Studies on experimental ancylostomiasis: transfer of acquired immunity to Ancylostoma caninum in mice through sensitized thymus and bone marrow cells.

An attempt has been made to transfer acquired immunity to Ancylostoma caninum infective larvae from infected Swiss albino female mice to nonimmune, isologous recipients of same sex, through immunized thymus and bone marrow cells. Immunized cells from donors infected with a single high dose of 1000 larvae were found to be more immunocompetent than cells from donors infected with a single, but low dose of 500 larvae.     

Studies on experimental ancylostomiasis: Transfer of acquired immunity toAncylostoma caninum in mice through sensitized thymus and bone marrow cells

Summary An attempt has been made to transfer acquired immunity toAncylostoma caninum infective larvae from infected Swiss albino female mice to nonimmune, isologous recipients of same sex, through immunized thymus and bone marrow cells. Immunized cells from donors infected with a single high dose of 1000 larvae were found to be more immunocompetent than cells from donors infected with a single, but low dose of 500 larvae.Acknowledgment. We are indebted to Professor B. M. Sinha for providing facilities and to Council of Scientific and industrial Research, New Delhi for funds.     

Arginase expression in peritoneal macrophages and increase in circulating polyamine levels in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni

We investigated the nitric oxide (NO) synthase and arginase pathways in resident peritoneal macrophages of mice infected with the tropical parasite Schistosoma mansoni. The two enzymes may have opposite effects, insofar as NO may be involved in the killing of the parasite whereas arginase may stimulate parasite growth via polyamine synthesis. We determined the effects of the infection on the expression and activity of the two enzymes in macrophages, before and after cytokine activation. Cells from infected mice expressed the hepatic type I arginase, whereas in control cells, the enzyme was expressed only after cytokine activation, as were NO synthase II and type II arginase in both groups of cells. Moreover, we found that in infected mice, arginase expression in macrophages was associated with a ten fold increase in the concentration of circulating ornithine-derived polyamines. This may be of pathological importance, since parasitic helminths are though to be dependent on their hosts for the uptake and interconversion of polyamines. Received 13 March 2001; received after revision 4 May 2001; accepted 7 June 2001     

Hymenolepis nana: Transfer of acquired immunity in mice through sensitized peritoneal exudate cells

Summary Sensitized peritoneal exudate cells from syngeneic donor Swiss albino mice infected with single and repeated doses of viable eggs ofHymenolepis nana produced a significant adoptive immunity in test mice when compared with animals which received non-sensitized (normal) cells. No significant difference was observed among the 2 recipient groups which received singly or repeatedly sensitized peritoneal exudate cells.Acknowledgment. We thank Professor B. M. Sinha for providing facilities and to the University Grants Commission, New Delhi for financial assistance.     

Rejection of worm load through singly and repeatedly sensitized peritoneal exudate cells during experimental ancylostomiasis

Sensitized peritoneal exudate cells from Swiss albino mice donors infected with a single dose of 1000 A. caninum larvae could expel a challenge dose of 500 larvae from recipients at a faster rate when compared to cells from repeatedly infected (250 + 250 + 500) donors. However, at 36 h after challenge, the larval expulsion was almost the same in both the groups. Because of the bowel sensitization by the cells, some larvae (not expelled) in the 1st group, readily migrated into muscles where they met allergic immobilization and death due to infiltration of inflammatory cells and their exudates at these sites.     

Protective effect of Shigyaku-to,a traditional Chinese herbal medicine,on the infection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in mice

The antiviral activity of Shigyaku-to (TJS-109), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, was investigated in mice infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). TJS-109 is a combination of the medicinal plant extracts fromZingiberis siccatum rhizoma,Aconiti tuber andGlycyrrhizae radix in a specific proportion. Mice infected with a 10 LD₅₀ dose of HSV-1 were treated with TJS-109 orally at doses of 1.25 to 20 mg/kg 2 days before, and 1 and 4 days after the infection. The treated groups had 80% (1.25 mg/kg), 40% (5 mg/kg) and 23% (20 mg/kg) mortality rates 25 days after the infection as compared with a 100% mortality rate in control mice treated with saline. When HSV-1 infected mice (recipients) received CD8⁺T cell fractions derived from spleens of mice treated with TJS-109 (donors), 70% of recipients survived, as compared with 0% survivors in the groups of mice treated with saline, B cell fractions, CD4⁺ T cell fractions or macrophage-enriched fractions prepared from the same donors. TJS-109 did not show any virucidal activities against HSV-1 or any virostatic activities on the growth of HSV-1 in Vero cells. These results suggest that TJS-109 protected mice exposed to lethal amounts of HSV-1 through the activation of CD8⁺ T cells.     

