Effect of nano-sized precipitates on the crystallography of ferrite in high-strength strip steel

For strip steel with the thickness of 1.6 mm, the yield and tensile strengths as high as 760 and 850 MPa, respectively, were achieved using the compact strip production technology. Precipitates in the steel were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy to elucidate the strengthening mechanism. In addition, intragranular misorientation, Kernel average misorientation, and stored energy were measured using electron backscatter diffraction for crystallographic analysis of ferrite grains containing precipitates and their neighbors without precipitates. It is found that precipitates in specimens primarily consist of TiC and Ti₄C₂S₂. Ferrite grains containing precipitates exhibit the high Taylor factor as well as the crystallographic orientations with {012}, {011}, {112}, or {221} plane parallel to the rolling plane. Compared with the intragranular orientation of adjoining grains, the intragranular misorientation of grains containing precipitates fluctuates more frequently and more mildly as a function of distance. Moreover, the precipitates can induce ferrite grains to store a relatively large amount of energy. These results suggest that a correlation exists between precipitation in ferrite grains and grain crystallographic properties.     

回火温度对Q960钢析出物组织特征的影响

利用透射电镜、能谱仪(EDX)及多功能内耗仪系统地研究了在相同成分、轧制工艺、淬火工艺和不同回火温度条件下Q960钢组织中析出物的形态、分布和组成,给出了回火温度对析出物组织特征的影响规律.结果显示:回火温度低于400℃时,马氏体内固溶碳量下降趋势较剧烈;回火温度高于400℃时,马氏体内固溶碳量下降非常缓慢.此外,大量细小且平行析出的θ--碳化物溶解并最终被沿马氏体板条界析出的Cr的碳化物代替.随着回火温度的升高,Nb、V和Ti的复合碳氮化物长大,形状也由方形向椭圆形演变.     

NbC纳米析出相对低合金高强钢氢致开裂的影响研究

We investigated the effect of nanosized NbC precipitates on hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) of high-strength low-alloy steel by conducting slow-strain-rate tensile tests (SSRT) and performing continuous hydrogen charging and fracture analysis. The results reveal that the HIC resistance of Nb-bearing steel is obviously superior to that of Nb-free steel, with the fractured Nb-bearing steel in the SSRT exhibiting a smaller ratio of elongation reduction (I_δ). However, as the hydrogen traps induced by NbC precipitates approach hydrogen saturation, the effect of the precipitates on the HIC resistance attenuate. We speculate that the highly dispersed nanosized NbC precipitates act as irreversible hydrogen traps that hinder the accumulation of hydrogen at potential crack nucleation sites. In addition, much like Nb-free steel, the Nb-bearing steel exhibits both H-solution strengthening and the resistance to HIC.     

析出粒子对钛微合金化高强钢奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

通过析出粒子与奥氏体晶粒尺寸的定量关系,建立奥氏体晶粒长大模型,计算TiN和TiC析出粒子共同作用下钛微合金化钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸. 根据析出相质点理论计算结果表明:随着加热温度的升高,析出粒子体积分数逐渐减少,粒子半径逐渐增大,TiC粒子强烈阻止奥氏体晶粒长大,TiN粒子对奥氏体晶粒长大钉扎效果一般. 采用实验测试手段测量不同加热温度下保温30 min后实验钢的奥氏体晶粒尺寸,与理论计算结果吻合较好.     

Effect of nanosized Nb C precipitates on hydrogen-induced cracking of high-strength low-alloy steel

We investigated the effect of nanosized NbC precipitates on hydrogen-induced cracking(HIC) of high-strength low-alloy steel by conducting slow-strain-rate tensile tests(SSRT) and performing continuous hydrogen charging and fracture analysis. The results reveal that the HIC resistance of Nb-bearing steel is obviously superior to that of Nb-free steel, with the fractured Nb-bearing steel in the SSRT exhibiting a smaller ratio of elongation reduction(I_δ). However, as the hydrogen traps induced by NbC precipitates approach hydrogen saturation, the effect of the precipitates on the HIC resistance attenuate. We speculate that the highly dispersed nanosized NbC precipitates act as irreversible hydrogen traps that hinder the accumulation of hydrogen at potential crack nucleation sites. In addition, much like Nb-free steel, the Nb-bearing steel exhibits both H-solution strengthening and the resistance to HIC.     

