V、Ta微合金化12Cr低活性F/M钢的优化设计

采用Thermo-Calc热力学模拟计算与实验相结合的方法,优化设计了一种V、Ta微合金化的低活性F/M钢12Cr3WVTa,经1 050℃水淬及780℃回火后对其显微组织及析出相进行光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察以及能谱分析.实验钢淬火回火后显微组织由回火马氏体和少量δ铁素体相组成,析出相主要为M23C6和MX相(M=V,Ta;X=C,N),其中M23C6主要分布于回火马氏体板条界和相界,而MX弥散析出于回火马氏体板条内以及δ铁素体内.实验钢室温和高温(600℃)拉伸力学性能良好,600℃下材料抗拉强度为507 MPa,屈服强度为402 MPa,满足超临界水冷堆用包壳管的拉伸性能要求.     

Precipitation behavior and martensite lath coarsening during tempering of T/P92 ferritic heat-resistant steel

Tempering is an important process for T/P92 ferritic heat-resistant steel from the viewpoint of microstructure control, as it facilitates the formation of final tempered martensite under serving conditions. In this study, we have gained deeper insights on the mechanism underlying the microstructural evolution during tempering treatment, including the precipitation of carbides and the coarsening of martensite laths, as systematically analyzed by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The chemical composition of the precipitates was analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results indicate the formation of M₃C (cementite) precipitates under normalized conditions. However, they tend to dissolve within a short time of tempering, owing to their low thermal stability. This phenomenon was substantiated by X-ray diffraction analysis. Besides, we could observe the precipitation of fine carbonitrides (MX) along the dislocations. The mechanism of carbon diffusion controlled growth of M₂₃C₆ can be expressed by the Zener’s equation. The movement of Y-junctions was determined to be the fundamental mechanism underlying the martensite lath coarsening process. Vickers hardness was estimated to determine their mechanical properties. Based on the comprehensive analysis of both the micro-structural evolution and hardness variation, the process of tempering can be separated into three steps.     

T122铁素体耐热钢析出相热力学模拟计算

采用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件,对T122铁素体耐热钢钒含量变化对平衡析出相及A3、A4点的影响进行了研究.结果表明,T122钢的主要平衡析出相为M23C6、MX和Laves相.当钒质量分数在0.15%以下时,将析出极少量的Z相,且其随着钒含量的增加析出量呈直线下降;当钒质量分数在0.28%以上时,将析出两种不同的MX相,随着钒含量的增加MN相的比例下降,而M(C,N)相的比例增加.钒含量的变化对M23C6和Laves相的影响甚小.钒作为封闭奥氏体元素,增加钒含量,铁素体与奥氏体的转变区域将变小.     

低活化铁素体/马氏体钢的增强机理研究进展

This review summarizes the strengthening mechanisms of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels. High-angle grain boundaries, subgrain boundaries, nano-sized M₂₃C₆, and MX carbide precipitates effectively hinder dislocation motion and increase high-temperature strength. M₂₃C₆ carbides are easily coarsened under high temperatures, thereby weakening their ability to block dislocations. Creep properties are improved through the reduction of M₂₃C₆ carbides. Thus, the loss of strength must be compensated by other strengthening mechanisms. This review also outlines the recent progress in the development of RAFM steels. Oxide dispersion-strengthened steels prevent M₂₃C₆ precipitation by reducing C content to increase creep life and introduce a high density of nano-sized oxide precipitates to offset the reduced strength. Severe plastic deformation methods can substantially refine subgrains and MX carbides in the steel. The thermal deformation strengthening of RAFM steels mainly relies on thermo-mechanical treatment to increase the MX carbide and subgrain boundaries. This procedure increases the creep life of TMT(thermo-mechanical treatment) 9Cr–1W–0.06Ta steel by ~20 times compared with those of F82H and Eurofer 97 steels under 550°C/260 MPa.     

Precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel

The precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that dendritic precipitates in the as-cast steel slabs precipitate mainly in grain boundaries, and these dendritic precipitates dissolve and re-precipitate to two kinds of carbonitrides: Ti- and Nb-rich (Ti, Nb)(C, N) carbonitrides during reheating. Four types of precipitates mainly exist in the hot rolled plate: Ti-rich carbonitrides resulted from the dendritic carbonitrides undissolved during the reheating process; Ti-rich carbonitrides re-precipitated along austenite grain boundaries during the reheating process; NbC carbides mainly heterogeneously nucleated on the small pre-existing Nb-rich carbonitrides in the hot rolling process; and NbC carbides precipitated on dislocations during hot rolling.     

