基于通用软件无线电平台的电离层高频多普勒频移监测仪

测量经电离层反射的无线电波频率的多普勒频移是一种经典的电离层探测技术.本文介绍了以通用软件无线电平台作为射频前端的新型设备的系统设计、数字信号处理流程及数据后处理的方法.前端输出的宽频带数字信号由计算机软件进行选频、滤波、降采样等处理,具有可随时改变接收频点及数据处理流程的灵活性,并降低系统复杂度和研发周期及成本.本文比较了由快速傅里叶变换和希尔伯特变换两种方法得到的信号多普勒频移量,在电波仅有单一频移分量时,两种方法的结果是一致的;快速傅里叶变换方法能够分辨多个频移分量,而希尔伯特方法的优点则是具有较高时间分辨率.此外,采用多站数据反演了电离层扰动传播速度,把频移得到的多普勒速度与电离层垂测仪观测的电离层虚高的变化进行了对比,验证了该设备的探测能力及数据准确性.该设备已替换升级子午工程一期原设备,并将部署于子午工程二期各观测台站.     

第四代移动通信的核心技术——0FDM

正交频分复用（OFDM）是一种新型调制技术,特别适合在多径传播的无线移动信道中高速传输数据。本文简要介绍了OFDM的发展背景以及OFDM的基本原理,最后概述了OFDM系统的优点以及不足之处。     

BCC Nb-Mo合金系DO_3-和B2-型有序和无序合金性质的研究

本文依据系统合金科学的思想,推导了适合BCC体系的二元合金相互作用方程,然后根据Nb-Mo合金系中特征原子和特征晶体序列的基本信息及特征原子浓度,计算了DO3-Nb3Mo型,B2-NbMo型和DO3-NbMo3型有序合金和无序合金的性质,趋近计量比时有序合金比无序合金的性质变化大,偏离计量比时性质变化小,主要是由于有序度在计量成分时最大,偏离计量成分开始线性下降,反之,原子之间成键电子增多,近自由电子减少,键距缩短,晶体结合更紧密.     

有关BCC体系合金特征原子浓度的计算

本文以Nb-Mo合金系为例,根据系统合金科学框架思想和BCC体系配位原子的情况,推出了适合BCC体系的合金特征原子浓度的计算公式,计算了B2-NbMo型有序合金的特征原子浓度随有序度s和成分xMo的变化,当合金有序度s=smax时,计量成分的B2-NbMo金属间化合物的特征原子浓度等于合金的成分,即x8Nb=0.5at.,x0Mo=0.5at.;随着有序度的降低,B2-NbMo型有序合金的特征原子A8Nb和A0Mo发生分裂,且随着有序度的降低,原子分裂的程度增大,由此可进行无序和各种不同有序合金的设计。     

第四代移动通信的核心技术——OFDM

正交频分复用(OFDM)是一种新型调制技术,特别适合在多径传播的无线移动信道中高速传输数据.本文简要介绍了OFDM的发展背景以及OFDM的基本原理,最后概述了OFDM系统的优点以及不足之处.     

科学家研制出导电不导热的晶体材料

通常情况下 ,一种晶体的导电性能与其导热性能是密切“同步”的 ,即两种特性要么都好要么都差 ,但比利时科学家研制出的新晶体却能做到导电性能良好 ,导热性能较差。德国《科学画报》杂志网络版报道说 ,比利时列日大学的拉斐尔·赫尔曼等研制出的晶体 ,是由钴、锑两种金属构成的极其微小的“笼子”结构搭建成框架 ,每个小“笼子”中间由单个铊原子填充 ,微小的“笼子”之间联结非常松散。一种晶体材料的导热性 ,来自于原子整齐划一的振动。而新型晶体的微小“笼子”结构 ,使得整个材料在受热时 ,铊原子只能各自在可能的方向随机来回振动 ,而…     

原子尺度多重序参量的协同测量与关联特性研究

朗道于1937年将物质的相变和对称性相关联,并提出了物质中的序参量的概念.随着功能材料的研发进展、"量子材料"概念的诞生,与点阵密切关联的电、磁、光等性能均可以在人为调控手段下发生变化,唤起了人们对"序参量"称呼的眷爱.当体系中同时存在多种序参量且多种序参量之间存在强烈的关联作用时,往往会催生许多新奇的物理现象.对一体系在原子尺度上的多种序参量(如点阵、电荷、自旋、轨道、拓扑)的协同测量和关联特性的研究将会有力地促进人们对新型功能材料中各种耦合作用的理解,促进这类材料的研发和应用.本文将简单介绍原子尺度序参量概念的由来,并主要以本研究组的一些工作为例,阐述如何应用和发展先进电子显微学和相关技术实现原子尺度的多种序参量协同测量和关联特性的研究.     

