Evaluation of humic acid removal by a flat submerged membrane photoreactor

A flat submerged membrane combined with a TiO 2 /UV photocatalytic reactor (FSMPR) was employed in batch mode to remove humic acid (HA). HA removal efficiency was characterized by UV 254 absorbance, UV-vis spectra, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, specific UV absorbance (SUVA), and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP). The FSMPR process was effective in removing more than 86% of DOC and nearly 100% of UV 254 absorbance, while the THMFPs of samples were reduced to < 19 μ g/L after 150 min of treatment. In addition, changes in transmembrane pressure (TMP) with and without UV were evaluated; TiO 2 /UV was effective at controlling membrane fouling by HA. Analysis of the molecular weight (MW) distributions and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra of HAs revealed that the effectiveness in membrane fouling control is a result of changes in HA molecular characteristics. The TiO 2 /UV photocatalytic reactor caused the degradation of high MW, hydrophobic humic-like molecules to low MW, hydrophilic protein-like molecules, although this fraction was not completely removed during 150 min of treatment and was less responsible for membrane fouling.     

聚硅酸铁对溶解性有机物与浊度的去除

采用透射电镜法及光子相关光谱法对自制的氧化性聚硅酸铁(PSF)与聚合硫酸铁(PFS)进行微观表征,同时以254 nm的吸光度A(UV_(254))溶解性有机碳质量浓度c(DOC)、色度及比紫外吸光值A(SUV_(254))作为溶解性有机物(DOM)的检测指标,对PSF降低以上各指标与浊度去除效果及相关性进行研究.结果表明:PSF由很短的链节样物种及枝状结构组成,形态尺寸及分维数较大,并且较稳定;PSF具有良好的混凝效果,对浊度及色度的去除率超过95%,对A(UV_(254)),A(SUV_(254)),c(DOE)的去除率分别达到85%,80%,60%;用于评价PSF去除DOM性能的各指标间及其与余浊之间均具有良好的相关性.     

木荷与杉木人工林枯枝落叶层溶解有机碳浓度及季节动态

对中亚热带木荷和杉木人工林(monocu1ture plantations of Schima superba and Cunninghamia lanceolata,15年生)枯枝落叶层(包括Oi、Oe和Oa层)DOC浓度及季节动态的研究表明:木荷人工林枯枝落叶层DOC浓度高于杉木人工林;两种群落枯枝落叶层中,Oi层的DOC浓度均高于Oe和Oa层;木荷和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层不同分解层次DOC浓度的季节变化模式相似,均在秋季出现最大值;枯枝落叶层DOC浓度及季节变化与温度、湿度、生物活性及枯枝落叶层中有机质数量等有关.     

Fate of secondary effluent dissolved organic matter during soil-aquifer treatment

The reduction of mass and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its fractions from secondary effluent during laboratory-scale soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) soil columns were studied. Reduction in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), absorbance of ultraviolet light at 254 nm (UV-254), biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) and nonbiodegradable dis- solved organic carbon (NBDOC) for the bulk DOM averaged 72.35%, 53.98%, 97.49% and 35.33% across the soil columns, respectively. Using XAD-8 and XAD-4 resins, DOM was fractionated into 3 fractions: hydrophobic acid (HPO-A), transphilic acid (TPI-A) and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). HPO-A was removed by 61.06%, TPI-A by 54.86% and HPI by 74.95% as DOC as a consequence of the laboratory-scale SAT, respectively. The reduction of THMFP from HPO-A, TPI-A and HPI was 27.24%, 26.24% and 36.08%, respectively. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra revealed that the HPO-A isolated from the secondary effluent contained more aromatic functional groups than the corresponding TPI-A. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum analysis illustrated that TPI-A had decreased hydrocarbon and increased aromatics content in the SAT columns. Specific ultraviolet light absorbance (SUVA) and specific THMFP for each DOM fraction increased across the soil columns and HPI exhibited greater increase in both than HPO-A and TPI-A. The most problematic THM precursor was found to be HPO-A with its high quantity present in recharged water and high chlorine reactivity.     

