低硅高铁烧结矿矿物组成及显微结构特征

采用X射线衍射、光学显微镜和扫描电镜对五种试样烧结矿进行了研究,提出了以冀东地区铁精粉为主要原料的低硅高铁烧结矿的矿物组成和显微结构特征。研究发现,其矿物组成主要有磁铁矿、赤铁矿、铁酸钙和少量硅酸二钙、玻璃质,其中磁铁矿多呈他形,结晶粒度细小,赤铁矿主要以自形晶和少量的他形晶存在,铁酸钙多以柱状和针状形态存在。显微结构主要为交织结构和交织熔蚀结构,其中交织结构的冶金性能好,交织熔蚀结构冶金性能较差。在低硅条件下,以冀东型铁精粉为主要烧结原料的烧结矿的适宜碱度为2.2。     

Morphological and mineralogical characterizations of oolitic iron ore in the Exi region, China

The morphological and mineralogical characterizations of a Chinese oolitic iron ore (Exi deposit) were studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in this work. It is shown that the Exi ore is mainly composed of hematite, quartz, apatite, and chlorite. The hematite is present as the oolitic layers and in the spaces between the aggregated ooids; quartz exists as granular particles in the spaces and as nucleuses in ooids; the harmful mineral, apatite, is associated with hematite as the oolitic layers, fine dissemination, granular particles in the spaces, and nucleuses in ooids. From the viewpoint of mineral beneficiation, it is hard to separate apatite and chlorite but easy to separate quartz from hematite in the Exi iron ore in recovering the iron values.     

Improved flotation performance of hematite fines using citric acid as a dispersant

In this study, citric acid was used as a dispersant to improve the flotation performance of hematite fines. The effect and mechanism of citric acid on the reverse flotation of hematite fines were investigated by flotation tests, sedimentation experiments, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta-potential measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results of SEM analysis and flotation tests reveal that a strong heterocoagulation in the form of slime coating or coagulation in hematite fine slurry affects the beneficiation of hematite ores by froth flotation. The addition of a small amount of citric acid (less than 300 g/t) favorably affects the reverse flotation of hematite fines by improving particle dispersion. The results of sedimentation experiments, zeta-potential measurements, and XPS measurements demonstrate that citric acid adsorbs onto hematite and quartz surfaces via hydrogen bonding, thereby reducing the zeta potentials of mineral surfaces, strengthening the electrical double-layer repulsion between mineral particles, and dispersing the pulp particles.     

Precipitation of spherical boehmite from concentrated sodium aluminate solution by adding gibbsite as seed

The precipitation of spherical boehmite was studied by surface energy calculations, measurements of precipitation ratios, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The surface energy calculation results show that the (001) and (112) planes of gibbsite surfaces are remarkably stable because of their low surface energies. In addition, the (010) plane of boehmite grows preferentially during precipitation because of its low surface energy. Thus, we propose a method to precipitate spherical boehmite from a supersaturated sodium aluminate solution by adding gibbsite as seed in a heterogeneous system. In this method, gibbsite acts as the preliminary seed and saturation modifier. The results show that the fine boehmite first nucleates on the (001) and (112) planes of gibbsite and then grows vertically on the (001) and (112) basal planes of gibbsite via self-assembly, thereby forming spherical boehmite. Simultaneously, gibbsite is dissolved into the aluminate solution to maintain the saturation for the precipitation of boehmite. The precipitation ratio fluctuates (forming an M-shaped curve) because of gibbsite dissolution and boehmite precipitation. The mechanism of boehmite precipitation was further discussed on the basis of the differences in surface energy and solubility between gibbsite and boehmite. This study provides an environmentally friendly and economical method to prepare specific boehmite in a heterogeneous system.     

聚氧化乙烯絮凝微细粒高岭石强化赤铁矿反浮选脱硅机理研究

通过矿物浮选试验并结合激光粒度测试、扫描电镜(SEM)、矿物Zeta电位及XPS等检测方法对赤铁矿反浮选过程中聚氧化乙烯絮凝细粒高岭石的行为及机理进行了研究.矿物絮凝浮选试验表明：添加聚氧化乙烯可以提高高岭石的单矿物回收率和人工混合矿分离效率,促进赤铁矿和高岭石反浮选分离.激光粒度测试和扫描电镜检测结果表明：聚氧化乙烯不絮凝赤铁矿,但絮凝高岭石颗粒,使其表观粒径增大.Zeta电位测试和XPS分析表明：聚氧化乙烯在高岭石颗粒表面发生化学吸附,并使其Zeta电位正移.因此,开展聚氧化乙烯对硅酸盐矿物絮凝的研究对赤铁矿和高岭石反浮选分离具有意义.     