HB450低合金超高强耐磨钢组织与性能

在实验室条件下,设计了一种新型Ti-Cr-B系列HB450高韧性低合金超高强耐磨钢.研究了该类钢的基本特征、显微组织、析出物形态以及冷却速度对其组织和性能的影响.研究结果表明,试验钢具有良好的淬透性,在冷速大于20℃/s时即可获得大量的马氏体组织;试验钢在控制轧制后以950℃淬火,250～300℃回火时可获得细小均匀的回火马氏体+残余奥氏体组织,其布氏硬度达到450左右,具有良好的强韧性配合,满足HB450低合金耐磨钢性能要求;透射电镜分析表明,在250℃回火时,大量ε-FexC在马氏体板条内析出,该类碳化物对试验钢的强化起着极其重要的作用.     

Coarsening behavior of MX carbonitrides in type 347H heat-resistant austenitic steel during thermal aging

In this work, the growth kinetics of MX (M = metal, X = C/N) nanoprecipitates in type 347H austenitic steel was systematically studied. To investigate the coarsening behavior and the growth mechanism of MX carbonitrides during long-term aging, experiments were performed at 700, 800, 850, and 900℃ for different periods (1, 24, 70, and 100 h). The precipitation behavior of carbonitrides in specimens subjected to various aging conditions was explored using carbon replicas and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. The corresponding sizes of MX carbonitrides were measured. The results demonstrates that MX carbonitrides precipitate in type 347H austenitic steel as Nb(C,N). The coarsening rate constant is time-independent; however, an increase in aging temperature results in an increase in coarsening rate of Nb(C,N). The coarsening process was analyzed according to the calculated diffusion activation energy of Nb(C,N). When the aging temperature was 800–900℃, the mean activation energy was 294 kJ·mol-1, and the coarsening behavior was controlled primarily by the diffusion of Nb atoms.     

高碳马氏体不锈钢8 Cr13 MoV钢铸态组织及碳化物

利用Thermo-Calc软件对8Cr13MoV马氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行计算,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析仪对铸态组织和碳化物形貌以及类型进行观察与分析,利用Gleeble热模拟试验机测定材料的静态连续冷却转变曲线.结果表明,8Cr13MoV在平衡凝固条件下组织为铁素体和M23 C6型碳化物,而在实际的凝固条件下,组织为铁素体、马氏体、残余奥氏体、M7 C3型和M23 C6型碳化物,由于偏析导致最终组织中碳化物以M7 C3型为主,少量M23 C6以薄片或树枝状分布在晶界上.由于较高的C和Cr含量,以0.1℃·s-1的冷却速率冷却时,奥氏体也会发生马氏体转变.     

一种核级316LN钢的相图计算与微合金化设计

用热力学方法计算了一种核级316LN钢及其在Nb、V微合金化条件下的伪二元平衡相图,研究了不同温度下钢的平衡相组成。结果表明,316LN钢中的主要析出相为Cr2N、M23C6、和相,Nb微合金化316LN钢中会形成含C的MX,有望提高材料的力学性能和耐晶间应力腐蚀性能,V微合金化316LN钢中会形成VN,但对稳定C的作用不大。     

热轧态与回火态 AH80 DB 低碳贝氏体钢组织与冲击韧性

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对热轧态和回火态AH80DB低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织、马氏体/奥氏体( M/A)岛、第二相的析出行为以及晶界取向差、有效晶粒尺寸进行研究,揭示回火后低碳贝氏体钢冲击韧性得到改善的原因.结果表明：两种试样的组织均由板条状贝氏体、粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体组成,其中回火态试样中针状铁素体组织较多.热轧态钢中存在较大尺寸M/A岛且呈方向性分布,大角度晶界比例占17.33%,有效晶粒尺寸为3.57μm;而回火态钢中M/A岛的尺寸较小,大角度晶界比例增加3.43%,有效晶粒尺寸减小0.56μm.热轧态钢中析出相主要是( Nb,Ti) C,尺寸在50~150 nm之间,回火态试样中析出较多细小的球状( Nb,Ti) C析出相,尺寸在10 nm左右.     

