑制了碳化物的析出和晶粒长大;加热温度的提高有利于M2C共晶碳化物分解,过高的温度使得分解后的M6C长大,不利于合金性能的提高;沉积坯经恰当的预热处理和热变形可以获得理想的变形组织.     

Microstructural evolution of a heat-treated H23 tool steel

The microstructure and the stability of carbides after heat treatments in an H23 tool steel were investigated. The heat treatments consisted of austenization at two different austenizing temperatures (1100℃ and 1250℃), followed by water quenching and double-aging at 650℃, 750℃, and 800℃ with air cooling between the first and second aging treatments. Martensite did not form in the as-quenched microstructures, which consisted of a ferrite matrix, M₆C, M₇C₃, and MC carbides. The double-aged microstructures consisted of a ferrite matrix and MC, M₆C, M₇C₃, and M₂₃C₆ carbides. Secondary hardening as a consequence of secondary precipitation of fine M₂C carbides did not occur. There was disagreement between the experimental microstructure and the results of thermodynamic calculations. The highest double-aged hardness of the H23 tool steel was 448 HV after austenization at 1250℃ and double-aging at 650℃, which suggested that this tool steel should be used at temperatures below 650℃.     

Hot deformation behavior of microstructural constituents in a duplex stainless steel during high-temperature straining

The hot deformation characteristics of 1.4462 duplex stainless steel (DSS) were analyzed by considering strain partitioning between austenite and ferrite constituents. The individual behavior of ferrite and austenite in microstructure was studied in an iso-stress condition. Hot compression tests were performed at temperatures of 800–1100℃ and strain rates of 0.001–1 s?1. The flow stress was modeled by a hyperbolic sine constitutive equation, the corresponding constants and apparent activation energies were determined for the studied alloys. The constitutive equation and law of mixture were used to measure the contribution factor of each phase at any given strain. It is found that the contribution factor of ferrite exponentially declines as the Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z) increases. On the contrary, the austenite contribution polynomially increases with the increase of Z. At low Z values below 2.6.×1015 (lnZ=35.5), a negative contribution factor is determined for austenite that is attributed to dynamic recrystallization. At high Z values, the contribution factor of austenite is about two orders of magnitude greater than that of ferrite, and therefore, austenite can accommodate more strain. Microstructural characterization via electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) confirms the mechanical results and shows that austenite recrystallization is possible only at high temperature and low strain rate.     

316L不锈钢冷变形加工硬化机制及组织特征

通过对316L不锈钢的不同变形量的压缩试验,对其冷变形特性进行了研究.利用修正的Ludwik模型对流变应力数据进行非线性拟合,获得了316L不锈钢的真应力应变模型和加工硬化模型.试验结果表明:修正的Ludwik模型能较好的反映316L不锈钢真应力与应变关系;根据流变应力的变化规律,316L不锈钢冷变形流变应力可分为三个阶段,分别为真应变小于0.02的强加工硬化阶段,真应变在0.02与0.29之间的稳加工硬化阶段,以及真应变大于0.29的弱加工硬化阶段.电子显微技术研究表明316L不锈钢三个不同的变形阶段,其加工硬化机制、微观组织特征有所不同.     

双辊铸轧不锈钢薄带开裂机制分析

采用金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对双辊铸轧304不锈钢薄带裂纹及组织特征进行了观察,并结合能谱仪(EDS)对微区成分和夹杂物进行了分析。结果表明,铸轧薄带上的裂纹在薄带表面凹痕处产生,并沿柱状晶晶界向内部扩展,终止于柱状晶与心部等轴晶交界处;在柱状晶区内存大量缩孔和夹杂,在铸轧机械应力和热应力的共同作用下,破坏了材料的连续性;铸轧裂纹断面存在氧化现象,说明铸轧裂纹在铸轧凝固的高温阶段生成。     

不锈钢冶炼电炉渣结构性质及浸出行为研究

研究电弧炉(EAF)渣的结构性质及渣中重金属离子的浸出行为.结果表明,EAF渣呈碱性,渣中Fe、Cr和Ni等金属元素主要以金属颗粒、(Cr,Al)2O3和(Fe,Mn,Mg)(Cr,Al)2O4晶体形式存在,具有较高的回收价值;电炉渣中可浸出重金属离子含量未超出国家标准,但存在Cr(III)再氧化为Cr(VI)的可能;Cr(VI)浸出量随浸出时间延长而增加,且Cr(VI)在蒸馏水中的浸出能力较冰醋酸中强.因此,EAF渣应尽量避免堆放或填埋在低pH场所,以防止其中重金属离子浸出.     