Microbial leaching of chromite overburden from Sukinda mines, Orissa, India using Aspergillus niger

Leaching of nickel and cobalt from two physical grades (S1, 125–190 μm, coarser and S3, 53–75 μm, finer) of chromite overburden was achieved by treating the overburden (2% pulp density) with 21-d culture filtrate of an Aspergillus niger strain grown in sucrose medium. Metal dissolution increases with ore roasting at 600°C and decreasing particle size due to the alteration of microstructural properties involving the conversion of goethite to hematite and the increase in surface area and porosity as evident from X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (DT-TGA), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). About 65% Ni and 59% Co were recovered from the roasted S3 ore employing bioleaching against 26.87% Ni and 31.3% Co using an equivalent amount of synthetic oxalic acid under identical conditions. The results suggest that other fungal metabolites in the culture filtrate played a positive role in the bioleaching process, making it an efficient green approach in Ni and Co recovery from lateritic chromite overburden.     

白云鄂博稀土尾矿的工艺矿物学研究

采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、矿物解离分析仪(MLA)、电子探针,以及化学分析等分析手段对白云鄂博稀土尾矿的化学组成、矿物组成、矿物嵌布特征进行研究.结果表明:尾矿的矿物组成非常复杂,嵌布粒度很细.尾矿中稀土矿物为氟碳铈矿和独居石,铁元素主要赋存于赤铁矿中,氟元素主要赋存在萤石中,这三种矿物解离度较高,分别为87.28%,89.15%,96.70%.尾矿中铌元素主要赋存在烧绿石、铌铁矿、铌铁金红石、钛铁金红石等铌矿物中;钪元素主要分散在硅酸盐矿物中,钍元素主要以类质同象的形式赋存于稀土矿物中.此研究结果对白云鄂博稀土尾矿的高效综合利用具有一定的指导意义.     

广东韶关高岭土的矿物特性

采用X射线荧光光谱分析（XRF）、化学分析、X射线衍射分析（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、电子探针（EPMA）及激光粒度分析等方法,综合研究了广东韶关高岭土的化学组成、矿物组成、矿物形貌、粒度分布及铁、钛染色物质的赋存状态.结果表明：广东韶关高岭土是一种富钾高岭土,90%的颗粒粒径小于25.86μm,主要矿物为高岭石（约90%）、长石（约5%）、伊利石（约3%）、石英（约1%）、云母（约1%）,此外含有少量的赤铁矿、褐铁矿、黄铁矿、锐钛矿,其中高岭石呈微鳞片层状.     

Structural,compositional and mineralogical characterization of carbonatitic copper sulfide: Run of mine,concentrate and tailings

The aim of this study was to determine the structural, compositional, and mineralogical composition of carbonatitic copper sulfide concentrator plant streams. Three samples, each from a different stream(run of mine(ROM), concentrate, and tailings) of a copper concentrator were characterized using various techniques, including stereomicroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS), and optical microscopy. The results reveal that each stream possesses its own unique compositional features. Carbonate minerals associated with calcite and dolomite, followed by quartz, remain the major minerals in both the ROM and tails streams. In the ROM stream, chalcopyrite appears to occur as veins within the carbonatite-hosting ore body. Mineral phase mutation was discovered in the tails stream because magnetite formerly identified in the ROM as the primary iron oxide had evolved into hematite. This metamorphosis was likely promoted by the concentration process. The concentration process was effective, upgrading the chalcopyrite content from 2 wt% in the ROM stream to 58 wt% in the concentrate stream; it was accompanied by bornite(4 wt%), anilite(3 wt%), and digenite(2.5 wt%). In addition, the concentrate stream exhibited properties distinctive from those of the other streams. The FTIR analysis showed the existence of a sulfide group related to the chalcopyrite mineral. Free chalcopyrite grains were observed in the concentrate by SEM analysis, and their mineral presence was supported by the EDS analysis results. All characterization techniques corresponded well with each other regarding the structure, chemistry, and composition of the samples.     