Mechanical properties and microstructure of 3D-printed high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel fabricated by laser melting deposition

The mechanical properties and microstructure of the 3D-printed high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel fabricated by the laser melting deposition technique was investigated using a material testing machine and electron microscopy. A microstructure investigation revealed that the samples consist of martensite laths, fine dispersed precipitates, and reverted austenite films at the martensite lath boundaries. The precipitates are enriched with Co and Mo. Because the sample tempered at 486℃ has smaller precipitates and a higher number of precipitates per unit area, it exhibits better mechanical properties than the sample tempered at 498℃. Although the 3D-printed samples have the same phase constituents as AerMet 100 steel, the mechanical properties are slightly worse than those of the commercial wrought AerMet 100 steel because of the presence of voids.     

回火温度对高Cr马氏体耐热钢组织与性能的影响

利用光学显微镜(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)及电子探针(EPMA)等手段,系统研究了不同回火温度下9%Cr马氏体耐热钢的组织及力学性能变化.结果表明:回火后位错网络化、析出相形态、板条马氏体破碎化等是影响力学性能变化的主要因素.正火并760℃回火后在室温和550℃条件下抗拉强度分别达到657和556MPa,0℃冲击功达到285J,此回火温度下实验钢具有最佳综合力学性能.700, 820,850℃回火,韧性大幅降低.高温服役条件下不发生粗化的MX相弥散分布在铁素体和马氏体中,与马氏体高温回复形成的亚稳态多边形结构有效提升耐热钢抗高温蠕变性能.     

节镍无磁不锈钢Cr18Ni6Mn3N的组织及性能

研究了节镍无磁不锈钢Cr18Ni6Mn3N的热轧及固溶后的力学性能和耐蚀性能,分析了其固溶和时效析出后的组织演变规律、冷变形过程中形变诱发马氏体相变及其磁性能.结果表明:该不锈钢的固溶组织为单相奥氏体,其力学性能和耐蚀性能均高于SUS304不锈钢;800℃保温4 h后,在晶界析出粒状氮化物,随着保温时间延长,逐渐沿晶界凸起片层状析出物并向晶内生长,保温20 h后,凸出的片层状析出物直径达20μm.冷轧压下率18.3%时尚未发现形变诱发马氏体组织,随着变形量增大,马氏体含量增多,磁导率上升,但与相同条件下的SUS304不锈钢相比,冷轧板固溶后相对磁导率可降至1.002,因此可用于低成本无磁不锈钢领域.     

钒对高铁制动盘钢中碳化物析出及力学性能的影响

随着列车时速不断提高,制动盘承受的热负荷不断增大,这对制动盘材料提出了更高的要求.为了提高制动盘钢的机械性能及耐热疲劳性,钒元素被添加到制动盘钢中.本文研究了不同淬火温度时V含量对Cr-Mo-V系制动盘钢组织及力学性能的影响,并通过Thermo-Calc热力学软件、碳复型、透射电镜、能谱分析等方法对不同V含量时析出相的演变规律进行研究.结果表明,增加钒含量使高温析出的V(C,N)含量增加,细化奥氏体晶粒和回火马氏体组织.淬-回火态析出相主要为V(C,N)、(Mo,V)C、M7 C3和M23 C6.随钒含量增加,大尺寸M23 C6和M7 C3的析出被抑制,对韧性损害降低;小尺寸(Mo,V)C含量增多,析出强化效果增强.淬火温度为880～900℃时,增加钒含量能细化马氏体和减少大尺寸碳化物,弥补了析出强化对韧性的损害,故冲击功变化不大.淬火温度为920～940℃时,提高钒含量促使(Mo,V)C量急剧增加,冲击功快速下降.实验钢淬火温度不应超过900℃.     

