Variability and reduction of atmospheric pollutants in Beijing and its surrounding area during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Atmospheric Environment Monitoring Network was established by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The goals of the network were to monitor and provide warnings of the atmospheric quality in Beijing and its surrounding area during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. The results showed that the atmospheric complex pollution exhibited high concentrations of ozone and fine particles and oxidation in summer, with a ubiquitous regional source. The regional mean concentrations of SO₂, PM_2.5, NO₂, and O_{3_8h max} (the maximum daily 8 h mean) and O_x were 22±11, 90±40, 25±5, 136±35 and 112±21 μg/m³ in summer, respectively. During the Olympic Games, the mean concentration of SO₂, PM_2.5, NO_{2, O3_8h} max, and O_x were 12.5±4, 56±28, 23±4, 114±29, 95±17 μg/m³ in the region, respectively, and fell by 51.0%, 43.7%, 13%, 20.2%, and 18.9%, respectively, compared to the prophase mean before the Olympic Games. The concentration of atmospheric pollutants declined significantly and achieved the “Green Olympics” control goal of air quality. After the Olympic Games, SO₂, PM_2.5 and NO_x increased significantly as the temporary atmospheric pollution control measures were terminated.     

Change of NO<Subscript>2</Subscript> column density over Beijing from satellite measurement during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games

The effect of the air quality ensuring measures for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games in reducing air pollution during the game period is assessed using the tropospheric NO₂ column density retrieved from Ozone Monitoring Instrument onboard AURA satellite. The basic method of the assessment is the comparison of the NO₂ column densities during the game period with that during the corresponding period of 2005−2007 for the Beijing area, and the comparison among Beijing and neighbouring cities Tianjin and Tangshan, which are of similar situation in air pollution of NO₂ in recent years. The images of tropospheric NO₂ column densities over Northern China during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games show the remarkable effect of the air quality ensuring measures in reducing NO₂ pollution: the tropospheric NO₂ column density in Beijing is much lower than that in Tianjin and Tangshan, while there were very similar values in the three large cities during the same period of the last three years. About 40% reduction in tropospheric NO₂ column density over the Beijing area is obtained from the assessment during July to August, 2008, a key period of air quality ensuring measures for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.     

两种植被屋面降雨期间调峰控污效能分析

为了解植被屋面的调峰控污效能,重新定义了植被屋面运行效能的评估标准,根据《屋顶绿化设计规范》构建了2个植被屋面（麦冬屋顶和接骨草屋顶）,并进行了测试研究。结果表明,麦冬屋顶可延缓降雨产流25~48 min,消减降雨径流40%~58%,而接骨草屋顶则可延缓降雨产流60~130 min,消减降雨径流54%~80%。除磷酸盐外,2个植被屋面对亚硝酸盐、氨氮、总磷、COD、总氮和硝酸盐的污染负荷的消减率可分别达到95.1%~98.6%、87.2%~93%、72.4%~83%、76%~81.8%、68.7%~78.     

局部大气污染对温室效应影响的理论分析

依据大气污染的构成(如CO2、CH4、NyOx、CF3SF5、氟氯碳化物等)，系统分析了汉江上游的大气环境污染对汉中区域温室效应的直接影响因素、间接影响因素。结合汉中区域的地理特点，讨论了地理环境对汉中区域温室效应的影响。通过对汉中的天气情况进行调查，论证了温室效应与季节的相关性。     

阜新市大气污染现状评价

阜新市是以煤炭为主要能源的城市,燃煤加重了大气污染问题.本文采用API空气污染指数法对阜新市1996-2000年大气污染状况进行了评价,分析了污染现状、污染变化的趋势和原因,指出了首要污染物和次要污染物.同时运用综合指数法对2000年阜新市各功能区的大气质量也进行了评价,分析了各功能区的污染现状和污染原因,并提出了解决阜新市大气污染问题的对策.     

应用人工神经网络法预报空气污染指数

基于人工神经网络的多目标综合评价方法,预报城市空气污染指数,在传统的预测理论和方法的基础上找到了一个新的途径,确定了基于BP神经网络的预测模型的结构和算法,并结合实例进行了实证分析,取得一定效果。     

公共汽车内空气中细菌污染的调查

在市区范围，选择某一条线路公共汽车，调查其运行途中空气污染细菌的现状，结果发现：A11月(冬季)污染细菌的浓度最高(23 455个／m^3)，比对照高出25倍，A17月(夏季)细菌污染浓度有所下降，5685个／m^3，比对照只高出7．5倍。因此人口密集(5人／m^2)、空气不流通是造成空气污染的主要原因。     

平顶山市空气污染预报研究

用污染潜势指数和污染浓度指数等方法结合平顶山市天气气候特点及污染源分布状况,建立了适宜24小时的空气污染浓度指数预报.为平顶山市空气污染预报提供了一种很好的方法.     

