低m(Cr)/m(Fe)铬铁矿除铁工艺的实验研究

以南非铬铁矿为对象,在热力学分析的基础上,采用碳热还原法开展了低m(Cr)/m(Fe)铬铁矿除铁工艺的实验研究.结果表明:实验中铬铁矿选择性除铁的适宜温度为1 100℃左右,符合热力学计算结果.低于此温度时还原出的富铁相与基体分离不彻底,难以结瘤析出;高于此温度时尖晶石相中的铬元素还原严重,影响铬的回收率.在1 100℃还原0.5 h并经酸浸处理后,铬铁矿可由化工级提升至冶金级,在相同温度下还原2 h后,m(Cr)/m(Fe)可由1.7提高至5.8,为实现低m(Cr)/m(Fe)铬铁矿的高效利用提供了新思路.     

奥贝球铁的耐磨性能与机制

本文测试了不同合金元素加入量、经不同等温淬火工艺处理的奥贝球铁磨粒磨损性能，研究了其磨粒磨损机制，发现在低应力的疲劳磨粒磨损条件下，奥贝球铁以切削机制磨损，通过减少合金元素镍加入量、降低奥氏体化温度和等温淬火温度，都使得奥贝球铁的磨粒磨损性能提高。     

半固态过共晶高铬铸铁的冲击及磨损性能研究

通过倾斜冷却体法制备了组织中初生碳化物明显细化的半固态过共晶高铬铸铁,其冲击韧性值较常规过共晶高铬铸铁试样提高了大约1倍以上;以常规亚共晶高铬铸铁为标样进行三体磨料磨损试验,结果表明半固态过共晶高铬铸铁与常规过共晶高铬铸铁的相对耐磨性分别比亚共晶高铬铸铁提高了32%和49%.对半固态过共晶高铬铸铁试样的微观分析表明,组织中存在大量的缩松,这对于半固态高铬铸铁韧性、硬度及耐磨性的提高产生了不利的影响,减少或消除缩松对于进一步提高半固态过共晶高铬铸铁的性能具有重要意义.     

隧道窑工艺处理不锈钢除尘灰的实验研究

利用隧道窑工艺对宝钢不锈钢除尘灰进行处理．该工艺过程是将焦粉（添加量为除尘灰质量的35％）外置在除尘灰周围,并添加三种不同比例的铁鳞,在碳化硅罐中还原42h,还原温度为1200℃．研究表明：该工艺条件能够实现不锈钢除尘灰的烧结,且通过加入铁鳞（添加量为除尘灰质量的20％）可以经济有效地提高烧结物的强度;铁鳞的加入提高了铁品位,但会降低镍、铬品位．针对金属化球团中镍、铬的金属化率难以检测出的情况,提出了一种金属还原率的估测方法,并将其应用到本实验中,得出在隧道窑工艺条件下铁和镍的金属化率分别为92．55％和97．83％,铬的金属化率最少可达到35．5％．     

等温淬火球墨铸铁在销——环法试验条件下的滑动磨损

用销环法研究了奥贝球铁与下贝球铁及具有奥贝组织与下贝组织的一种对比钢的滑动磨损性能，采用的载荷为1－20kgf，速度为0.61-1.54m/s。根据实验结果讨论了奥贝球铁与下贝球铁在不同条件下的磨损行为，得出了一个与传统观点不同的结论：等温淬火球铁中的石墨不利于耐磨性。获得的另一结论是：在描述或比较材料的耐磨性时，除磨损率外，单位载荷的磨损率与转折载荷都是重要的。     

熔模铸造高铬铸铁抛丸器叶片耐磨性

以正交试验法研究高铬铸铁抛丸器叶片最佳热处理工艺参数,通过添加微量钒元素及纳米WC/TiC颗粒,改善高铬铸铁件的耐磨性并提高使用寿命,取得了初步的成效。试验结果发现：当淬火保温时间3 h、回火温度450 ℃、回火时间2 h、叶片硬度60 HRC时,耐磨性最好;微量钒元素和纳米WC/TiC颗粒的加入,可细化叶片微观组织,改变碳化物形貌,使叶片耐磨性提高30%。研究结果表明,优化热处理工艺和添加特殊成分可提高高铬叶片的耐磨性,提高综合效益。     

渗硼对球墨铸铁组织和耐磨性能的影响

为了提高球墨铸铁件的使用性能和使用寿命,对球墨铸铁进行了固体渗硼处理实验。利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪分析了渗硼层的厚度和渗硼层的组织,并测定了渗硼层的显微硬度,研究了渗硼对球墨铸铁耐磨性的影响。结果表明：球墨铸铁经渗硼处理后,其渗硼层由Fe2B单相组成,渗硼层呈齿状嵌入基体中。渗硼层的厚度随时间延长而增加。球墨铸铁经渗硼处理可获得较高的表面硬度,可达6.49 GPa。渗硼处理能明显改善球墨铸铁的耐磨性,是球墨铸铁的相对耐磨性的2.45倍。     