回火次数对P91焊管接头力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射分析、透射电镜、选区电子衍射及常温与高温拉伸试验等检测手段,基于不同回火次数下P91焊接接头显微组织的演化过程研究其对力学性能的影响.结果表明,随着回火次数的增多,接头显微组织主要保留了板条马氏体位向的回火索氏体,主要相为α-Fe相和Fe-Cr相,热影响区的室温及高温强度先增大后减小.在回火一次时,弥散析出的MX(M=V/Nb,X=C/N)型碳氮化物、位错缠结及亚稳态的位错网对接头有一定的析出强化及位错强化作用,其力学性能较佳,高温抗拉强度达最大值232.66MPa;随着回火次数进一步增多,离散分布的碳化物Cr23C6逐渐偏聚并在晶界处演化为串链状分布,使晶界脆化,强度降低,但韧性有所改善.     

固溶时效后高氮奥氏体不锈钢的物理化学相分析

采用物理化学相分析技术研究了高氮奥氏体不锈钢固溶时效后的碳、氮化物析出行为,确定了析出相的类型、粒度分布、含量及组成结构式.结果表明:氮含量低的1Cr22Mn15N0.6以M23C6型碳化物析出为主,氮含量高的1Cr22Mn15N0.9以(CrFe)2N1-x型氮化物析出为主,高氮奥氏体不锈钢中析出物的总量随时效时间的延长而增加.     

690MPa级海洋平台用特厚齿条钢的回火稳定性

研究了长时间回火(2,4和8h)对海洋平台用齿条钢A514 GrQ显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明,回火过程中,淬火态马氏体板条组织发生回复,C,Cr,Mo和V等元素扩散,析出MC,M₂C和M₂₃C₆型碳化物,回火2h后碳化物类型趋于稳定,并发生Ostwald熟化现象;随着回火时间的增加,实验钢的抗拉强度由淬火态的1100MPa逐渐降低到回火8h时的813MPa,屈服强度由淬火态的931MPa逐渐降低至回火8h时的725MPa;淬火态实验钢回火2h后,-60℃冲击功由淬火态的187J增加至238J,继续增加回火时间,冲击功趋于稳定,约为245J;延伸率由淬火态的15.2%增加至回火2h时的16.7%,并且随着回火时间的增加,升高至回火8h时的19.5%.实验钢在600℃回火2~8h过程中,具有良好的回火稳定性和强韧性匹配,最佳回火时间为2h.     

42 CrMoV紧固件用钢显微组织及夹杂物的分析

采用扫描电镜、扫描透射电子显微镜暗场成像、ASPEX 软件等研究分析42CrMoV 紧固件显微组织及夹杂物.42CrMoV紧固件基体组织为回火索氏体,基体组织仍保留着原来马氏体的形态,碳化物成排地在晶内和板条边界析出,并且晶界明显多于晶内析出；显微硬度HV0.2为330,奥氏体晶粒度(等级)为9级；夹杂物主要类型为MnS夹杂以及与MnS和CAS有关的复合夹杂物,主要夹杂物尺寸小于5μm,A、B、C、D和Ds夹杂物的等级基本都小于等于0.5级.     

Mechanical properties and characteristics of nanometer-sized precipitates in hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel

The microstructures and properties of hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel have been investigated by optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and tensile tests after isothermal transformation from 600℃ to 700℃ for 60 min. It is found that the strength of the steel decreases with the increment of isothermal temperature, whereas the hole expansion ratio and the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries increase. A large amount of nanometer-sized carbides were homogeneously distributed throughout the material, and fine (Ti, Mo)C precipitates have a significant precipitation strengthening effect on the ferrite phase because of their high density. The nanometer-sized carbides have a lattice parameter of 0.411–0.431 nm. After isothermal transformation at 650℃ for 60 min, the ferrite phase can be strengthened above 300 MPa by precipitation strengthening according to the Ashby-Orowan mechanism.     

长期高温时效12Cr1MoV钢中碳化物组织结构

12Cr1MdV低合金耐热钢在540℃运行20万h后，材料中碳化物的组织结构发生显著变化．研究结果表明：材料中大量的碳化物沿晶界析出并聚集粗化，析出的碳化物主要为M23C6，同时存在少量的M6C，碳化物的沿晶界析出及其粗化是材料结构和性能发生恶化的主要原因；弥散的细小的富Ⅴ碳化物MC（V4C3）在铁素体晶体内沉淀析出，有助于12cr1MoV低合金耐热钢的性能和组织结构的稳定；珠光体组织中Fe3C发生球化和分解，但无明显聚集长大，并由原先的M3C型分解转变为MC型．