含锡C--Mn钢中锡的析出相

利用扫描电镜/能谱仪和透射电镜表征了残余元素Sn在C--Mn钢中的存在形式,同时考察了热处理温度对含Sn析出相类型的影响.结果表明:Fe--5% Sn中Sn以第二相形式在晶界与晶内析出;Fe--1.5% Sn--0.2% S中Sn以第二相形式在直径2~4 μm的球形MnS夹杂物上异质析出.透射电镜分析和热处理实验结果表明:在Fe--5% Sn及Fe--1.5% Sn--0.2% S中MnS夹杂上析出的含Sn第二相结构为四方晶系的FeSn2相.     

电脉冲对P510L钢的影响

用不同的脉冲电流对P510L钢进行了孕育处理,研究了不同的电脉冲参数对其宏观组织和微观组织的影响.结果表明,将处理过的钢液在空气中冷却,晶粒明显得到了细化、枝晶大大减少,经过电脉冲处理后的P510L钢的珠光体形态发生了显著的变化,片层间距明显缩短.     

低碳微量铌钢过冷奥氏体形变过程中的碳氮化物析出

利用透射电镜研究了低碳微量铌钢过冷奥氏体形变过程中的碳氮化物析出,运用Gladman晶粒粗化机制讨论了析出相颗粒的平均直径、体积分数和铁素体晶粒尺寸的关系.实验结果表明:实验用钢中的微量Nb在1 200℃时完全固溶,并在760℃变形前的冷却过程中无Nb(CN)析出.在形变过程中Nb(CN)的析出同样需要孕育期,但与等温过程相比大大提前.当变形量积累到一定值(本实验条件下ε=0.69)时,大量动态析出的Nb(CN)颗粒弥散分布在晶界以及位错线上.Nb(CN)析出随着应变量的增加而增加,但颗粒长大不明显,计算得到的铁素体晶粒平均截径与实际测得的铁素体晶粒吻合得较好.     

Morphology and orientation relationship of VC precipitates in HSLA steel

The morphology and distribution of VC precipitates in HSLA steel as well as the orientation relationship between VC pre-cipitate and α-Fe were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chemical composition of the VC precipitate was analyzed qualitatively by using analytical electron microscopy (AEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) system. The VC precipitate is needle-like in shape with a size of about 10 nm in length and is homogeneously dispersed in the α-Fe matrix. The smaller lattice misfit along the <100> lattice direction of α-Fe matrix leads to VC precipitate forming with its long axes nearly parallel to the <100> lattice direction of α-Fe matrix. It is confirmed that the orientation relationship between VC precipitate and α-Fe is the “N-W” orientation relation by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns.     

基于纳米铁碳析出物的钢综合强化机理

简要叙述了关于钢强化机理的研究现状,用化学相分析+X射线小角散射、RTO方法及高分辨透射电镜对薄板坯连铸连轧钛微合金化高强耐候钢中纳米粒子的属性进行了综合分析。发现钛微合金化高强耐候钢中尺寸<36 nm的粒子,除纳米TiC以外,还存在大量的纳米Fe3C,其体积分数为同尺寸TiC体积分数的4.4倍,析出强化作用比纳米TiC粒子大,不可忽略;提出了钢的综合强化机理,指出对不同种类、不同尺寸的纳米析出粒子,应分别根据位错切割和位错绕过机理计算出析出强化贡献,然后与固溶强化和细晶强化贡献加和,求得钢的屈服强度;讨     

Precipitation behavior and martensite lath coarsening during tempering of T/P92 ferritic heat-resistant steel

Tempering is an important process for T/P92 ferritic heat-resistant steel from the viewpoint of microstructure control, as it facilitates the formation of final tempered martensite under serving conditions. In this study, we have gained deeper insights on the mechanism underlying the microstructural evolution during tempering treatment, including the precipitation of carbides and the coarsening of martensite laths, as systematically analyzed by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The chemical composition of the precipitates was analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results indicate the formation of M₃C (cementite) precipitates under normalized conditions. However, they tend to dissolve within a short time of tempering, owing to their low thermal stability. This phenomenon was substantiated by X-ray diffraction analysis. Besides, we could observe the precipitation of fine carbonitrides (MX) along the dislocations. The mechanism of carbon diffusion controlled growth of M₂₃C₆ can be expressed by the Zener’s equation. The movement of Y-junctions was determined to be the fundamental mechanism underlying the martensite lath coarsening process. Vickers hardness was estimated to determine their mechanical properties. Based on the comprehensive analysis of both the micro-structural evolution and hardness variation, the process of tempering can be separated into three steps.     