老龄杉木林土壤活性有机碳的动态变化

通过在福建南平西芹教学林场对老龄杉木林不同坡位土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）和土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）动态变化研究,结果表明：土壤MBC和土壤DOC具有明显的季节性波动,均在植物生长旺季维持在较低水平,在植物休眠季节维持在较高水平;在0—20cm的土层内,老龄杉木林不同坡位土壤MBC和土壤DOC的变幅分别在210.44—1418.90mg·kg^-1和8.24—38.54mg·kg^-1,两种易变有机碳的含量基本表现为中坡位〉下坡位〉上坡位;相关分析表明,土壤MBC与DOC之间的相关性达到显著水平,土壤MBC和DOC与土壤温度显著负相关,与土壤含水量、凋落物生物量和降雨量的相关性未达到显著水平,说明土壤MBC和土壤DOC的变化与土壤中的微生物活性、林木的生长以及根系分泌物等因素有关。     

添加有机肥对滨海盐渍土壤溶解性有机碳特征的影响

【目的】研究添加有机肥对滨海盐渍土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)的影响,探究土壤DOC的组分来源以及滨海盐渍土壤碳库的稳定性,为改良滨海盐渍土并发挥其碳汇效应提供依据。【方法】以江苏大丰滨海两种不同盐分的盐渍土壤为研究对象,利用紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析法,分析添加牛粪有机肥后两种盐渍土壤中DOC含量及紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光光谱特征的动态变化。【结果】添加有机肥的土壤DOC含量显著增加,且有机肥的添加提高了土壤DOC的腐殖化程度,试验第15天和第60天时高盐土壤DOC的腐殖化程度更高,土壤中DOC主要来源于添加的有机肥。三维荧光光谱特征显示,添加有机肥后土壤DOC中类富里酸峰较为明显。平行因子分析法将土壤DOC分为4个荧光组分:C1为外源类短波类腐殖质组分(紫外光区为类富里酸、海洋类富里酸),C2为外源类腐殖质组分(紫外光区、可见光区均为类富里酸),C3为内源类蛋白质组分(类络氨酸、类色氨酸),C4为内源类蛋白质组分(类络氨酸),随时间的变化各组分的占比也表现出不同的情况。【结论】滨海两种盐渍土壤添加牛粪有机肥后,土壤中DOC的含量、类腐殖质组分占比及腐质化程度均显著提高,类络氨酸组分的占比显著降低(P<0.05)。添加有机肥有利于盐渍土壤中活性碳库的稳定,但由于影响DOC的因素众多,不同的盐渍土壤表现情况各异。     

南黄海及长江口邻近海域夏季溶解有机碳的分布特征及其影响因素

【目的】海水中溶解有机碳(DOC)的研究对于碳的生物地球化学循环具有重要意义。通过对南黄海及长江口邻近海域夏季溶解有机碳的分布特征及其影响因素的研究,为进一步丰富我国陆架边缘海碳循环的研究提供数据支持和参考依据。【方法】利用高温燃烧氧化法对2013年夏季南黄海及长江口邻近海域水体中的DOC进行测定,初步分析夏季南黄海DOC的分布特征,并结合水文、化学、生物同步观测参数,探讨影响DOC分布的主要因素。【结果】2013年夏季南黄海及长江口邻近海域DOC的含量为0.24~2.37mg/L,平均值为(1.34±0.42)mg/L。整体而言,调查海区平面分布呈现北部浓度高,向南部逐渐降低,近岸浓度高远岸浓度低的分布趋势。DOC的垂直分布呈现表层高,逐渐向底层减小,在底层又有所增加的趋势。【结论】研究海区DOC的分布受水团物理混合控制作用十分明显,近岸DOC高值区的分布主要受鲁北沿岸流和陆源输入影响,南部的低值区主要受黑潮表层水及台湾暖流的稀释作用影响,而生物作用对DOC的分布影响较弱。     

