高红移爆发源作为早期宇宙和第一代天体的探针

伽玛暴是宇宙中最为明亮的爆发现象,由于它们的高光度,人们可探测到发生在极早期宇宙处的伽玛暴.高红移伽玛暴可作为宇宙深处的灯塔,它们是探索早期宇宙性质的理想工具.利用高红移伽玛暴可以限制暗能量和宇宙学参数,测量高红移的恒星形成率,揭示第一代天体的性质,研究宇宙再电离和金属增丰历史.因此,高红移伽玛暴的观测具有重要的科学意义.相比目前的探测卫星,爱因斯坦探针(EP)拥有更高的灵敏度和更宽的观测视场,且主要观测能段为软X射线波段(0.5–4 keV),非常适合高红移伽玛暴的观测.考虑EP的能力和观测模式,并且借助能够很好解释目前Swift卫星的伽玛暴观测样本的理论模型,详细计算了未来EP对高红移伽玛暴的可能探测率.我们预测EP对z6伽玛暴的探测率约为20 events yr~(-1) sr~(-1),对z8伽玛暴的探测率约为6 events yr~(-1) sr~(-1),对z12伽玛暴的探测率约为1 events yr~(-1) sr~(-1).估计在3年的运行时间内,EP将能探测到约65个z6的伽玛暴,其中包括~20个z8的伽玛暴和~3个z12的伽玛暴.总之,EP有望显著提高高红移伽玛暴的观测能力,这些丰富的观测信息将很有可能揭开早期宇宙的部分科学谜团.     

不同喷流模型的伽玛暴射电余辉研究

伽玛射线暴(又称伽玛暴)余晖对应的外流物质结构可用锥形模型、柱形模型或者双成份喷流模型来描述。随着世界上最大的单口径球面射电天文望远镜(FAST)的建成,利用大望远镜在射电波段甄别这些不同的伽玛暴余辉喷流模型将成为可能。本文将研究这些不同喷流模型的射电余晖光变曲线,并探讨FAST望远镜对这些类型伽玛暴余晖探测的可能性。     

特殊伽玛暴及伽玛暴的特殊辐射成分

伽玛射线暴(伽玛暴)的探测从其被发现以来,已经获得了大量的伽玛射线观测结果以及多波段的余辉观测结果,但是X射线能区的爆发阶段的瞬时辐射还比较缺乏观测数据.爱因斯坦探针(EP)是软X射线能区(0.5–4 keV)的大视场(1.1 sr)望远镜,为伽玛暴的X射线瞬时辐射的观测带来全新的时间窗口.本文讨论了EP对富X射线辐射的特殊伽玛暴或伽玛暴的特殊辐射成分进行了预期研究,特别是研究了X射线闪、低光度伽玛暴、超长伽玛暴和伽玛暴的先兆辐射.我们发现,EP预期能每年探测到约810个伽玛暴类爆发事件,其中95%为能谱较软的X射线闪,将近1%为典型伽玛暴;EP预期能每年探测到0.2–8个低光度伽玛暴,具体探测率依赖于低光度暴能谱硬度的分布;EP预期每年至少能探测到20–200个超长伽玛暴;EP有望探测到大量的、目前人们非常缺乏了解的伽玛暴先兆辐射,至少每年80个事件.综合这些情况,预计EP将对伽玛暴的分类、前身星特性、爆发机制和喷流特性等方面的研究具有重要意义.     

GRB 980703射电、光学和红外余辉的数值模拟研究

GRB 980703有丰富的多波段余辉观测数据. 特别是它的射电余辉非常明亮以至于在爆发后1000多天还能被观测到. 此外, 它的多波段余辉光变曲线中没有特殊的特征, 也就是说没有增亮、平台、快速衰减或缓慢衰减等现象. 以上这些特点使得GRB 980703成为伽玛暴研究领域中一个十分难得的样本. 在本文中利用GRB 980703的观测数据来详细地检验伽玛暴余辉的标准火球模型, 计算结果表明火球模型可以满意地解释伽玛暴多波段余辉光变曲线的行为. 拟合得到的GRB 980703的物理参数如下： 喷流的半张角约为Θ0≈0.23 radian; 暴周围环境介质密度约为n≈27cm-3; 火球各向同性总能量约为E0≈3.8×1052 ergs; 伽玛暴寄主星系对视线方向的消光贡献约为AV≈2.5 mag.     

