A novel approach to design microwave medium of negative refractive index and simulation verification

In this paper, a novel approach is presented to synthesize microwave medium of negative refractive index by incorporating metallic wire array with negative effective permittivity into the host media such as ferrimagnet-YIG （yttrium iron garnet） applied by external magnetic field whose permeability is negarive. We have designed the composite medium having negative refractive index in C/X band frequencies, analyzed and simulated its electromagnetic （EM） properties by use of EM EDA package based on time-domain finite integration method. The simulation results show that： ① the effective permittivity of the designed metallic wire array is negative in the frequency range from 7.02 GHz to 9.80 GHz; ② the permeability of YIG substrate immersed into an external magnetic field is negative in the frequency range from 5.22 GHz to 8.14 GHz; ③ EM wave can pass through the composite medium synthesized by the above designed metallic wire array and YIG substrate, and ④ the negative refraction behavior occurs on the interface between the composite medium and the normal material with positive refractive index in 7.51-8.13 GHz frequency range, in which the effective permitUvity of the metallic wire array and the permeability of YIG substrate are negative simultaneously. The full wave simulation has demonstrated that the effective refractive index of the designed composite medium is indeed negative and ascertained that the proposed approach to design microwave medium with negative refractive index is viable.     

基于铁磁介质的左手材料

 超材料是近十几年来国际研究的热点,其中介电常数和磁导率同时为负数的左手材料是最典型一类代表,具有反向波、负折射系数等反常物理特性。左手材料虽然物理本质是等效连续介质,但实际上都是各种人工金属结构,物理特性决定于结构参数而非组成材料的特性。直接利用功能材料的本征物理特性产生负电磁参数进而获得左手特性,可以大大丰富左手材料的物理特性,并且将其跳出超材料设计的范畴,是左手材料领域中的特色研究领域。其中,基于铁磁介质的左手材料近年来已有较多研究。本文对基于铁磁介质的左手材料的研究进展做一综述。     

基于渔网结构的人工电磁材料结构参数研究

提出了一种基于渔网结构的新型低损耗改进型渔网结构左手材料,研究了其传输特性和材料有效电磁参数,计算表明其具有较宽的负折射带宽和左手带宽(介电常数和磁导率同时为负),同时数值研究了提出的结构的几何参数变化对材料电磁参数的影响.结果表明在结构参数相当大范围内保持了材料的左手物理特性.     

电磁波在介电常数和磁导率俱为负数的媒质中的传播

从理论上分析了电磁波在介电常数和磁导率同时为负数的媒质中的传播特点.详细讨论了电磁波以垂直入射和斜入射两种方式照射到不同媒质的分界面时,电磁波的传播规律,介绍了右手物质和左手物质的分界面对电磁波传播的影响,并与两种右手物质的分界面对电磁波传播的影响进行了比较.     

具有谐振特性的双通带左手材料的设计

通过对谐振型左手材料的理论分析,提出了一种新型双通带左手材料的单元结构.该结构由E型和双谐振环形构成的谐振器与金属线组合而成,其中谐振器实现负磁导率,金属线实现负介电常数.利用电磁仿真软件,分析该材料单元结构的谐振特性,提取该结构的折射率、波阻抗以及介电常数、磁导率.仿真结果表明:该结构在其工作频段内存在2个通带,并且在这2个通带内该结构都具有左手特性.     

一个12 GHz的新型C形双重负特异材料的设计

模拟一个12 GHz谐振频率下具有负介电常数和磁导率的新型C型单元电池,通常称为双负超材料(DNG)或左手材料. DNG形状为在电介质的一侧有相反的C谐振器,而在另一侧也是相同的形状.使用微波工作室(MWS)中的计算机模拟技术(CST)从DNG结构的模拟仿真中确定散射参数以及介电常数,渗透率和折射率. 为了验证结构参数的负值,使用了MATLAB. 由于其简单性,可扩展性和双负极材料的特性,这是一种在电磁学领域的新颖且有前途的设计方法.     

复合左/右手传输线的电磁特性及其潜在应用

复合左/右手传输线是右手材料和左手材料复合而成的新型传输线,它较一般传输线可以在不同的频率范围内表现出不同的电磁特性.当等效介电常数和等效磁导率同时为负值时表现出"左手特性",而在其它频率范围内表现出"右手特性",同时,复合左/右手传输线还可以进行相位调整.分析了复合左/右手传输线的电磁特性,并指出复合传输线的潜在应用.     