9Cr18不锈钢热变形行为研究

采用Gleeble-1500型热模拟试验机对9Cr18马氏体不锈钢在850～1 150℃、应变速率为0.01～10s-1变形条件下的热压缩变形行为进行研究。根据真应力-应变曲线,分析变形温度和应变速率对9Cr18不锈钢变形抗力的影响,计算其形变激活能,并建立9Cr18不锈钢的变形抗力模型和热变形流变应力方程。结果表明,应变速率一定时,9Cr18动态再结晶临界变形量εc随温度的升高而降低,高的形变温度和低的应变速率有利于动态再结晶的发生;9Cr18不锈钢形变激活能为461.7kJ/mol;所建变形抗力模型的拟合性良好,数据稳定性好。     

409L铁素体不锈钢的热变形行为

采用热/力模拟实验研究409L铁素体不锈钢在950、1 000、1 050、1 100、1 150℃、应变速率为0.01、0.1、1.0 s-1,压下量为50%时的热变形行为,讨论热变形参数对流变应力的影响.结果表明,409L铁素体不锈钢的表观应力指数为4.06,热变形表观激活能为212 kJ/mol;409L铁素体不锈钢的热变形方程.ε=3.017.109[sinh(α.pσ)]4.06exp(-212 000/RT).其软化机制与Zener-Hollomon(Z)参数有关,随着Z值从6.11×105增加到1.15×109,热变形峰值应力相应从11.71 MPa增加到66.94 MPa.     

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of friction stir-welded C71000 copper-nickel alloy and 304 austenitic stainless steel

Dissimilar joints comprised of copper-nickel and steel alloys are a challenge for manufacturers in modern industries, as these metals are not thermomechanically or chemically well matched. The present study investigated the effects of tool rotational speed and linear speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir-welded C71000 copper-nickel and 340 stainless steel alloys using a tungsten carbide tool with a cylindrical pin. The results indicated that a rotational-to-linear speed ratio of 12.5 r/mm did not cause any macro defects, whereas some tunneling defects and longitudinal cracks were found at other ratios that were lower and higher. Furthermore, chromium carbide was formed on the grain boundaries of the 304 stainless steel near the shoulder zone and inside the joint zone, directing carbon and chromium penetration toward the grain boundaries. Tensile strength and elongation percentages were 84% and 65% of the corresponding values in the copper-nickel base metal, respectively.     

Temperature-dependent evolution of oxide inclusions during heat treatment of stainless steel with yttrium addition

The evolution of oxide inclusions during isothermal heating of 18Cr–8Ni stainless steel with yttrium addition at temperatures of 1273 to 1573 K was investigated systematically. Homogeneous spherical Al–Y–Si(–Mn–Cr) oxide inclusions were observed in as-cast steel.After heating, most of the homogeneous inclusions were transformed into heterogeneous inclusions with Y-rich and Al-rich parts, even though some homogeneous oxide particles were still observed at 1273 and 1573 K. With the increase in heating temperature, more large-sized inclusions were formed. The shape of the inclusions also changed from spherical to irregular. The maximum transformation temperature of inclusions was determined to be 1373 K. The evolution mechanism of inclusions during heating was proposed to be the combined effect of the(i)internal transformation of inclusions due to the crystallization of glassy oxide and(ii) interfacial reaction between inclusions and steel matrix.Meanwhile, the internal transformation of inclusions was considered to be the main factor at heating temperatures less than 1473 K.     

Q235低碳钢高温变形过程的动态组织演化分析

通过Gleeble 2000上的热模拟压缩实验,分析了Q235低碳钢在不同热加工参数下的动态组织演化特征.结果表明:应变速率和温度对Q235钢的奥氏体形变特征影响强烈.在相同变形温度下,应变速率的提高可以明显推迟动态再结晶的发生;应变速率较低时,降低温度同样可以延迟动态再结晶的发生.利用定量金相技术及线性、非线性拟合算法,建立了Q235钢热变形过程的唯像本构关系及组织演化动力学模型,并将其应用于Autoforge 3.1有限元软件平台.压缩过程有限元模拟分析表明,分别采用Arrhenius双曲正弦方程描述Q235钢的唯像本构关系及Yada模型表征Q235钢变形过程的平均晶粒尺寸,可以满足预测精度,与实际变形过程基本吻合.     

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of aging high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels

The microstructural evolution of 18Cr18Mn2Mo0.77N high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel in aging treatment was investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that hexagonal intergranular and cellular Cr₂N with a=0.478 nm and c=0.444 nm and body-centered cubic intermetallic χ phase with a=0.892 nm precipitate gradually in the isothermal aging treatment. The matrix nitrogen depletion due to the intergranular Cr₂N precipitation induces the decay of Vickers hardness, and the formation of cellular Cr₂N and χ phase causes the increase in the values. The impact toughness presents a monotonic decrease and SEM morphologies show the leading brittle intergranular fracture. The tensile strength and elongation deteriorate obviously except for the sample aged for 1 h in yield strength. Stress concentration occurs when the matrix dislocations pile up at the precipitation and matrix interfaces, and the interfacial dislocations may become precursors to the misfit dislocations, which can form small cleavage steps and accelerate the formation of cracks.     