城市交通路口污染特征及控制对策研究

通过对交通路口的污染物浓度、车流量和气象要素的调查和监测，研究了污染物的特征及其与交通流量和气象因子的对应关系。结果表明：（１） 车流量随时间变化明显。路口的车流量以出租车占的比例最大。（２） 污染物浓度与车流量有较为密切的关系。ＮＯｘ 、ＣＯ、ＴＳＰ噪声与车流量的相关系数分别为０ ．４８３５５ 、０ ．７９００５１ 、０ ．６４３７９２ 、０ ．５３６８２ ，受温度影响不大。（３） 交通噪声随车流量增大，声级值也相应增大，影响交通噪声的实质因素是机动车的车速和车间距。     

Localized 3D-structural features of dynamic-chemical processes of urban air pollution in Beijing winter

The Beijing City Air Pollution Observation Field Experiment (BECAPEX) is described with emphases on the “point-surface” research approach and composite analysis. The analysis results of measurements from four observation sites across the Beijing urban area from January to March indicate that the overall impact of urban emission sources in the heating season is significant, and the staggered impact of urban emission sources has different features at observation sites over different parts of Beijing in both heating and non-heating seasons. The pollutants NOx, SO2 and CO in the urban boundary layer have the in-phase variation features over a large area. 03 concentrations at different sites have the same variation trend but its change is reversed phases with above pollutants. The pollutants over the urban area in heating and non-heating seasons also have the synchronous variation trend. The comprehensive sounding of BECAPEX indicates that pollutants and aerosol verticalprofiles are closely correlated to the vertical structure of the large-scale inversion layer in the urban boundary layer over the urban area. The localized 3D-structural features of local urban polluting processes associated with the peripheral areas are discussed with a “point-surface” comprehensive sounding technique.     

北京市大气污染物与呼吸系统疾病入院人数的时间序列

为评价北京市空气污染对居民呼吸系统疾病急诊就诊人数的影响,采用基于时间序列的半参广义相加模型,在控制了长期趋势、"星期几效应"及气象因子等混杂因素的影响后,分析2009-2011年北京市空气污染物与呼吸系统疾病入院人数的暴露—反应关系,并按上呼吸道感染(上感)和下呼吸道感染(下感)分层建立模型.结果表明,污染物有一定的滞后效应,NO_2在当天或滞后2 d,SO_2在滞后2 d,PM_(10)在滞后2 d或4 d使得呼吸系统疾病急诊就诊人数的相对危险度(RR)值达到最大,其中SO2、NO2和PM_(10)浓度每增加10μg/m~3,对应的呼吸系统疾病全人群的RR值及95%置信区间(CI)分别为:1.0114(95%CI:1.0077~1.0183),1.021 3(95%CI:1.0150~1.021 3)和1.011 3(95%CI:1.0049~1.0173).同时还发现,大气污染物对上感的影响比下感明显.     

成都市城区空气污染指数的时间序列分析

根据成都市城区2001～2005年的大气污染监测资料,获取和分析成都市空气污染指数.采用时间序列分析方法,对空气污染指数建立自回归滑动平均模型模拟实测的空气污染指数,并对模拟结果进行了检验.结果表明:成都市空气污染状况具有夏季较好、其他季节较差的季节性变化规律.采用时间序列分析大气污染状况是可行性的.     

规模化养殖场污染治理措施的效果分析

分别采样监测了存栏量1600头的生猪养殖场在污染治理措施处理前后排放的废气、废水和固体废物等污染物。结果显示在治理措施处理前,锅炉废气中的烟尘、二氧化硫和二氧化氮等浓度分别为1217.94 mg/m3、76.28 mg/m3和163.46 mg/m3。处理后,分别为131.64 mg/m3、35.16 mg/m3和163.46 mg/m3。恶臭气体在处理前,NH3和H2S强度分别为8.3 kg/h和1.28 kg/h,处理后,分别为1.1 kg/h和0.17 kg/h,强度均显著降低。废水在处理前,CODcr、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、TP以及粪大肠菌群数分别为4202 mg/L、1681 mg/L、1261 mg/L、462 mg/L、33 mg/L、256 21个/mL。处理后,分别为320mg/L、130 mg/L、126 mg/L、64 mg/L、3 mg/L、943个/mL,浓度均显著降低。固体废物方面,通过堆肥工艺处理猪粪、采取安全井填埋措施处理病死猪只、利用林地施肥处理沼渣,实现了固体废物的减量化和无害化。在采取污染治理措施后,污染治理效果明显,对今后同类型养殖场具有参考价值。     