基于质量-刚度解耦的微半球谐振陀螺频差高精度修调方法

微半球谐振陀螺是最具发展潜力的高性能微机电系统(MEMS)陀螺之一,其工作时驱动、检测模态频率需要高度匹配,因此两个工作模态间的频差(频率裂解)是影响陀螺性能的关键因素.机械修调是调节频差的重要手段,其精度决定了模态匹配程度.通过飞秒激光去除质量调节模态频率是一种高效率、高精度的修调方法,但当谐振结构频差处于较小值(约100 mHz)时,观测到线性微质量去除难以进一步降低频差.本文重点针对该过程中的质量-刚度耦合现象开展研究,首先建立了微质量扰动下的质量-刚度耦合变化模型,然后通过有限元模型仿真分析了质量-刚度耦合对修调精度的影响,得到了不同直径与深度修调孔下的微量频差变化,结果揭示了修调孔直径对结构局部刚度的影响规律,以及修调孔深度对局部质量的影响规律.进一步的分析表明,当修调深度超过阈值时能够实现对质量-刚度影响的解耦,因此文中提出了基于质量-刚度解耦的高精度修调方法.最后,对该方法进行了实验验证,将微半球谐振陀螺的频差降低至7 m Hz,有效提升了微半球谐振陀螺的机械修调精度.     

差分空时块对角码

提出一种用于多入多出无线通信系统的新型差分空时编码——差分空时块对角码．利用这种编码所具有的块对角结构，能够设计出多种高性能差分空时块对角码，尤其适用于发射天线较多、传输速率较高的情况．在平坦衰落信道下，当传输速率高于1bps／Hz时，差分空时块对角码的性能优于传统的差分空时码，而且发射天线越多优势越明显；在频率选择性衰落信道下，采用此编码的多入多出正交频分复用系统能够同时获得很高的空间、时间和频率分集增益．由于具有特殊的正交结构，差分空时块对角码还具有简单的译码算法．另外，采用此编码还可以大幅度降低射频电路成本．     

MgH2-V体系H原子的扩散与吸附性能研究

基于MgH₂-5at%V机械合金化检测到VH_0.81/MgH₂相界的实验结果, 采用第一原理赝势平面波方法, 研究了MgH₂-V体系H原子的扩散与吸附性能. 结果显示: V合金化MgH₂形成VH/MgH₂相界, 靠近VH相区域的H原子形成的空位比未合金化时稳定, 而靠近MgH₂相区域的H原子形成的空位则不及未合金化时稳定; V合金化后, MgH₂-V体系中H原子在扩散过程中最大迁移屏障能较未合金化时减少, 即MgH₂-V体系较MgH₂相而言, H原子在其中更容易扩散; 对VH相而言, 容易形成V空位; 与H替代VH相中V原子相比, H原子更易以间隙位存在; 对于H原子通过VH/MgH₂相界的迁移, 以H原子占据VH相中的V空位时, 最为有利, 其次是H原子占据间隙位, 再次是H原子替代V原子位; 对VH不同表面吸附H而言, 物理吸附比化学吸附更容易发生, 与靠近MgH₂相区域表面吸附H比较, 靠近VH相区域表面H更容易被吸附.     

The concept of intelligibility in modern physics (1948)

This is an English translation of Paul Feyerabend's earliest extant essay “Der Begriff der Verständlichkeit in der modernen Physik” (1948). In it, Feyerabend defends positivism as a progressive framework for scientific research in certain stages of scientific development. He argues that in physics visualizability (Anschaulichkeit) and intelligibility (Verständlichkeit) are time-conditioned concepts: what is deemed visualizable in the development of physical theories is relative to a specific historical context and changes over time. He concludes that from time to time the abandonment of visualizability is crucial for progress in physics, as it is conducive to major theory change, illustrating the point on the basis of advances in atomic theory.     