RNA干扰CD133基因对结肠癌干细胞生物学行为的影响

目的探讨CD133基因表达、活化被阻断后对结肠癌干细胞生物学行为的影响。方法从EpcAMhighCD44＋结肠癌干细胞中流式分选获得CD133＋细胞,感染LV-CD133shRNA载体慢病毒后观察CD133＋结肠癌干细胞在生长方式、成球能力、克隆形成率、成瘤能力以及ABCC2mRNA的变化;Westernblot分析CD133-细胞中CD133蛋白表达情况。结果EpcAMhighCD44＋结肠癌干细胞中CD133＋细胞比例为89．2％。实验组经过LV-CD133shRNA载体病毒感染后,在干细胞养液中细胞改悬浮生长的方式为贴壁生长,不能形成细胞球。MTT法测定发现细胞增殖减慢,克隆形成率明显下降。将感染细胞移植在Balb／C裸鼠体内,在观察期间,感染LV—CD133shRNA载体病毒的CD133＋细胞无肿瘤形成。ABCG2mRNA表达水平明显降低（P〈0．01）。从EpcAMhighCD44＋结肠癌干细胞中流式分选获得CD133-细胞,其中也有CD133蛋白的表达。结论CD133维持结肠癌干细胞生物学特性。     

Indirect visualization of hematopoietic colony-forming stem cell (CFUs) as a possible target cell for Mycoplasma arthritidis

Utilizing specific rabbit antiserum against M. arthritidis together with complement, a portion of the marrow 7-day CFUs population of CBA mice infected with live mycoplasma organisms 1 day previously was shown to be inactivated. These cells might therefore be considered as candidate target cells for M. arthritidis. 11-day CFUs were unaffected by similar treatment.     

An increase in Sendai virus-induced cell fusion of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium chabaudi

The extent of cell fusion induced by Sendai virus was examined in erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium chabaudi. An increase in cell fusion of erythrocytes with Ehrlich tumor cells and of erythrocytes with erythrocytes was observed with the infected erythrocytes. However, agglutination by the virus was not changed between erythrocytes of normal and malarial mice. These results indicate that the increase in cell fusion occurred in the process of membrane fusion, suggesting that some membrane property of Plasmodium-parasitized erythrocytes is changed in terms of Sendai virus-induced cell fusion.     

Indirect visualization of hematopoietic colony-forming stem cell (CFUs) as a possible target cell forMycoplasma arthritidis

Summary Utilizing specific rabbit antiserum againstM. arthritidis together with complement, a portion of the marrow 7-day CFUs population of CBA mice infected with live mycoplasma organisms 1 day previously was shown to be inactivated. These cells might therefore be considered as candidate target cells forM. arthritidis. 11-day CFUs were unaffected by similar treatment.     

Rejection of worm load through singly and repeatedly sensitized peritoneal exudate cells during experimental ancylostomiasis

Summary Sensitized peritoneal exudate cells from Swiss albino mice donors infected with a single dose of 1000A. caninum larvae could expel a challenge dose of 500 larvae from recipients at a faster rate when compared to cells from repeatedly infected (250+250+500) donors. However, at 36 h after challenge, the larval expulsion was almost the same in both the groups. Because of the bowel sensitization by the cells, some larvae (not expelled) in the 1st group, readily migrated into muscles where they met allergic immobilization and death due to infiltration of inflammatory cells and their exudates at these sites.Acknowledgment. We thank Professor H. Swarup for providing facilities and to the Council of Scientific and Industrial research, New Delhi for financial assistance.     

Scanning electron microscopy of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of Friend leukemia virus-infected spleen cells.

Friend leukemia virus (FLV) infected splenocytes treated with rabbit anti-FLV serum and subsequently incubated with splenic lymphocytes from non-immune Balb/c mice were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Villous-covered lymphocytes adherred to the tumor cells and induced surface blebs, numerous membrane pores and eventual tumor cell lysis.     

Scanning electron microscopy of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of Friend leukemia virus-infected spleen cells

Summary Friend leukemia virus (FLV) infected splenocytes treated with rabbit anti-FLV serum and subsequently incubated with splenic lymphocytes from non-immune Balb/c mice were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Villous-covered lymphocytes adherred to the tumor cells and induced surface blebs, numerous membrane pores and eventual tumor cell lysis.     

Circulating Trypanosoma cruzi from the same cloned population show differences in the ability to infect cells and to cause lethal infection in mice

Two subpopulations of circulating parasites displaying different abilities to infect mammalian cells and to cause lethal infection when inoculated into normal mice were demonstrated in the blood of mice acutely infected with T. cruzi. Parasites of one subpopulation rapidly penetrated mouse fibroblasts and were readily phagocytized by normal mouse peritoneal macrophages whereas parasites of the other subpopulation showed little ability to invade non-phagocytic cells and resisted phagocytosis. Inoculation of organisms of this latter population into mice resulted in infections with lower parasitemias and longer time to death as compared to controls inoculated with organisms from a population containing both types of parasites. When a population of parasites containing both types of trypanosomes was cultured in acellular medium at 28 degrees C a decrease in the number of parasites was noted to occur in the initial days of culture. This decrease was not noted when parasites of the subpopulation of trypanosomes resistant to phagocytosis were cultured similarly.     