草地造林40年后土壤可溶性有机碳下降

为了解天然草地造林后土壤可溶性有机碳的变化,以河北塞罕坝的羊草草甸草原以及在草甸草原上营造的樟子松人工林和落叶松人工林为研究对象,比较了3种植被类型土壤表层0-30cm的土壤可溶性有机碳、土壤总有机碳和土壤全氮等指标。结果表明,人工针叶林的土壤可溶性有机碳、土壤有机碳和土壤全氮含量均低于草甸草原,天然草地营造人工针叶林40年后土壤可溶性有机碳、土壤有机碳和土壤全氮都有所下降,人工林生态系统的土壤异质性低于草甸草原。     

Impact of dissolved humic acid on the bioavailability of acenaphthene and chrysene assessed by membrane-based passive samplers

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is known to reduce the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in aqueous environments. This reduction occurs as a result of adsorption to DOC, apparently reducing the freely dissolved concentration of HOCs. In the present study, triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane (TECAM) and Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were used to measure the uptake of acenaphthene and chrysene in the presence of commercial humic acid (HA) at different concentrations (0―15 mg C·L-1) under controlled laboratory conditions. Apparent uptake rate constants for PAHs in TECAM and medaka were compared and DOC-water partition coefficients (KDOCs) of two PAHs were calculated with different sampling methods by model fit. Results showed that HA present in water significantly reduced the uptake of PAHs in TECAM and medaka. The obtained values of log KDOC of acenaphthene and chrysene measured by TECAM were 4.63 and 5.83, respectively, whereas biologically determined values were 4.52 and 5.76, respectively. These log KDOC values were comparable to earlier published KDOCs toward commercial HA, thereby indicating that TECAM accumulated only the freely dissolved fraction of chemicals and uptake PAHs in a manner similar to that of fish. All these results suggested that the TECAM method can provide a good means for assessing the impact of DOC on bioavailability of PAHs in the aqueous environment.     

有机物添加对山西太岳山油松林土壤呼吸及碳组分的影响

【目的】 探讨添加不同类型有机物对油松林土壤有机碳组分及土壤呼吸的影响,为预测山西太岳山油松林生态系统中土壤的碳收支平衡提供参考。【方法】 采用随机区组设计,以山西太岳山油松林地表的平均自然凋落物量为标准,向油松林地0~20 cm土壤中分别添加生物炭(BC)、玉米秸秆(JG)、辽东栎叶(LD)和油松叶(YS)等4种类型有机物,使用LI-8100 CO₂通量全自动测量系统对有机物添加条件下的土壤呼吸速率进行连续测定,并对各处理的土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化碳(ROC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量进行监测,结合土壤呼吸与土壤有机碳及其组分之间的关系,探讨添加有机物对山西太岳山油松林土壤呼吸及碳组分的影响。【结果】 ①向土壤中添加BC显著降低了土壤呼吸速率,添加JG后土壤呼吸速率较CK显著提高了11.67%。,其余处理与CK差异不显著。在2014年7—11月和2015年5—10月,不同添加物处理间土壤呼吸速率从大至小表现为JG>LD >YS>CK。②有机物添加下土壤SOC含量随时间的增加有上升的趋势,在2014年8月,添加JG后显著提高了土壤SOC、MBC、ROC、DOC含量,添加BC显著提高了土壤MBC含量,添加LD和YS显著提高了土壤SOC和MBC含量。在2014年10月,添加JG显著提高了土壤SOC、MBC、ROC、DOC含量,添加LD显著提高了土壤MBC和ROC含量,添加YS显著提高了土壤SOC、MBC含量。在2015年3月,添加JG显著提高了土壤SOC、MBC和ROC含量,添加LD显著提高了土壤ROC含量。2015年5月,添加JG显著增加了土壤MBC含量。③与对照相比,添加BC后土温10 ℃时的土壤呼吸速率(R₁₀)显著降低了18.01%,添加YS后R₁₀显著增加了30.88%,添加其他有机物对温度敏感性系数(Q₁₀)和R₁₀没有显著影响。④土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、SOC、MBC、ROC和DOC含量显著正相关。【结论】 添加有机物显著影响土壤碳动态和土壤温湿度,这些都会对土壤CO₂排放产生显著影响,添加JG对土壤有机碳及其碳组分的提高效果最显著,但土壤呼吸速率最高,不利于碳的储存;添加LD可增加土壤活性有机碳含量,短期内可明显改善土壤有机碳库质量;添加BC可在短期内提高土壤微生物生物量碳含量,并显著降低土壤呼吸速率,减少土壤CO₂排放的效果最好。     