Electromagnetic behavior of two-dimensional quasi-crystal left-handed materials with dendritic unit

We demonstrated a two-dimensional quasi-crystal dendritic structure model with negative permeability. The microwave transmission and reflection properties of periodic and quasi-crystal dendritic structure mediums with varied angle incidence were measured. The results showed that the resonant peaks of quasi-crystal negative permeability samples and left-handed samples had tiny shift with the altering of incident angle. Because of the influence of coupling between quasi-crystal dendritic cells, the resonance of the entire material was enhanced or weakened. The quasi-crystal dendritic structure model will provide an easy method to design isotropic left-handed materials （LHMs）.     

Single-negative properties of Ba2Co1.8Cu0.2Fe12O22 and Ba3Co2Fe23.4Zn0.6O41 hexagonal ferrites

The electromagnetic properties of Ba₂Co_1.8Cu_0.2Fe₁₂O₂₂ (Co₂Y) and Ba₃Co₂Fe_23.4Zn_0.6O₄₁ (Co₂Z) were studied by measuring microwave scattering parameters. In the transmission spectra of Ba₂Co_1.8Cu_0.2Fe₁₂O₂₂, a forbidden band emerges due to ferromagnetic resonance, and the permeability will turn to negative in the vicinity of the ferromagnetic resonance frequency. In the complex permittivity spectra of Ba₃Co₂Fe_23.4Zn_0.6O₄₁, the negative permittivity can be obtained due to dielectric resonance. Therefore, Co₂Y and Co₂Z can be used to construct left-handed materials possessing negative permeability and negative permittivity simultaneously.     

负介电常数材料与负磁导率材料双层共轭结构的共振隧穿

利用转移矩阵方法,研究了负介电常数材料和负磁导率材料组成的双层共轭结构的共振隧穿问题.结果表明,当具有色散的负介电常数材料和负磁导率材料排列在一起组成共轭结构时,在频率满足某个特定条件下,电磁场能量局域在界面上的模式将会演变为共振隧穿模,导致共振透射的发生,这种现象不随入射角和入射波的偏振状态而变化.同时得到了共振隧穿模的品质因子随材料厚度的增加而增加,材料含弱吸收时的结果相同。     

Isotropic negative permeability composite based on Mie resonance of the BST-MgO dielectric medium

Isotropic negative permeability composite, composed of BST-MgO dielectric cubes with high permittivity dispersed in the Teflon substrate with low permittivity, was designed and fabricated based on Mie resonance and the effective medium theory. Measurements and simulations showed that the dielectric composite exhibited a strong sub-wavelength magnetic resonance at the first Mie resonance and possessed isotropic negative permeability, which resulted from the displacement current excited in the cubes. The dielectric particle was equivalent to a magnetic dipole at the magnetic resonance, which could be adjusted by the size and permittivity of the particles. It may provide a convenient method to design isotropic metamaterials and invisible cloak at infrared and visible frequencies.     

Nanofabricated media with negative permeability at visible frequencies

A great deal of attention has recently been focused on a new class of smart materials--so-called left-handed media--that exhibit highly unusual electromagnetic properties and promise new device applications. Left-handed materials require negative permeability micro, an extreme condition that has so far been achieved only for frequencies in the microwave to terahertz range. Extension of the approach described in ref. 7 to achieve the necessary high-frequency magnetic response in visible optics presents a formidable challenge, as no material--natural or artificial--is known to exhibit any magnetism at these frequencies. Here we report a nanofabricated medium consisting of electromagnetically coupled pairs of gold dots with geometry carefully designed at a 10-nm level. The medium exhibits a strong magnetic response at visible-light frequencies, including a band with negative micro. The magnetism arises owing to the excitation of an antisymmetric plasmon resonance. The high-frequency permeability qualitatively reveals itself via optical impedance matching. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of engineering magnetism at visible frequencies and pave the way towards magnetic and left-handed components for visible optics.     

含左手材料的光子晶体

讨论了含左手材料光子晶体中介电常数、磁导率与折射率间的关系,及其电磁学特性,和电磁波在其中的传播的相速度和群速度,得出了相关结论.     