金红石与针铁矿光催化材料结构与性能的关联

以TiCl4为钛源,针铁矿（α-FeOOH）为载体,采用水解沉淀法制备了金红石（TiO2）与α—FeOOH光催化材料．应用x射线衍射分析、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对样品的晶相组成、形貌、微结构进行了表征．结果表明,制备温度对样品的晶相组成、形貌、颗粒大小和结构有明显的影响．随着制备温度升高．样品中α-FeOOH相的含量逐渐减少并最终消失,而金红石相TiO2的含量逐渐增加并最终全部金红石相TiO2;样品的形貌由棒状变为管状;复合材料的结构实现负载型→复合型→溶蚀复合型转变．应用紫外和模拟可见光谱对样品光性能进行了测试．样品对可见光的吸收得到了增强．在室温下以甲基橙为降解对象,分别在紫外光和模拟可见光照射下对样品光催化活性进行了评估．复合型和溶蚀复合型结构样品的活性均得到了不同程度的提高,而负载型结构样品的活性没有明显变化：在紫外及可见光照射下,样品对甲基橙的光催化降解效果较好,溶蚀复合型结构样品的活性最高．这说明样品的性能与结构有良好的关联性．     

CO/CO2气氛下赤铁矿向磁铁矿的流化床还原转变

采用纯矿物试验、等温还原法和微观结构分析法研究了赤铁矿向磁铁矿流化床还原转变行为及动力学.动力学研究表明,以20%CO和80%CO₂(质量分数)混合气体为还原流化剂、微型流化床为反应器,在还原温度为773~873K时,赤铁矿向磁铁矿的选择性还原转化受磁铁矿晶核的形成和一维生长A_3/2模型控制,反应的表观活化能ΔE_○a为49.64kJ/mol,指前因子A为6.55s^-1.BET比表面分析及扫描电镜测试结果表明,新生磁铁矿晶核呈致密针状结构,且长度不一;随着反应的进行,针状结构晶核增多并聚集形成多孔状的磁铁矿颗粒.     

Activation pretreatment of limonitic laterite ores by alkali-roasting using NaOH

Activation pretreatment of Cr-containing limonitic laterite ores by NaOH roasting to remove Cr, Al, and Si, as well as its effect on Ni and Co extraction in the subsequent pressure acid leaching process was investigated. Characterization results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/XEDS) show that goethite is the major Ni-bearing mineral, and chromite is the minor one. Experimental results show that the leaching rates of Cr, Al, and Si are 95.6wt%, 83.8wt%, and 40.1wt%, respectively, under the optimal alkali-roasting conditions. Compared with the direct pressure acid leaching of laterite ores, the leaching rates of Ni and Co increase from 80.1wt% to 96.9wt% and 70.2wt% to 95.1wt% after pretreatment, respectively. Meanwhile, the grade of acid leaching iron residues increases from 54.4wt% to 62.5wt%, and these residues with low Cr content are more suitable raw materials for iron making.     

高铝铁矿石工艺矿物学特征及铝铁分离技术

研究高铝褐铁矿石的工艺矿物学特性及其对铝铁分离的影响.研究结果表明,铁矿物主要为针铁矿和赤铁矿;铝的载体矿物主要是以微细颗粒集合体被针铁矿包裹的三水铝石和以类质同象存在于针铁矿中的铝;铝硅酸盐矿物呈分散状或浸染状与针铁矿共生,铁铝赋存关系十分复杂.强磁选、磁化焙烧-磁选不能有效破坏矿石中铝、铁细粒嵌布和类质同象结构,铝铁分离效果不明显;钠盐焙烧-浸出工艺能有效实现高铝褐铁矿的铝铁分离,当原矿全铁含量为48.92%,Al2O3含量为8.16%,SiO2含量为4.24%时,可获得全铁品位为62.84%,Al2O3含量为2.33%,SiO2含量为0.45%的铁精矿,铁的回收率为98.56%.     

Mechanism of intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions in graphene nanosheets

Graphene nanosheets (GNSs) were synthesized by reducing exfoliated graphite oxides. Their structure, surface morphology and lithium storage mechanism were characterized and investigated systematically using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, charge-discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was found that the GNSs, which were obtained via chemical synthesis, were primarily less than 10 graphene layers. The GNS electrodes, which were fabricated from the reduced GNSs, exhibited an enhanced reversible lithium storage capacity and good cyclic stability when serving as anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Also, the first-cycle irreversible capacities of the system were relatively high, because of the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase film on the surface of the GNS electrode and the spontaneous stacking of GNSs during the first lithiation. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results suggest that the solid electrolyte interphase film on the GNS electrode during first lithiation were primarily formed at potentials between 0.95 and 0.7 V. Also, the symmetry factor of the charge transfer was measured to be 0.446.     