Comparison of the biological effects of anemia inducing and polycythemia inducing Friend virus complex.

The comparison of the biological effects of FVP and FVA showed that leukemogenesis appears to be delayed in FVA infected mice as compared to FVP infected animals after injection of comparable quantities of virus as measured in spleen focus forming units. In addition, no CFU-EI, characteristic for FVP induced leukemia, were found in leukemic spleen or bone marrow of FVA infected mice. Since it was possible to distinguish both viruses by their different host ranges, which are helper virus determined, it is suggested that the observed differences, especially the lack of CFU-EI in FVA infected mice, might be due to differences in the helper virus component of the FV complex.     

Depression of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by coxsackieviruses in mice.

Adult mice infected with coxsackieviruses A-15, B-1, B-2, B-4 and B-6 showed depressed antibody responses to unrelated antigens; mice infected with coxsackievirus B-3 developed reduced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. These findings might have clinical and epidemiological implications.     

The antiviral effect of Keishi-ni-eppi-ichi-to,a tranditional Chinese herbal medicine,on influenza A2(H2N2) virus infection in mice

The antiviral effect of Keishi-ni-eppi-ichi-to (TJS-064), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, was investigation in mice infected with influenza A₂(H₂N₂) virus. When mice exposed to 5 LD₅₀ dose of the virus were treated orally with a 70 mg/kg dose of TJS-064 1 day before and 1 day and 4 days after the infection, 100% survived over a 25-day experimental period. At the end of this period all the control mice, treated with saline alone, had died; their mean survival time in days (MSD) was 11.2 days. When mice infected with a 10 LD₅₀ dose of the virus were treated with TJS-064, the MSD was >17.4 days and there was a 50% survival rate, while the control group had a MSD of 8.7 days and 0% survival rate. No significant antiviral effect TJS-064 was observed when the agent was administered orally to mice infected with a 100 LD₅₀ or large dose of influenza virus. Pulmonary consolidation, virus titers in lung tissues and HAI titers in sera of infected mice treated with TJS-064 were all significantly lower than those of infected mice treated with saline. Interferon activities were detected in sera of mice treated with the agent at a dose of 100 mg/kg orally. Since viricidal and viristatic activities of the agent against influenza virus were not demonstrated, the antiviral effects of TJS-064 may be expressed through the host's antiviral functions including interferon production.     

Comparative studies on the trichomonacidal activity of 5-nitroimidazole-derivatives in mice infected s.c. or intravaginally with T. vaginalis.

The trichomonacidal efficacy of metronidazole, tinidazole, nimorazole and ornidazole was studied in mice infected s.c., or for comparison purposes intravaginally. In both test systems, the drugs revealed nearly the same order of efficacy, whereby the compounds showed a marked decrease of activity when analyzed in s.c. infected mice.     

Comparison of the biological effects of anemia inducing and polycythemia inducing Friend virus complex

Summary The comparison of the biological effects of FV^P and FV^A showed that leukemogenesis appears to be delayed in FV^A infected mice as compared to FV^P infected animals after injection of comparable quantities of virus as measured in spleen focus forming units. In addition, no CFU-EI, characteristic for FV^P induced leukemia, were found in leukemic spleen or bone marrow of FV^A infected mice. Since it was possible to distinguish both viruses by their different host ranges, which are helper virus determined, it is suggested that the observed differences, especially the lack of CFU-EI in FV^A infected mice, might be due to differences in the helper virus component of the FV complex.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 112 Zellsystemphysiologie).     

An increase in Sendai virus-induced cell fusion of erythrocytes infected withPlasmodium chabaudi

Summary The extent of cell fusion induced by Sendai virus was examined in erythrocytes infected withPlasmodium chabaudi. An increase in cell fusion of erythrocytes with Ehrlich tumor cells and of erythrocytes with erythrocytes was observed wit the infected erythrocytes. However, agglutination by the virus was not changed between erythrocytes of normal and malarial mice. These results indicate that the increase in cell fusion occurred in the process of membrane fusion, suggesting that some membrane property ofPlasmodium-parasitized erythrocytes is changed in terms of Sendai virus-induced cell fusion.We thank Drs George L. Gerton, T. Matsuyama and M. Niwa for their comments on this work and Mr I. Kimata for preparing photographs.