反映式与构成式测量模型的差异：基于TAM的实证研究

测量模型的选择是实证研究过程中的重要环节，区分反映式测量模型和构成式测量模型是正确构建管理理论的基础.在分析反映式和构成式两种测量模型差异的基础上，以技术采纳模型为例，通过对7次共1951份实际调查数据的分析，利用偏最小二乘法的结构方程模型，实证比较了两种测量模型在不同的样本规模、不同的研究情境和不同调查时间下外部效度和对内生潜变量解释能力上的差异.研究结果表明反映式测量模型具有稳定的外部效度，构成式测量模型的外部效度受到样本规模、研究情境和调查时间的影响；在因变量解释能力方面，构成式测量模型比反映式测量模型强的假设没有得到支持，即使当构成式测量模型误设为反映式测量模型时，其因变量解释能力也不一定显著增强.     

Venture-backed Firms Valuation：a Real Option Approach

Venture capital financing decisions are usually made based on the valuation of the venture-backed firms, for which a compound real options valuation model with two stochastic parameters is built in this paper. A numerical example is then used to illustrate that the model gives a more accurate and reliable result than the traditional discount cash flow valuation model.     

控制系统仿真的新问题：模型不确定性

本文从解决模型不确定性的角度研究了控制系统仿真问题。首先，讨论了把模型不确定性引入控制系统仿真的必要性，然后阐述了一种全新的观点：控制系统仿真应该是鲁棒辨识与鲁棒控制的有机结合     

复杂网络：结构和动力学

6 应用 本章将讨论前述理论在实际网络中的应用，包括网络的结构和动力学两方面的问题。首先回顾社会网络的某些结构并考虑两类社会网络（意见形成和博弈模型）的动态演化，然后探讨因特网和万维网的统计属性，最后集中讨论生物和医学复杂网络，如分子成分之间的相互作用网和神经网络。     

KNOWLEDGE PROCESS ANALYSIS： FRAMEWORK AND EXPERIENCE

We present a step-by-step approach for constructing a framework for knowledge process analysis （KPA）. We intend to apply this framework to the analysis of own research projects in an exploratory way and elaborate it through the accumulation of case studies. This study is based on a methodology consisting of knowledge process modeling, primitives synthesis, and reflective verification. We describe details of the methodology and present the results of case studies： a novel methodology, a practical work guide, and a tool for KPA; insights for improving future research projects and education; and the integration of existing knowledge creation theories.     

Ticket Pricing in Railway Passenger Transport：Bi-level Programming Approach

Besides of considering of the maximization of public interest, the benefit of passengers and railway enterprises are both considered and a bi-level programming approach is presented in order to seek the optimal railway passenger-ticket pricing strategy under the condition of competition among different intercity traffic modes. There are two bi-level programming problems. One bi-level problem is to determine a railway passenger-ticket average price strategy to meet .the objective of maximizing the consumer surplus under the condition of multi-modal transportation with elastic demand. The other bi-level problem is to determine the price of different kinds of the passenger trains to meet the objective of maximizing the railway revenue where the average price and the demand of the railway is determined. A heuristic algorithm for the two bi-level programming models is also proposed. Finally the applications of the model and its algorithm are illustrated with a numerical example.     

Petri网：一种可视化建模支持工具

Ｐｅｔｒｉ网作为建模工具已有广泛的应用，本文把Ｐｅｔｒｉ网引入到决策支持系统之中，把它作为ＤＳＳ的可视化模型管理和建模支持的工具．文中讨论了基于Ｐｅｔｒｉ网的模型表示方法，研究了Ｐｅｔｒｉ网表示的模型的循环和连通问题，并给出了模型求解过程和模型生成的算法     

劣化系统最优维修策略：基于推广累积冲击模型

研究一个遭受累积冲击的劣化系统的最优维修策略. 在系统的工作时间内，任一冲击都将对系统造成损害，其损害效应具有累加性. 当累积冲击损害超过某给定水平时，系统失效. 在每个失效时刻，系统可以维修或者更换. 对一个劣化系统来说，假设引起系统失效的冲击量关于维修次数是几何递减的，并且连续的维修时间构成了一个几何递增过程. 这是一个推广的累积冲击模型，更符合可靠性的客观实际. 采用系统在前N-1次失效后维修，而在第N次失效后被替换的更换策略N，推导了长时间运行后平均费用率的精确表达，并精确地确定了最优维修策略N^*. 最后给出一个数值例子.     