林火干扰对广东马尾松林土壤有机碳密度及其活性有机碳的影响

【目的】森林在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。林火干扰是全球生物地球化学循环的关键驱动因子,影响植被结构变化及森林演替方向,从而对森林生态系统土壤有机碳密度及碳周转产生重要作用,进而影响森林碳循环与碳平衡。笔者定量研究林火干扰对森林生态系统土壤有机碳密度及其活性有机碳的影响,科学阐明林火干扰对森林生态系统土壤有机碳的影响机制,为火烧迹地恢复与森林碳减排增汇提供参考。【方法】以广东省佛冈马尾松林为研究对象,采用相邻样地比较法、化学分析法,在森林生态系统水平上,定量测定不同林火干扰强度对土壤有机碳密度、土壤活性有机碳含量和细根生物量的影响,对林火干扰后土壤有机碳密度的变化进行定量研究,探讨林火干扰对土壤有机碳密度以及活性有机碳的影响机制,深入分析森林生态系统土壤有机碳的循环与分配过程。【结果】林火干扰对马尾松林的土壤有机碳密度、活性有机碳含量和细根生物量均有影响,不同林火干扰强度下土壤有机碳密度与土壤活性有机碳含量变化趋势均表现为对照>轻度林火干扰>中度林火干扰>重度林火干扰。轻度林火干扰对土壤有机碳密度的影响差异不显著(P>0.05),而中度和重度林火干扰则显著降低土壤有机碳密度(P<0.05)。林火干扰的马尾松林土壤细根生物量均低于对照样地,变化趋势为重度林火干扰>中度林火干扰>轻度林火干扰,轻度林火干扰只显著降低土壤表层细根生物量(P<0.05),而中度和重度林火干扰显著降低了土壤表层和浅层细根生物量(P<0.05)。【结论】林火干扰减小了土壤有机碳密度,减少幅度随土壤剖面深度增加而逐渐变小。轻度林火干扰仅显著降低了表层土壤有机碳密度,而中度和重度林火干扰显著降低了土壤表层和浅层土壤有机碳密度,进而导致土壤有机碳密度显著变化。林火干扰对土壤活性有机碳含量产生了影响。林火干扰后马尾松林4种土壤活性有机碳含量均呈下降趋势,但仅中度和重度林火干扰差异显著。活性有机碳含量各组分随林火干扰强度增加沿土壤剖面递减的幅度呈现一定差异,重度林火干扰后的递减趋势最强。此外,林火干扰还降低了马尾松林土壤细根生物量。     

南京市不同功能区城市林业土壤有机碳含量与分布

为了解城市化过程中人为活动对城市林业土壤性质及土壤碳库的影响,以南京市土壤为对象,测定了7类功能区城市林业土壤0～30 cm土层的总有机碳(SOC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化态碳(ROC)和轻组有机碳(LFOC)的含量,分析了城市林业土壤有机碳的分布规律及其相互关系。结果表明:城市林业土壤表层(0～10 cm)活性有机碳富集特征明显,土壤活性有机碳含量随着土层加深而减小,人为干扰对土壤有机碳含量影响较大; 城郊天然林土壤积累了较高含量的ROC和MBC,道路绿化带土壤由于交通源有机物质的输入,SOC、DOC、LFOC含量较高。人类活动频繁的居民区、公园和校园的土壤活性有机碳各组分含量多处于较低水平。研究表明,土壤总有机碳与各活性有机碳之间有显著相关关系。     

