树干毕赤酵母木糖还原酶Lysine270定点突变的理性设计

Lysine270是树干毕赤酵母木糖还原酶(PsXR)与还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷磷酸(NADPH)或还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)形成结合口袋的关键氨基酸之一.为研究该位点对PsXR辅酶偏好性的影响,用其它19种氨基酸替代Lysine270,构建19种不同的木糖还原酶(XR)突变子,利用同源建模和分子对接的方法评价不同突变子与NAD+或NADP+之间的相互作用,并从中选择突变子K270R和K270N进行实验验证.突变基因及野生基因用异丙基-β-d-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)在大肠杆菌内进行诱导表达,经纯化后进行酶学性质研究.结果发现:K270R突变使得XR与NADP+的结合能力降低,米氏常数Km由0.025mmol/L升高到0.050mmol/L;K270N突变使得XR与NADP+不能结合.实验结果亦证实,通过理性选择得到的K270N突变子的辅酶依赖性由NADPH完全逆转为NADH.     

从头算分析NAD+及NADP+的电子传递

用HF从头算计算NAD+及NADP+及其还原产物NADH及NADPH分子的绝对能量、电荷分布、前线轨道能量、偶级距、键长、电子自旋伸展空间,并讨论了空间构形与电子传递的关系,提出了NAD+及NADP+在电极和生物氧化过程中传递电子的机理.     

猪肝胆绿素还原酶的纯化及某些性质的研究

通过高速离心(105,000×g),硫酸铵分级分离、NADP—agaxose层析和SephadexG—100层析,从猪肝的胞浆中分离获得胆绿素还原酶.经SDS—聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳表明,该酶达到均一程度,分子量约为47,000道尔顿.酶被纯化4200倍,回收率为38%.这种酶利用NADPH和NADH作为电子供体,对巯基试剂特别敏感.如DTNB、NEM、pCMB及IDA等,都能不同程度地抑制该酶的活性.由HgCl_2处理,该酶活性的抑制是不可逆的.该酶用NADPH或NADH作电子供体时的最适pH分别是pH7.4和pH7.0.     

树干毕赤氏酵母木糖还原酶Lysine270突变的理性设计

木糖代谢过程中木糖还原酶（XR）和木糖醇脱氢酶（XDH）的氧化还原不平衡是利用纤维素生成酒精的关键问题之一.前期研究发现Lysine270是形成树干毕赤氏酵母木糖还原酶（P. stipitis XR）与NAD(P)结合口袋的关键氨基酸之一.为研究Lysine270对P. stipitis XR辅酶偏好性的影响,本研究将Lysine270用其它19种氨基酸替代,构建19种不同的XR突变子,利用同源建模和分子对接的方法评价不同突变子与NAD(P)之间的相互作用,并从中选择两个突变子K270R和K270N进行试验验证.树干毕赤氏酵母木糖还原酶K270R、K270N突变基因及野生基因WT-XYL1分别在大肠杆菌中进行了表达,表达后的蛋白经His-Tag纯化柱纯化后再进行辅酶偏好性及酶学性质研究.结果发现,Lysine270突变直接影响XR与NAD(P)的Km值,通过理性选择得到的K270N突变子的辅酶依赖性由NADPH完全逆转为NADH.     

光合细菌Chromatium vinosum可溶性氢酶的某些理化性质

光合细菌Chromatium vinosum含有一种可溶性氢酶和一种膜结合态氢酶。在培养基中加入终浓度为1μmol/L的Se,细胞中可溶性氢酶的含量增加1.7倍。C.vinosum可溶性氢酶可以利用甲基紫精、苄基紫精和细胞色素C为电子载体催化吸氢与放氢,但不能利用NAD,NADH,NADP和NADPH等进行催化放氢和吸氢。可溶性氢酶易被CO所抑制,在反应系统中加入终浓度为2.5μmol/L的CO时,可抑制氢酶最大放氢活性的一半。与C.vinosum膜结合态氢酶相比,可溶性氢酶较易被胰蛋白酶降解而使氢酶催化吸氢和放氢的活性降低。     