STUDIES ON HORIZONTAL COMPETITION AMONG HOMOGENOUS RETAILERS THROUGH AGENT-BASED SIMULATION

1. Introduction A supply chain is a network composed osuppliers, manufacturers, retailers, etc., whichcooperate to offer a kind of goods or servicesThese supply chain members cooperate andcompete with each other to maximize theiown profits. For example,…     

Simulating the supply disruption for the coordinated supply chain

There are many disruptive accidents in the supply chain operations system and achieving the coordination of supply chain is main objective for supply chain research. While disruptive accidents have increasingly influenced the coordinated operation of the supply chain, existing research literature on the supply chain coordination is setting in a stationary environment. The answer for how the disruptive accidents affect the coordinated supply chain is given in this paper. Based on the benchmark supply chain which is coordinated by the negative incentive mechanism, we study the impacts of supply disruption on the supply chain system by using simulation approach in which two different distribution function of random variable are used to express the supply disruption. Comparison between these two simulation results and possible coordination mechanism under the supply disruption are proposed. From the perspective of supply chain risk management, we provide the inspiration for the manager.     

Conflict analysis approaches for investigating attitudes and misperceptions in the War of 1812

Formal systems engineering approaches to modeling misperceptions and attitudes are employed within the framework of the graph model for conflict resolution to systematically study the War of 1812 between the United States of America and Great Britain in order to provide enhanced insights into the causes of the war. More specifically, relational definitions for preferences, movements and stability concepts are defined for describing the attitudes and associated behavior of decision makers involved in a conflict. To capture misperceptions of decision makers in the War of 1812, attitudes are studied within the structure of a hypergame. Combining attitudes and misperceptions within the paradigm of the graph model furnishes the flexible analytical tool which demonstrates that misunderstanding of attitudes by Great Britain and the United States may have contributed to the outbreak of this nasty war.     

A NESTED PARTITIONS FRAMEWORK FOR SOLVING LARGE-SCALE MULTICOMMODITY FACILITY LOCATION PROBLEMS

Large-scale multicommodity facility location problems are generally intractable with respect to standard mixed-integer programming (MIP) tools such as the direct application of general-purpose Branch & Cut (BC) commercial solvers i.e. CPLEX. In this paper, the authors investigate a nested partitions (NP) framework that combines meta-heuristics with MIP tools (including branch-and-cut). We also consider a variety of alternative formulations and decomposition methods for this problem class. Our results show that our NP framework is capable of efficiently producing very high quality solutions to multicommodity facility location problems. For large-scale problems in this class, this approach is significantly faster and generates better feasible solutions than either CPLEX (applied directly to the given MIP) or the iterative Lagrangian-based methods that have generally been regarded as the most effective structure-based techniques for optimization of these problems. We also briefly discuss some other large-scale MIP problem classes for which this approach is expected to be very effective. This work is supported partly by the National Science Foundation under grant DMI-0100220, DMI-0217924, by the Air Force of Scientific Research under grant F49620-01-1-0222, by Rockwell Automation, and by John Deere Horicon Works. Leyuan Shi is a Professor of the Department of Industrial Engineering at University of Wisconsin-Madison. She received her Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics from Harvard University in 1992, her M.S. in Engineering from Harvard University in 1990, her M.S. in Applied Mathematics from Tsinghua University in 1985, and her B.S. in Mathematics from Nanjing Normal University in 1982. Dr. Shi has been involved in undergraduate and graduate teaching, as well as research and professional service. Dr. Shi’s research is devoted to the theory and applications of large-scale optimization algorithms, discrete event simulation and modeling and analysis of discrete dynamic systems. She has published many papers in these areas. Her work has appeared in Discrete Event Dynamic Systems, Operations Research, Management Science, IEEE Trans., and, IIE Trans. She is currently a member of the editorial board for Journal of Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, is an Associate Editor of Journal of Discrete Event Dynamic Systems, and an Associate Editor of INFORMS Journal on Computing. Dr. Shi is a member of IEEE and INFORMS. Robert R. Meyer received a B.S. in Mathematics from Caltech and an M.S. and a Ph.D. in Computer Sciences from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is currently Professor of Computer Sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he has been on the faculty since 1973. He has co-edited six volumes of optimization conference proceedings and written more than 80 articles focusing on areas such as nonlinear network optimization, parallel decomposition algorithms for large-scale optimization, genetic algorithms, and theory and applications of discrete optimization. Mehmet Bozbay is a research assistant in the Department of Industrial Engineering at University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is currently working towards his Ph.D. degree in Industrial Engineering. He received M.S. degrees in Industrial Engineering and Computer Sciences from University of Wisconsin-Madison, and a B.S. degree in Mathematics from Beloit College. He has been dealing with real-life supply chain optimization problems for the last 4 years. He is a member of INFORMS. Andrew J. Miller is an Assistant Professor of the Department of Industrial Engineering at the University of Wisconsin—Madison. He received his Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1999, his M.S. in Operations Research from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1996, and his B.S. in Mathematics from Furman University in 1994. Dr. Miller has been involved in research, undergraduate and graduate teaching, and professional service, as well as in some software prototyping and development. Dr. Miller’s research focuses on theoretical and computational aspects of mixed integer programming, and on its application to areas in production planning, supply chain design, and other fields. He has published several papers in these areas, including articles in Mathematical Programming, Operations Research, and European Journal of Operations Research. He has refereed numerous articles for the journals mentioned above, as well as for Management Science, Annals of Operations Research, and others. Dr. Miller is a member of INFORMS and of the Mathematical Programming Society.     