不同土地利用类型对土壤可溶性有机碳的影响

为了解土地利用类型对土壤有机质中易变组分的影响,选取湖泊围垦后形成的4种典型的土地利用类型(香樟林、水杉林、毛竹林和农田)作为试验地,研究了不同土地利用类型对土壤中可溶性有机碳,包括:冷水可溶性有机碳含量(c_DOC,CW)、热水可溶性有机碳含量(c_DOC,HW)和盐溶液可溶性有机碳含量(c_DOC,CaCl2)的影响。结果表明:4种土地利用类型中土壤c_DOC,HW、c_DOC,CW和c_DOC,CaCl2的含量随土层深度加深而降低。除香樟林外,不同土地利用类型c_DOC,CW大小在0～10 cm和≥10～25 cm两个土层均表现为农田＞毛竹林＞水杉林,c_DOC,HW和c_DOC,CaCl2在毛竹林土壤中显著高于其他3种土地利用类型。在4种土地利用方式中,c_DOC,HW与c_DOC,CaCl2都与土壤有机碳、总氮含量以及土壤pH呈显著的相关性。而水杉林土壤的c_DOC,HW与c_DOC,CaCl2与土壤微生物生物量碳之间表现出了极显著的正相关性。总之,湖泊围垦后的不同土地利用类型伴随着不同的管理措施,导致了土壤理化因子和微生物性质的改变,从而在一定程度上影响了不同土地利用类型中积累的土壤可溶性有机碳的含量。     

垃圾渗滤液厌氧降解中溶解性有机物的光谱特性

为探讨渗滤液厌氧降解出水中有机物的构成特点和变化规律,采用XAD-8和XAD-4树脂将溶解性有机物(DOM)依亲疏水性和酸碱性特征分为5种组分,对不同水力停留时间(HRT)下厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)出水中各组分的含量和特性进行了比较研究.结果表明:ASBR处理渗滤液中溶解性有机碳(DOC)去除率可达53.0%～94.7%;芳香类物质多存在于疏水性组分中,厌氧处理后各组分UV254明显下降,芳香类、羧酸和氨基化合物去除明显;随着HRT的延长,富里酸类荧光物质易在出水中累积而造成累计荧光强度Фi,n增大,而芳香性蛋白及溶解性微生物副产物较之更易降解.可见ASBR能有效降解渗滤液DOM各组分物质.     

短期氮添加对杨树人工林表层土壤 可溶性有机碳的影响

在江苏省北部杨树人工林集中分布区开展短期氮添加实验,以研究表层土壤(0～10 cm)可溶性有机碳的响应规律。结果显示:杨树人工林表层土壤可溶性有机碳随着氮添加浓度上升呈现增加趋势,林龄间差异逐渐减小; 对表层土壤可溶性有机碳影响因子分析发现,短期氮添加过程中土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤可溶性有机碳动态的相关性最大,与相对于凋落物量和细根生物量没有明显相关关系,说明短期外源氮素输入会导致土壤微生物生物量的增加,从而引起作为微生物代谢产物的土壤可溶性有机碳浓度的上升。     

Temperature effects on ethylene and methane production from temperate forest soils

Change in temperature affects the activity of soil microorganisms.However,there is limited knowledge about temperature effects on ethylene(C2H4) and methane(CH4) production from forest soils.Topsoil samples(0―5 cm) collected from different temperate forest stands(e.g.,Pinus sylvestris L.,Cryptomeria japonica,and Quercus serrata) were used to compare C2H4 and CH4 production from soils at temperature from 5 to 35℃ under oxic and anoxic conditions.The rates of C2H4 and CH4 production from soils under oxic cond...     