Nanoscale precipitates and comprehensive strengthening mechanism in AISI H13 steel

The effects of heat treatment on the precipitates and strengthening mechanism in AISI H13 steel were investigated. The results showed that the presence of nanoscale precipitates favorably affected grain refinement and improved the yield strength. The volume fraction of precipitates increased from 1.05% to 2.85% during tempering, whereas the average precipitate size first decreased then increased during tempering. Contributions to the yield strength arising from the various mechanisms were calculated quantificationally, and the results demonstrated that grain refinement and dislocation density most strongly influenced the yield strength. In addition, under the interaction of average size and volume fraction, precipitates’ contribution to the yield strength ranged from 247.9 to 378.5 MPa. Finally, a root-mean-square summation law of σ = σ_g + σ_s + (σ_d2 + σ_p2)1/2, where σ_g, σ_s, σ_d, and σ_p represent the contributions of fine-grain strengthening, solid-solution strengthening, dislocation strengthening, and precipitation strengthening, respectively, was confirmed as the most applicable for AISI H13 steel, which indicates a strong link between precipitates and dislocations in AISI H13 steel.     

Mechanical properties and characteristics of nanometer-sized precipitates in hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel

The microstructures and properties of hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel have been investigated by optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and tensile tests after isothermal transformation from 600℃ to 700℃ for 60 min. It is found that the strength of the steel decreases with the increment of isothermal temperature, whereas the hole expansion ratio and the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries increase. A large amount of nanometer-sized carbides were homogeneously distributed throughout the material, and fine (Ti, Mo)C precipitates have a significant precipitation strengthening effect on the ferrite phase because of their high density. The nanometer-sized carbides have a lattice parameter of 0.411–0.431 nm. After isothermal transformation at 650℃ for 60 min, the ferrite phase can be strengthened above 300 MPa by precipitation strengthening according to the Ashby-Orowan mechanism.     

Roles of titanium-rich precipitates as inoculants during solidification in low carbon steel

The effect of titanium on the as-cast structure and the growth form of titanium precipitates, and the effect of cooling rate on the size and distribution of titanium precipitates were studied. It is shown that Ti-rich precipitates acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites play an important role in refining the grain size and increasing the equiaxed grain ratio. Cooling rate has a great effect on the size and distribution of precipitates. The number of precipitates increases and the size decreases with the increase of cooling rate. Ti-rich particles acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites at the onset of solidification are observed in the experiment. This result suggests that TiN nucleated on Ti₂O₃ is an effective inoculant for δ-ferrite during solidification in low carbon steel.     

T92/Super304H异种钢焊接接头服役前后力学变化及其寿命评估

火电机组中过热器,再热器等部件需应用到异种钢焊接接头来满足不同环境的需求,这要求材料具有更高的耐高温腐蚀性能、屈服极限以及抗拉强度,而服役造成的老化会很大程度影响焊接件的性能,进而影响其寿命。为了研究服役对于异种钢焊接接头T92/Super304H的力学性能的影响。通过在610℃高温状态下,对已服役和未服役的焊接接头进行了不同加载速率的拉伸试验,获得了应力应变曲线及拟合曲线,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了断口形貌。在相同温度下,对试样加载不同应力进行蠕变试验,获得了焊接接头的本构方程和蠕变寿命预测模型,分析了其断裂原因。结果表明：已服役和未服役的焊接接头高温拉伸时断裂均发生在T92侧(T92热影响区),试样有明显的颈缩;材料的初始应力值越大,蠕变寿命越短;随着初始应力水平的增加,蠕变应变速率变化加快;寿命预测拟合曲线和实际的蠕变试验一致。     