Expert discovery and knowledge mining in complex multi-agent systems

Complex problem solving requires diverse expertise and multiple techniques. In order to solve such problems, complex multi-agent systems that include both of human experts and autonomous agents are required in many application domains. Most complex multi-agent systems work in open domains and include various heterogeneous agents. Due to the heterogeneity of agents and dynamic features of working environments, expertise and capabilities of agents might not be well estimated and presented in these systems. Therefore, how to discover useful knowledge from human and autonomous experts, make more accurate estimation for experts＇ capabilities and find out suitable expert（s） to solve incoming problems （＂Expert Mining＂） are important research issues in the area of multi-agent system. In this paper, we introduce an ontology-based approach for knowledge and expert mining in hybrid multi-agent systems. In this research, ontologies are hired to describe knowledge of the system. Knowledge and expert mining processes are executed as the system handles incoming problems. In this approach, we embed more self-learning and self-adjusting abilities in multi-agent systems, so as to help in discovering knowledge of heterogeneous experts of multi-agent systems.     

Special issue editorial

<正>This special issue of Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering recognizes the contributions of authors and participants in the     

ON IMPROVING AN INTEGRATED INVENTORY MODEL FOR A SINGLE VENDOR AND MULTIPLE BUYERS WITH A RELAXED MATERIAL ORDERING CYCLE POLICY

1. Introduction With the development of information technology and the increasing market competition, simultaneously reducing inventory costs of raw materials, work-in-process, and finished items in different stages has become a major focus for supply chain management. Industrial practice and academic research have shown that VMI (Vendor Managed Inventory) can improve supply chain performance by decreasing inventory levels and costs. VMI is a collaborative business initiative where the vend…     

“EII META—MODEL” ON INTEGRATION FRAMEWORK FOR VIABLE ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS——CITY PLANNING METAPHOR BASED ON STRUCTURAL SIMILARITY

Enterprise systems must have the structure to adapt the change of business environment.When rebuilding enterprise system to meet the extended operational boundaries,the concept of IT city planning is applicable and effective.The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural approach from the integrated imformation infrastructure(In3) standpoint and to propose for applying the “City Planning” concept for rebuilding “inter-application spaghetti” enterprise systems.This is mainly because the portion of infrastructure has increased with the change of information systems from centralized systems to distributed and open systems.As enterprise systems have involved heterogeneity or architectural black box in them,it may be required the integration framework (meta-architecture)as a discipline based on heterogeneity that can provide comprehensive view of the enterprise systems.This paper proposes “EII Meta-model” as the integration framework that can optimize the overall enterprise systems from the IT city planning point of view.EII Meta-model consists of “Integrated Information Infrastructure Map(In3-Map)”,“Service&#183;Framework” and “IT Scenario”.It would be applicable and effective for the viable enterprise,because it has the mechanism to adapt the change.Finally,we illustrate a case of information system in an online securities company and demonstrate spplicability and effectiveness of EII Meta-model to meet their business goals.     

PERSPECTIVES ON URBAN WATER INFRASTRUCTURE IN CHINA FOR THE 21^ST C0ENTURY： SDMUWEIC MODEL

Based on system dynamics approach, SDMUWEIC model is developed in order to evaluatefuture dynamics of urban water infrastructure development in China. Firstly, this paper presents thebasic structure and characteristics of the model, focusing on water infrastructure‘s dynamicrelationships with population increase, economic development, water resources shortage and waterconservation practices. Secondly, model veracity and robustness tests based on behavior reproductionand uncertainty analyses are illustrated. Thirdly, based on the model, future pattems of China‘s urbanwater infrastructure investment requirements are simulated, and effectiveness of two different policyscenarios are evaluated. Finally, conclusion,; and policy implications are drawn, allowing insights intoChina‘s sustainable water infrastructure policies and managements.     

ON INVENTORY STRATEGIES OF ONLINE RETAILERS

1.Introduction This research focuses on online retailers(etailers,hereafter)who engage in the sale of physical goods.In general,the order fulfillment process of such an etailer can be depicted by Figure1.As presented in Figure1,a customer will place an order at the etailer’s website.Upon receipt of each order,the etailer will confirm whether or not stock is available to fulfill the order.Assuming that inventory is indeed available,the order will be packaged,after which it will be delivered …