奥贝球铁的无润滑滑动磨损机制

研究了一种铜钼奥贝球铁在按触应力下与GCr15钢对磨时的无润滑滑动磨损。结果表明当载荷小于98N时,奥贝球铁比GCr15耐磨。磨损过程中的形变诱发马氏体相变是这种材料具有良好耐磨性的重要原因。观察到了轻微磨损向剧烈磨损的转化。轻微磨损的机制是氧化磨损与分层机制;而脱层与分层机制则为造成剧烈磨损的原因。     

Influence of vanadium and chromium additions on the wear resistance of a gray cast iron

A low-alloy gray cast iron containing hard carbide-forming elements, such as vanadium and chromium, was cast by sand mould casting. Its wear resistance was compared with that of an untreated gray cast iron. Three different loading conditions were tested under a constant speed. It was observed that this alloy could reduce the wear loss of standard gray cast iron by up to 89%, which was much greater than what was achieved in previous reports. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the predominant wear mechanism of both the alloys. In a mild wear regime, the oxidative mechanism was predominant; however, in a severe wear regime, this mechanism was not predominant and the adhesive mechanism was involved. EDX analysis was conducted to evaluate the quantitative amounts of elements in the tribochemical films formed on the wear tracks.     

硼铬合金铸铁磨辊的研制

采用正交试验法探讨了硼、铬、铜和磷诸元素对白口铸铁冲击韧性、硬度和耐磨性的影响。在此基础上研制出一种硼铬低合金铸铁,用于面粉机磨辊生产,显著地提高了磨辊的耐磨性,延长了使用寿命。以硼、铬取代镍、钼合金还可使磨辊的生产成本有所降低。     

珠光体基球墨铸铁的无润滑滑动磨损

在较大载荷与速度范围内(3～20kgf,0.25～7.5m/s)用销盘法研究了含铜、钼珠光体基球墨铸铁的无润滑滑动磨损特性。研究结果表明这种材料在一定载荷下,随着摩擦速度的增大,出现两个轻微磨损区和两个剧烈磨损区。在第二个轻微磨损区中,摩擦表面形成了高硬度的白亮层。与前人观点不同,认为白亮层不是使试样具有高耐磨性的原因,此时的低磨损率是由于摩擦热使试样表面升温到临界点以上并发生了氧化所致。根据实验结果绘制了这种材料的磨损图。     

钒对中铬白口铸铁组织和性能的影响

研究了钒对中铬白口铸铁的组织与性能的影响.采用SEM与EDS对试样进行了组织与成分分析,并测定了试样的冲击韧性、硬度等力学性能.结果表明:随着V含量的增加,中铬白口铸铁的组织得到细化,冲击韧性得到改善;当V的加入量增加至4%(质量分数)时,基体上弥散分布大量VC颗粒,使得材料有潜在的良好的耐磨性能.     

铬铁矿的还原焙烧与磁选分离

以南非铬铁矿为原料,以潞安煤粉为还原剂,进行了铬铁矿粉还原焙烧与磁选分离实验。借助扫描电镜、能谱分析和X射线衍射分析,对碳热还原和磁选分离过程中的物相变化进行了系统研究。实验发现,当温度低于1 200℃时,铬铁矿仅发生少量铁氧化物的还原,当温度高于1 300℃时,铬铁矿中铬氧化物开始被还原成碳化铬。随着还原反应的不断进行,铬铁尖晶石结构逐渐发生转变并被破坏。在本实验条件下,铬铁矿较为适宜的预处理温度为1 200℃,此温度下的还原产物磁选后,磁选产物几乎全部为金属铁,磁选所得尾渣的除铁率为46%,铬的收得率为80%,w(Cr2O3)/w(ΣFe O)值高达3.75。研究工作对于铬铁矿预处理工艺的设计开发及低品位铬铁矿的综合利用具有理论指导意义。     

离心铸造碳钢-高铬铸铁复合管有限元模拟研究

采用离心铸造的碳钢--高铬铸铁复合管界面达到了冶金结合.利用ANSYS有限元软件对复合管凝固过程外层及内外层温度场进行了模拟与分析.模拟结果表明:离心浇注外层20钢大约9 s后,铸件最低温度为1430℃,已经低于20钢固相线温度1490℃,由此可见,浇注间隔时间为9s时,可形成规则稳定的过渡层.当外层20钢的温度降至1350℃时,浇注高铬铸铁,大约30 s后,内层的温度已降至1257℃,低于高铬铸铁固相线温度,此时,内层熔体已经完全凝固.     