一种基于P2P模式的普适服务发现的策略

为了提高普适环境下的服务发现效率,基于P2P(peer-to-peer)网络模式提出了一种新的服务发现策略.基本做法是借鉴chord算法的环状拓扑结构及其采用的分布式哈希表(distributed hashing table,DHT)算法,将位于环上的各节点维护的指针表通过计算后删除冗余节点,加入相应的远程索引.远程节点的加入是为了构建small-world网络.与一些已经提出的采用随机选取远程连接节点的算法不同,本文将通过本地节点的计算来选取远程节点,保证加入远程连接节点后使服务发现的范围覆盖整个网络,而其指针表长度不变.通过仿真证明了该算法能有效减小服务发现的路径长度,提高服务发现成功率,将服务发现路径长度控制在O(log2N)数量级.     

Effects of precipitates and inclusions on the fracture toughness of hot rolling X70 pipeline steel plates

In order to investigate the fracture toughness, crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) experiments were conducted on two X70 pipeline steel plates with different rolling processes. After the experiments, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to observe the microstructure and fracture morphology. The effects of precipitates on the fracture toughness and the crack initiation mechanism induced by inclusions were analyzed. The CTOD result shows that the steel with a lower finishing cooling temperature has a higher fracture toughness. Inclusions with different shapes and two kinds of precipitates with different sizes were observed. It can be concluded that precipitates with different sizes have different effects and mechanisms on the fracture toughness. Distinguished from the earlier researches, inclusions enriched in silicon can be also served as the crack initiation.     

电磁场对Al-Mg/Al-Si复合界面析出相的影响

为了给液固相复合界面控制提供理论支持,研究了在电磁离心铸造复合轧辊中电磁场对液固相双金属复合界面的影响.采用离心铸造法制备Al-Mg/Al-Si双金属复合管,在液固相复合过程中施加电磁场,并利用扫描式电子显微镜、 X射线衍射、电子探针微区分析的方法分析复合界面.结果表明:与未施加磁场时相比,施加磁场后界面区域内的物相组成没有发生变化,但是界面内新析出的初生Mg2Si相尺寸显著减小,边角钝化,并且在径向上共晶Mg2Si相与初生Mg2Si相的分布更加趋于均匀.     

预处理组织对低碳钢IQ&P工艺下组织及性能影响

采用γ单相区和γ+α双相区轧制并淬火工艺以及双相区再加热-淬火-碳配分( IQ&P)工艺,研究预处理组织对低碳钢室温状态多相组织特征及力学性能的影响规律. 实验用低碳钢经两种工艺轧制并淬火处理,获得马氏体和马氏体+铁素体的预处理组织,再经双相区IQ&P工艺处理后均获得多相组织. 马氏体预处理钢的室温组织由板条状亚温铁素体、块状回火马氏体以及一定比例的针状未回火马氏体和8. 2%的针状残余奥氏体组成;马氏体+铁素体预处理钢由板条状亚温铁素体、块状和针状未回火马氏体以及14. 3%的短针状或块状残余奥氏体组成. 在相同的双相区IQ&P工艺参数下,预处理组织为马氏体的钢抗拉强度为770 MPa,伸长率为28%,其强塑积为21560 MPa·%;而预处理组织为马氏体+铁素体的钢抗拉强度为834 MPa,伸长率增大到36. 2%,强塑积达到30190 MPa·%,获得强度与塑性的优良结合.     

结晶器内钢液流速对IF钢宽板坯表层夹杂物分布的影响

对BOF-RH-CC生产Ti-IF钢宽板坯的表层夹杂物进行研究.采用非水溶液电解法从钢中分离夹杂物,并用SEM/EDS分别对其形貌和成分进行检测,获得典型夹杂物的分布规律.通过测定钢坯不同部位的枝晶偏角,计算结晶器中钢液的流速,并用软件进行模拟比较.结果表明,实际最大流速为模拟结果的1.93倍,边缘部位钢液流速与模拟的结果基本符合;随着钢液流速的下降,铸坯表层夹杂 物平均直径增大了 9.5%.