铁磁共振下磁各向异性材料的负折射特性研究

利用Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert模型理论计算了铁磁共振条件下天然材料锰钙钛矿薄膜的张量磁导率,发现铁磁共振能够获得负的磁导率,而锰钙钛矿材料特有的庞磁电阻效应可以得到负的介电常数,这使得负折射率成为可能.结合麦克斯韦方程组,分析了铁磁共振时材料的微波传播特性.研究结果表明,在外磁场下天然锰钙钛矿材料不仅可以获得负折射率,更重要的是负折射的工作频率受到了外磁场强弱的调制,材料具备了可调谐特性.     

极化磁化方程与负折射率材料

在新的极化磁化方程的基础上,在线性各向同性介质中,导出相对介电常数与相对磁导率之间的关系,解释极化现象和磁化现象是完全对称的,相对介电常数与相对磁导率可以同时为负,不可以一正一负．给出了介质中的洛仑兹力公式．根据能量守恒定律、介质中的洛仑兹力公式、介质极化磁化方程以及法拉第电磁感应定律,导出介质中的能流密度和介质中的能量密度．指出相对介电常数与相对磁导率同为负时,介质中能量密度仍为正．     

左手材料表面的电磁波反射特性

研究电磁波从真空投射到左手材料表面时的反射和折射现象,分析了反射波和折射波的振幅、偏振、相位的特征.研究表明,根据电容率ε和磁导率μ取值,可以将左手材料分为两类,它们具有不同的布儒斯特角,其反射波的偏振特性明显不同.对于电场垂直或平行于入射面的情形,折射波的相位行为相同,但是在布儒斯特角两侧反射波的相位跃变表现不同的特征.还探讨了εμ>1和εμ<1两种左手材料对反射波相位行为的影响,分析了反射波的相位特征,并对电磁波从真空投射到一般右手材料和投射到左手材料的情形进行了比较.     

左手材料的性质及研究动态

左手材料(也被称为负折射率材料)最早由前苏联科学家Veselago在20世纪60年代从理论上提出来的,是一种具有介电常数和磁导率同时为负值的材料,它具有诸如负相位速度,负折射率,理想成像,逆Doppler频移及反常的Cerenkon辐射等多种奇异的物理现象。本文主要论述左手材料的性质并分析左手材料全新应用前景,简要介绍左手材料近年来的研究动态及发展前景。     

耦合增强型 “巨”字形左手材料磁谐振器的设计

磁谐振器与电谐振器组合能够实现同时具有负介电常数和负磁导率的左手材料,左手材料磁谐振器的设计对于设计新型左手材料具有重要的意义。针对左手材料磁谐振器设计问题,提出了磁谐振器设计原理,为消除磁谐振器的双各向异性,所设计的结构关于电场方向等效为镜像对称的单回路。根据此原理,设计了耦合增强型"巨"字形磁谐振器结构,并通过实验仿真验证了结构的等效负磁导率。结果表明,所设计的结构在8.9GHz-10GHz之间具有负的等效磁导率,并且结构的双各项异性得到了有效的消除,说明了所提出设计原理的正确性。相对于传统的开口谐振环磁谐振器,"巨"字形磁谐振器结构简单,易于进行加工制作和理论分析。     

具有双负折射率通带的双结构单元渔网电磁超介质的数值模拟研究

基于传统的＂金属-电介质-金属＂渔网状电磁超介质,平行和交叉排列具有不同介电常数介质板的两种单元,利用数值方法研究了两种排列方式下渔网电磁超介质的左手行为.与采用单一介质板相比,使用两种电介质板形成的双结构单元渔网结构能够使不同的单元在不同频率下谐振,表现出双负折射率通带.利用楔形结构和后向波模拟验证了两种排列方式下双结构单元渔网结构的负折射特性.利用双结构单元渔网结构,可以通过调节介质板的介电常数,同时在一个或多个频率带实现负折射,这为制作性能更为优良的多频带滤波器和变频通信微波器件等提供了一种可行方法.     

基于Z变换法对双负媒质传播散射的FDTD分析

文章研究了分析双负媒质电磁散射规律的一种方法,双负媒质是介电系数和磁导系数均为负值的介质材料.引入色散Drude模型后,本构关系在时域成为卷积关系,因此将Z变换理论应用到双负媒质中的时域有限差分(FDTD)中,使FDTD可计算双负媒质中电磁波的散射和传播.该文对麦克斯韦方程做了修改,并给出双负媒质中介电系数和磁导系数均为频率函数的FDTD表达式.最后,数值仿真了电磁波与双负媒质平板的相互作用;计算了覆盖了双负媒质金属柱的电磁散射,探讨了双负媒质在隐身技术方面的应用前景.