梭形碱式碳酸镨及氧化镨的合成

利用水热法,成功制备了梭形碱式碳酸镨PrCO3(OH)1.68,其形貌及结构通过X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(FE-SEM)及红外光谱(IR)表征.热重分析表明在温度超过800°C时,PrCO3(OH)1.68可以完全转变为Pr6O11,在800°C高温下煅烧6个小时,得到立方相Pr6O11,其晶体表面除了有微小的孔外,仍然保持梭形结构.     

Synthesis of self-assembled needle-shaped calcium carbonate superstructures

Novel self-assembled calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) crystals exhibiting the morphology of well-defined needles were synthesized by a simple precipitation reaction in the presence of octadecyl dihydrogen phosphate (ODP) as a crystal additive. The CaCO₃ obtained by this method is hydrophobic, making it likely to be used widely in industry. The resulting products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and contact angle experiments. The results indicated that ODP plays an important role in determining the structure, morphology and hydrophobicity of CaCO₃ crystals.     

天然针铁矿与合成针铁矿半导体性能对比

利用X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜、X射线荧光光谱仪、X射线吸收谱与发射谱仪、光电子发射谱仪,首次对天然针铁矿与合成针铁矿样品开展了矿物学和半导体性能的对比研究。测试结果表明,天然针铁矿样品中混有少量石英颗粒,且针铁矿晶体中存在Al替代现象,Al掺杂比例为1. 16wt%～3. 23wt%。天然针铁矿禁带宽度为2. 25 eV,小于合成针铁矿2. 55 eV的带隙宽度。绝对真空能级下,天然针铁矿的价带位置为-5. 06 eV,相对于合成针铁矿有所抬升(-5. 38 eV),推测是由于Al元素替代导致在天然针铁矿价带引入Al-2p轨道成分所致。室内甲基橙降解实验结果表明天然针铁矿光催化降解甲基橙的效率(67. 2%)要高于合成针铁矿(50. 6%),表明天然针铁矿具有更好的光催化活性。天然针铁矿相较于合成材料而言具有储量高、价格低、光响应范围宽广等特点,研究结果可为进一步拓展其在材料领域的应用提供理论基础。     

载锆玉米秸秆生物炭的结构表征及磷吸附效果

以玉米秸秆为原料,利用氧氯化锆浸渍-限氧热解法制备一种新型的载锆生物炭阴离子吸附剂.采用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和比表面积测定(BET-N₂)等手段,对空白生物炭(BC)及载锆生物炭(Zr-BC)的形貌、组成及结构进行表征.结果表明:热解后的生物炭表面形貌粗糙,均发育有裂纹和蜂窝状大孔结构;与BC相比,Zr-BC比表面积和平均孔径都有降低,且表面元素含C量大幅降低,含O量显著增加,Zr质量分数达到15.7%;Zr-BC表面主要官能团有羟基(-OH)、羧基(-COOH)、锆羟基氧化物等,构成吸附性能的结构基础;当pH值为2时,Zr-BC对磷酸盐吸附效果最显著,符合Freundlich等温吸附线模型.通过多种阴离子混合吸附测试发现,Zr-BC对水中磷酸盐有较高吸附量,且选择性较高.     

金属基纳米材料表征和纳米结构调控

 介绍了金属基纳米材料的一些常用分析和表征技术,包括紫外光谱、X-射线衍射、X-射线光电子能谱分析、透射电子显微分析和扫描透射电子显微分析,并对基于湿化学法的金属基纳米材料结构的主要调控手段进行了粗浅的分类归纳。     

金刚石聚晶薄膜制备及其电子场的发射性能

微波等离子体化学气相沉积是制备微/纳米结构的方法之一,使用该方法在陶瓷衬底上制备微米金刚石聚晶材料薄膜。利用扫描电子显微镜表征了材料的表面形貌,单元尺寸一致,分布均匀。使用X射线衍射和拉曼光谱分析了薄膜的结构,测试了薄膜材料的电子场发射性能。数据表明:制备的薄膜材料开启电场为1.25V/μm,在2.55V/μm的电场下,其电子场发射电流密度达到6.3mA/cm2。