热处理对高铬铸铁组织和性能的影响

研究了不同热处理状态下高铬白口铸铁显微组织,探讨了热处理对高铬铸铁冲击韧性和硬度的影响,并确定了组织与性能的相关性。分别采用金相显微镜观察热处理后高铬铸铁显微组织,洛氏硬度计测定高铬铸铁的硬度,冲击试验机测定冲击韧性。结果表明：高铬铸铁随着淬火温度的升高,硬度先升后降,冲击韧性则相反。在1 000℃淬火空冷,并在400℃回火时,材料可以获得良好的综合力学性能。     

Effect of spheroidization of cementite in ductile cast iron

The research aims to provide an alternative to austempering treatment of ductile cast iron with a simple and cost-effective heat-treatment process. This goal was accomplished by applying a simple one-step spheroidization heat treatment to the as-cast ductile iron, which would normally possess a coarse pearlitic microstructure to a significant extent. Spheroidization experiments involving isothermal holding below the lower critical temperature(A1) were conducted followed by standard mechanical testing and microstructural characterization for an experimental ductile iron. After improving the spheroidization holding time at a given temperature, the work shows that the ductility and toughness of an as-cast ductile iron can be improved by 90% and 40%, respectively, at the cost of reducing the tensile strength by 8%. Controlled discretization of the continuous cementite network in pearlitic matrix of the ductile iron is deemed responsible for the improved properties. The work also shows that prolonged holding time during spheroidization heat treatment leads to degradation of mechanical properties due to the inhomogenous microstructure formation caused by heterogeneous decomposition and cementite clustering in the material. The main outcome of this work is the demonstration of ductile cast iron's necking behavior due to spheroidization heat treatment.     

粉末冶金制备的AISI 8620钢渗碳后的磨损和力学性能

The effect of carburization on the tensile strength and wear resistance of AISI 8620 steel produced via powder metallurgy was investigated. Alloys 1 and 2 (with 0.2wt% C and 0.25wt% C, respectively) were first pressed at 700 MPa and then sintered at 1300, 1400, or 1500°C for 1 h. The ideal sintering temperature of 1400°C was determined. Afterward, Alloys 1 and 2 sintered at 1400°C were carburized at 925°C for 4 h. The microstructure characterization of alloys was performed via optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical and wear behavior of carburized and noncarburized alloys were investigated via hardness, tensile, and wear tests. After carburization, the ultimate tensile strength of Alloys 1 and 2 increased to 134.4% and 138.1%, respectively. However, the elongation rate of Alloys 1 and 2 decreased to 62.6% and 64.7%, respectively. The wear depth values of Alloy 2 under noncarburized and carburized conditions and a load of 30 N were 231.2 and 100.1 μm, respectively. Oxidative wear changed to abrasive wear when the load transitioned from 15 to 30 N.     

由氢氧化铬渣制取工业氧化铬产品的工艺

针对氢氧化铬渣进行了无害化处理研究,考察了Na OH质量浓度、液固质量比、浸出温度、搅拌速率、浸出时间等条件对铬渣中Al的脱除率的影响.实验结果显示,在温度为100℃、Na OH质量浓度为150 g/L、液固质量比为7∶1、搅拌速率为400 r/min、浸出时间为3.5 h的条件下,铬渣中Al的浸出率可以达到92.69%.碱浸渣水洗脱碱后,在950℃条件下煅烧90 min,最终得到的产品中氧化铬的含量可达到97.23%,经过CIE L*a*b*表色体系测定,由铬渣制取的氧化铬产品偏绿,适用于工业用途.     

连续冷却淬火贝氏体球墨铸铁的断裂韧性

对抗磨贝氏体球墨铸铁的断裂韧性进行了较为深入的研究。通过两种不同尺寸试样的断裂韧性测定,研究试样尺寸因素对球墨铸铁断裂韧性的影响;通过开疲劳裂纹和线切割裂纹的对比试验,研究裂纹尖端的尖锐程度对球墨铸铁断裂韧性的影响;研究石墨球化质量对球墨铸铁断裂韧性的影响。研究结果表明,试样尺寸大小和开疲劳裂纹与否对球墨铸铁断裂韧性的影响不大,而球化质量则对球墨铸铁的断裂韧性有较大的影响,球化质量好的试样,其断裂韧性值高。     

Wear behavior of bainite ductile cast iron under impact load

The dry impact wear behavior of bainite ductile cast iron was evaluated under three different impact loads for 30000 cycles. The strain-hardening effects beneath the contact surfaces were analyzed according to the surfaces’ micro-hardness profiles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to observe the worn surfaces. The results indicated that the material with the highest hardness was the one continuously cooled at 20°C, which exhibited the lowest wear rate under each set of test conditions. The hardness of the worn surface and the thickness of the hardened layer increased with the increases in impact load and in the number of test cycles. The better wear performance of the sample cooled at 20°C is attributed to its finer microstructure and superior mechanical properties. All the samples underwent the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) phenomenon after impact wear, as revealed by the fact that small amounts of retained austenite were detected by XRD.