费米伽玛射线空间望远镜最初3个月观测Blazar的射电和伽玛射线辐射研究

以费米伽玛射线空间望远镜运行来最初3个月观测的Blazar为样本,给出了74个(46个平谱射电类星体,28个BL Lac天体)伽玛射线噪Blazar天体的射电(5 GHz)和伽玛射线流量,计算了射电到伽玛射线辐射的有效谱指数αRγ.研究了有效谱指数及射电光度与伽玛射线光度的关系.结果表明:对于射电和伽玛射线光度都有一个...     

BLAZARS射电波段宽带谱指数的研究

从文献资料中搜集86个BLAZARS天体在射电22GHz和37GHz波段近10a的观测数据,其中包括38个BLLacs和49个FSRQs.我们对两子类的流量密度进行了平均处理,并得到相应宽带谱指数,分析讨论了谱指数与流量密度、流量密度与红移、谱指数与红移之间的关系,并发现它们之间存在着一定的相关性。     

高红移星系的结构与形态研究

本文主要介绍近年来利用哈勃空间望远镜第三代宽场相机的近红外成像对高红移星系结构形态的研究.对红移1-3区间内宁静星系的研究发现其结构较近邻等质量宁静星系更致密,且有很显著的随红移演化趋势.最近的观测证据建议高红移致密宁静星系可能遵循从内而外的演化图像,干子并合可能在其演化过程中扮演了很重要的角色.在红移z1,正常恒星形成星系的结构演化符合等级成团模型的预言.高红移星暴星系,包括极亮红外星系、尘埃遮蔽星系和亚毫米星系等,多数显示了并合的形态特征,表明主并合可能是触发高红移星暴星系中剧烈星爆活动的主要机制.对高红移活动星系核宿主星系结构形态的研究显示了不同的结果:中低光度X射线选活动星系核宿主星系与比较样本中的正常星系相比并不具有显著更高的并合比例;而高光度类星体宿主星系却具有很高的并合比例.该结果表明主并合可能只在高光度活动星系核的核活动触发过程中扮演主要角色.诸多观测事实表明星暴星系、致密恒星形成星系、类星体和致密宁静星系可能处于同一演化序列之上,是高红移大质量星系演化过程中的不同阶段.     

从谱演化方面的信息探讨GRB 061007的暴周环境

GRB 061007是一个明亮的、长时标的伽玛射线暴(简称伽玛暴),其红移为1.261.一方面,Swift/XRT观测到的数据显示,此暴X射线波段的光变曲线呈现出单一幂率形态,且幂率指数αXRT=1.68±0.01.另一方面,经由Faulkes Telescope South(简写为FTS)提供的BVRi'多波段光学余辉数据,作者分析发现其各波段光变曲线的幂率指数αOptical均在1.6左右.拟合得到的2个波段幂率指数如此相近,也就意味着此暴的X射线波段和光学波段具有同一起源.作者通过分析X射线波段和光学波段的谱演化情况,探究GRB 061007的暴周环境.分析的结果显示,X射线波段的谱指数β没有演化,而光学波段的谱有向蓝端演化的趋势.根据其光学波段谱的演化趋势,推测此暴的暴周环境不是均匀介质,而应是星风环境.     

重复快速射电暴FRB 121102白矮星和中子星双星模型的再研究

快速射电暴(FRB)是宇宙中忽然出现的短暂而明亮的射电爆发现象,它的物理起源至今还是一个谜.重复快速射电暴可能源于一个具有强偶极磁场的中子星和磁化的白矮星组成的致密双星系统.当白矮星充满它的洛希瓣时,物质将会通过拉格朗日点从白矮星转移到中子星.一次爆发之后,白矮星可能被踢开.对于唯一已知的重复暴源FRB 121102,总共探测到41次重复爆发.用已知的红移数据,根据41次重复爆发的数据,我们再次研究了白矮星-中子星的双星模型,肯定了这样一个间歇的洛希瓣外流机制可能可以解释FRB 121102的重复爆发行为,并且相邻爆发的时间间隔和其后的暴的流量之间不存在相关性,这也与我们的洛希瓣外流机制相符.     

活动星系核伽玛辐射流量的计算（英文）

基于伽玛射线辐射的幂律谱规律,讨论了将观测的伽玛辐射积分光子流量转换成γ辐射总流量、E GeV处流量密度、平均流量密度、总光度、平均光度及E GeV处光度的计算方法,并给出了详细计算公式.用得到的公式计算了4个Fermi Blazars的γ辐射流量、光度等参量.如果在其他波段（如：射电、X射线）的辐射也是幂律的,则其流量和光度也可以用类似的方法计算.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with