Hot compression deformation behavior of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel

The hot compression behavior of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel was studied at the temperatures of 950–1100℃ and the strain rates of 0.01–1 s?1 using a Baehr DIL-805 deformation dilatometer. The hot deformation equations and the relationship between hot deformation parameters were obtained. It is found that strain rate and deformation temperature significantly influence the flow stress behavior of the steel. The work hardening rate and the peak value of flow stress increase with the decrease of deformation temperature and the increase of strain rate. In addition, the activation energy of deformation (Q) is calculated as 433.343 kJ/mol. The microstructural evolution during deformation indicates that, at the temperature of 950℃ and the strain rate of 0.01 s?1, small circle-like precipitates form along grain boundaries; but at the temperatures above 950℃, the dissolution of such precipitates occurs. Energy-dispersive X-ray analyses indicate that the precipitates are complex carbides of Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Ti.     

Microstructural evolution and tensile properties of low-carbon steel with martensitic microstructure during warm deforming and annealing

For preparing large-scale nano-grained and ultrafine-grained steel sheets by warm rolling and annealing, the effects of deforming temperature on both the flow stress and the microstructure evolution of 09MnNiD steel with lath martensitic microstructure were studied by warm-compression test and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation. Thereafter, the steel with the lath martensitic structure was multi-pass warm-rolled and then annealed. TEM results indicate that nano-grained and ultrafine-grained steel sheets are formed by warm rolling at 400℃ and annealing at 400-600℃. In comparison with the as-warm-rolled specimen, the tensile strength at room temperature changes a little when the rolled samples are annealed below 450℃, and the tensile strength is greatly lowered as the annealing temperature increases to above 550℃.     

不锈钢吊架主梁结构焊接应力与变形控制工艺研究

该文针对金川公司生产过程中不锈钢结构焊接存在导热率低、热膨胀系数大,焊接过程中产生焊变形和焊接应力的倾向较大现象进行分析,焊接时采取严格工艺措施,能有有效控制焊接变形,减小焊接应力的存在。     

含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的高温变形行为

利用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机在950~1200℃,应变速率为0.1~10s-1条件下进行了含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的热压缩变形,获得了流变曲线,建立了热变形方程,分析了变形组织。结果表明:在流变曲线上既存在峰值应力也有稳态应力;在高温低应变速率条件下,峰值应变减小。上述变形条件下,试验钢的热变形激活能Q=436kJ/mol,表观应力指数n=3.91,热变形方程为:ε=2.41×1016[sinh(0.012σs)]3.91exp (-436000/RT)。奥氏体的动态再结晶在试验钢的动态软化机制中起主导作用且随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低越来越充分;而大应变下,铁素体的软化主要表现为较充分的动态回复。稀土元素影响了热变形时两相中Mo元素的再分配是稀土改善双相不锈钢高温塑性的重要原因之一。稀土使Mo在铁素体中浓度较低温度下降低,高温下升高;而奥氏体相中,使得Mo浓度在较低温度下升高而高温下降低。     

Microstructural evolution in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Sc-Zr alloys during short-time homogenization

Microstructural evolution in a new kind of aluminum (Al) alloy with the chemical composition of Al-8.82Zn-2.08Mg-0.80Cu-0.31Sc-0.3Zr was investigated. It is found that the secondary phase MgZn₂ is completely dissolved into the matrix during a short homogenization treatment (470℃, 1 h), while the primary phase Al₃(Sc,Zr) remains stable. This is due to Sc and Zr additions into the Al alloy, high Zn/Mg mass ratio, and low Cu content. The experimental findings fit well with the results calculated by the homogenization diffusion kinetics equation. The alloy shows an excellent mechanical performance after the short homogenization process followed by hot-extrusion and T6 treatment. Consequently, a good combination of low energy consumption and favorable mechanical properties is obtained.     

初始组织形态对中碳钢温变形组织演变的影响

中碳钢温变形过程的组织演变包含铁素体动态回复、再结晶和渗碳体的析出球化等过程.采用Gleeble1500热模拟试验机研究了初始组织形态对含碳0.48%(质量分数)的中碳钢在温变形中上述复杂过程的影响.结果表明:初始组织为珠光体 先共析铁素体的试样在温加工变形中渗碳体层片发生了扭折、溶断到逐渐球化的过程,在铁素体回复再结晶的同时伴随着细小弥散的渗碳体颗粒从过饱和铁素体中析出,得到微米级铁素体晶粒和颗粒状渗碳体弥散分布的复相组织,但等轴状铁素体晶粒与弥散的渗碳体颗粒沿变形方向呈带状不均匀分布.温加工变形促进初始组织为马氏体的中碳钢中渗碳体析出和铁素体回复与再结晶.由于初始条件下碳的分布在微观尺度下相对均匀,变形后获得细小等轴铁素体与均匀分布颗粒状渗碳体的组织.