大气环境影响预测系统

利用计算机可视化技术，结合一定的数学模型，对预建工程的有关数据进行处理，从而可以测出该项工程建成后对大气环境造成的影响.可为决策者合理地安排工程规模提供一定的依据.     

空气污染与呼吸系统疾病发病率的关系分析

基于2013年1月至2018年12月重庆市某医院45 380个呼吸系统疾病确诊病例的微观数据,使用该医院多种呼吸系统疾病确诊量作为呼吸系统疾病发病率的代理变量,与中华人民共和国生态环境部公布的城市空气质量月度报告中的重庆市各类空气污染物的月均浓度指标进行匹配,使用计数数据泊松回归模型定量分析了城市空气质量与各类呼吸系统疾病发病率之间的统计关系。研究发现:空气污染是呼吸系统疾病发病的重要诱因,PM_(2.5)月均质量浓度增加1μg/m~3,支气管哮喘、慢性支气管炎、上呼吸系统感染、社区获得性肺炎、肺气肿、慢性阻塞性肺疾病平均确诊病例数量将提高约0.2%至1.1%。     

近11年兰州空气污染特征及其边界层结构影响的分析

利用来自环保部门的空气污染资料,分析了近11年兰州市空气污染特征;结合气象地面和探空观测资料,分析了山谷地形条件下大气边界层结构对兰州空气污染的影响.结果是兰州近11年的空气污染有整体减轻趋势,但污染仍很严重,空气质量大多年份都达不到国家二级水平,污染物主要为可吸入颗粒物.严重污染时期集中在秋末、冬季和春季,秋冬季空气污染较稳定,主要受可高达1000 m的深厚稳定边界层影响,而春季空气污染指数标准偏差较大.11年空气污染指数的月平均次高峰出现在3月,相对以往研究提前了1个月.     

山区小气候对大气污染扩散的影响

根据武夷山脉及邵武市所处的地理位置,分析邵武市的气象特征,结果表明：在山区,由于大气各地局部增热（冷却）不均而发展起来的小规模的热力环流,也就是地形的热力作用所增强的山谷风环流,以及地形的动力作用对山谷风产生的犹流,均对大气污染的扩散有着紧密的关系。     

室内空气污染的来源及对策

目前 ,室内空气污染对人体健康产生的危害已引起人们的广泛关注。本文通过对造成室内空气污染来源的分析 ,提出防止室内空气污染的对策。     

从文化学视角看北京2008奥运会武术比赛

以文化学为视角，运用比较法、个案研究法分析了武术与奥林匹克的形成因素，梳理武术和奥运会的内部特征、精神实质以及价值取向．结论：武术与奥运会源于古代祭祀活动，与民族习性有关；两者运动形式不同，价值取向各异，但内部精神实质相似．建议：武术竞赛以民族化内养为根本，开创全球化发展新模式，从而促进中西文明的长期对话和交流．     

Foreshowing of the Western Pacific tropical cyclone track to PM10 air pollution episode in the Beijing area

By utilizing the air quality monitoring data and the NCEP reanalysis data, the relationship between the PM10 air pollution episode and synoptic situation is analyzed in the Beijing area. It is interesting to find that PM10 air pollution episode in and around the Beijing area is correlated with the Western Pacific tropical cyclone track to some extent, namely when a tropical cyclone lands southward to the Changjiang River, PM10 air pollution episode is not easy to take place generally in the Beijing area; but when a tropical cyclone moves northward and finally lands at the Korea Peninsula or the Japanese mainland, and under this condition the Beijing area is generally controlled by weak high or weak low for several days, PM10 air pollution episode often takes place in one day or several days. Above findings indicate that predicting the Western Pacific tropical cyclone track can foretell whether or not PM10 air pollution episode takes place in the Beijing area, which can offer a technique for urban air quality prediction and air pollution source management in the Beijing area. Supported by Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCZ2-YW-219) and Frontier Research of IAP of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 8-070204)