Distribution characteristics of soil organic matter and total nitrogen on the Yajiageng vertical belt,Gongga Mountain around the Dadu River banks

Distribution characteristics of soil organic matter（SOM） and total nitrogen（TN） were studied in different plant communities of the Yajiageng vertical belt in Gongga Mountain around the Dadu River banks. The results show： （1） the contents of SOM and TN of the plant communities gradually decreased with the following order： subalpine coniferous forest （3 027 m）, subalpine meadow （3 873 m）, coniferous broadleaved mixed forest（2 737 m）, subalpine shrub（3 565 m） and treeline（3 564 m）. （2） With soil profile depth increasing, the contents of SOM and TN gradually decreased. For different vegetation types, the contents of SOM and TN in sub-alpine coniferous forest were higher than that of other vegetational types. （3）The ratio of the content of carbon to the content of total nitrogen （Cc/CTN）WaS 13.5-27.6, which was relatively lower than the appropriate Cc/CTN of 25-30, and indicated that the soil in favor of the organic matter decomposed and nutrients released. Cc/CTN in the soil had no correlation with sea level altitude. However, its distribution in the soil x, aried with different vegetation types. （4） Nitrogen in SOM existed mainly in the form of organic nitrogen, and Cc/CTN in the soil was not obvious correlated with SOM and TN.     

Variation of soil Δδ13C values in Xifeng loess-paleosol sequence and its paleoenvironmental implication

The carbon isotopic compositions of soil organic matter （SOM） and total carbonate （TC） in Xifeng Ioess-paleosol sequence have been studied. The δ^13CsoM values vary from -23.8‰ to -20.2‰, which are higher in interglacial than in glacial stages. Contrary to δ^13Csoi values, the δ^13CTc values vary from -8.5‰ to -3.6‰ and are lower in interglacial than in glacial stages. The differences （△δ^13C） between the δ^13CsoM and δ^13CTc values vary from 14.1‰ to 19.4‰. Our results from the Xifeng loesspaleosol sequence indicate that the △δ^13C values represent the ratio of primary carbonate （PC） to secondary carbonate （SC）. The △δ^13C values were high in the loess stages, and the maximal PC-to-SC ratio can reach 6：4. But in the paleosol stages, the △δ^13C values were low, with a small proportion of PC. The △δ^13C values in Ioess-paleosol sequence also indicate the contributions of the dust to the loess sediment in the Chinese Loess Plateau because the dust contains the PC.     

UV/固定化TiO2对太湖源水中藻类胞内有机物的去除效能

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以玻璃纤维网为载体负载TiO2薄膜,X射线衍射分析表明,其薄膜中TiO2晶相为锐钛矿型.基于UV/TiO2体系,研究其对太湖源水中藻类胞内有机物(IOM)的降解机制及其影响因素.与腐殖酸(HA)对比研究结果表明,IOM较难被光催化氧化工艺降解,反应60 min时,UV254和DOC的降解率只有33.3％和19.1％,而HA的UV254和DOC降解率分别达到96.6％和57.3％;原因在于IOM主要是由大分子亲水性有机物组成,含有较多的氨基结构,而腐殖酸是强疏水性有机物,含有较多的芳香结构.同时,UV/TiO2体系的光强增强在一定程度上能提高IOM的降解效果;在pH=6.7时,IOM降解率达到最佳.     

广州典型森林土壤有机碳库分配特征

 对广州2种典型森林土壤碳库分配特征进行了研究,结果表明：① 两种森林土壤有机碳（SOC）表层含量及其差异程度最高,随土壤深度增加,差异逐渐减小。马尾松林SOC密度范围为55.54～66.69 t/hm²,常绿阔叶林SOC范围为84.91～151.16 t/hm²。② 两种森林土壤活性有机碳（AOCs）含量为马尾松林<常绿阔叶林;各种AOC分配比例均随龄级增长而升高。③ 两种森林土壤的水溶性有机碳（WSC）、易氧化态碳（EOC）和微生物量碳（MBC）含量分别与SOC相关性达到极显著水平,轻组碳（LFC） 与颗粒性碳（POC）含量分别与SOC相关性达到显著水平。④ 幼龄林与中龄林的土壤碳库大于相应的地上部植被碳库,而成龄林的土壤碳库小于植被碳库;土壤碳库占森林生态系统总碳库的比例随着生物量的增长呈下降趋势。