NADP-异柠檬酸脱氢酶的结构与功能

异柠檬酸脱氢酶(isocitrate dehydrogenase,IDH)在三羧酸(TCA)循环中催化异柠檬酸生成α-酮戊二酸,将NAD 或NADP 还原成NADH或NADPH.根据空间结构特点,NADP-依赖性IDH可分为同源二聚体IDH和单体IDH,它们对生物体的能量代谢、生物合成以及抗氧化胁迫起重要作用.当碳源贫乏时,NADP-依赖性IDH的可逆磷酸化对TCA循环和乙醛酸旁路碳通量(carbon flux)的分配起关键性调控作用.因此目前IDH是研究蛋白质的结构与功能关系、酶的催化与调节机制、蛋白质功能进化的最好模型之一.     

重排NAD+合成途径提高磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶活性

为提高磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶的催化活性,构建了两个载体分别表达:(1)磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC);(2)与NAD+合成相关的关键酶,包括烟酸转磷酸核糖激酶(pnc B)、烟酸单核苷酸腺苷酰转移酶(nad D)和NAD+合成酶(nad E)。将这两个载体共转化大肠杆菌,获得重组菌E.coli(p ET-pepcp UC-pnc B-nad D-nad E)。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示这些酶均实现了高表达。摇瓶发酵显示,与单独过表达PEPC的重组菌相比,双质粒工程菌的PEPC酶活提高了4.36倍;与野生型大肠杆菌相比,双质粒工程菌的琥珀酸产量提高了4.23倍,达到0.9 g/L,富马酸产量提高了5.23倍,达到5.4 mg/L。上述结果表明加强NAD+合成途径提高了PEPC活性,并增加了还原三羧酸循环的代谢流量。     

染色体步移法克隆Pandoraea sp. BD-33硝基苯硝基还原酶基因

硝基还原酶是一种对辅酶烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)、烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)以及黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)依赖性还原酶,本研究克隆的硝基苯硝基还原酶NN-BD-33是其中一种,它依赖于NADPH,以硝基苯维底物催化降解硝基苯成羟基苯胺,同时辅酶NADPH被氧化为NADP+。以公开报道的硝基苯硝基还原酶同源序列为参考,通过染色体步移法从Pandoraea sp.BD-33菌株中克隆得到硝基苯硝基还原酶基因。将为进一步深入研究硝基苯硝基还原酶的蛋白三维结构和作用机理奠定基础。     

番茄UVR8基因对果实采后贮藏品质的影响

紫外线抗性位点8(UV resistance locus 8,UVR8)编码光受体蛋白，负责UV-B感知和信号转导，被认为参与调控其他的生理反应。文章对UVR8过表达和基因沉默植株的果实进行分析，结果表明：与对照组相比，UVR8过表达转基因番茄果实有着更长的贮藏期，其果实硬度显著高于野生型；对UVR8转基因番茄果实的过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性进行测定，结果发现过表达番茄果实的CAT、POD的酶活与野生型相比均显著提高，分别是野生型的2.5、2.3倍，而基因沉默番茄果实的酶活与野生型相比显著下降；同时对脂质过氧化指标的丙二醛(MDA)进行分析，表明每g过表达番茄果实中MDA物质的量有所降低，仅为野生型的1/2,而且每g基因沉默番茄果实中MDA物质的量与野生型相比明显升高。由以上结果可推测，UVR8基因在延长番茄果实采后贮藏期中发挥了作用。     

氧对玉米根细胞质膜氧化还原活性及吡啶核苷酸含量的影响

玉米(Zea mays)根尖的氧化还原活性随介质环境氧的浓度增高而升高,当氧分压达17.262 kPa时,氧化还原活性趋于平稳。有氧与缺氧的根尖各种辅酶的含量有显著差异,其中NADPH和NAPP~+的含量与氧化还原活性的变化呈正相关,但与NADH和NAD~+的含量关系不大。缺氧根再供氧,其NADPH和NADP~+含量随加氧的时间而升高,而NADH和NAD~+的含量则相应减少。供氧根比缺氧根NAD激酶活性提高约20％,表明NAD激酶在有氧条件下与辅酶Ⅰ转换为辅酶Ⅱ有关。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of