The impact of W. K. Röntgen's discovery on the use of internalizable sources of ionizing energy in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine

The early history of cathode rays, X-rays and a third kind of natural radiation from several minerals and atomic fission is described. In this way the fundamental concept of radioactivity, laws of decay and atomic models were developed. With artificial radioactive isotopes, new tailored radiopharmaceuticals could be introduced into metabolic research, medical diagnostics and therapy. Von Hevesy's concept of the dynamic state of body constituents led to examination of the locations and movements of labelled atoms and molecules as a function of time. That was the birth of nucler medicine. The principles and value at the molecular level of several specific tracer studies in research and diagnostic or therapeutic use are explained. Typically, diagnostic tests with tracer agents are non-invasive and have low radiation exposure. Competing with other diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, nuclear medicine is a speciality in its own right. But there are moves to classify it as a subspecialization of other organ-oriented clinical disciplines. That is a misunderstanding of the radiologist's role and does not answer the question: What is the best way of woking for the patient? New horizons in diagnostic modalities, biochemistry, immunology, imaging and the use of immunogenic therapeutic agents demand a continuous cooperation within interdisciplinary teams. That is as necessary with radiologic departments, participating in changed organizational structures, as with other clinical departments.     

The ‘nec plus ultra’ of precision measurement: Geodesy and the forgotten purpose of the Metre Convention

Geodesy—the determination of the size and shape of the earth—has often been the science operating at the frontier of precision in the measurement of length. Its contribution to the technologies and standards of length measurement has, however, been underestimated in the literature. That, instead, places emphasis on the on the creation and international acceptance of the metric system as a whole. By new research into the standards-in-use of the community of geodesists, I rediscover the original purpose of the Metre Convention of 1875, and show for the first time the significant influence of geodesy on the standardisation of length measurement thereafter. I emphasise the role of the coherence of the web of measurement in the context of change and improvement in standards.     

时频分布中交叉项抑制的研究进展

从整个时频分析发展的历史来看，其发展过程是以克服Wigner-Ville分布（WVD）的缺陷为动力的。本文以抑制Wigner-Ville分布中的交叉项为线索，在简要介绍时频分析中已有的一些方法的基础上，综述了近年来在抑制交叉项干扰方面的研究进展，并对现存的有关问题进行了探讨。     

Intracellular cytoskeletal elements and cytoskeletons in bacteria

Within a short period of time after the discovery of bacterial cytoskletons, major progress had been made in areas such as general spatial layout of cytoskeletons, their involvement in a variety of cellfunctions (shape control, cell division, chromosome segregation, cell motility). This progress was achieved by application of advanced investigation techniques. Homologs of eukaryotic actin, tubulin, and intermediate filaments were found in bacteria; cytoskeletal proteins not closely or not at all related to any of these major cytoskeletal proteins were discovered in a number of bacteria such as Mycoplasmas, Spiroplasmas, Spirochetes, Treponema, Caulobacter. A structural role for bacterial elongation factor Tu was indicated. On the basis of this new thinking, new approaches in biotechnology and new drugs are on the way.     

Pursuing frequency standards and control: the invention of quartz clock technologies

The quartz clock, the first to replace the pendulum as the time standard and later a ubiquitous and highly influential technology, originated in research on means for determining frequency for the needs of telecommunication and the interests of its users. This article shows that a few groups in the US, Britain, Italy and the Netherlands developed technologies that enabled the construction of the new clock in 1927–28. To coordinate complex and large communication networks, the monopolistic American Telephone and Telegraph Company, and national laboratories needed to determine and maintain a common ‘standard’ frequency measurement unit. Exploiting novel piezoelectric quartz methods and valve electronics techniques, researchers in these organizations constructed a new crystal-based frequency standard. To ensure its accuracy they compared it to an accepted absolute standard - an astronomical clock, constructing thereby the first quartz clock. Other groups, however, had different, though connected, technological aims, which originated from the diverse interests of the industrial, governmental and academic institutes to which they belonged, and for which they needed to measure, control and manipulate with frequencies of electric oscillations. The present article suggests a comparative examination of the research and development paths of these groups on their incentives, the technological and scientific resources they utilized, and the kind of research carried out in the various institutional settings.     

中国农业生态安全及相关研究进展

我国正处于经济快速发展时期，经济发展所带来的环境与生态问题十分严重；同时我国又是人口大国，农业生产始终是党和政府、社会各界以及国际社会关注的焦点问题，农业生态安全、粮食安全等是影响国家安全的重要方面。本文试对生态安全以及农业生态安全的概念、特点、评价与预警，粮食安全，农业景观结构调整与发展生态安全型农业，土地资源持续利用，农业生物多样性与转基因生物等的研究现状及进展做一初步分析。     

Molecular targets of glioma invasion

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor. Although considerable progress has been made in technical proficiencies of surgical and radiation treatment for brain tumor patients, the impact of these advances on clinical outcome has been disappointing, with median survival time not exceeding 15 months. Over the last 30 years, no significant increase in survival of patients suffering from this disease has been achieved. A fundamental source of the management challenge presented in glioma patients is the insidious propensity of tumor invasion into distant brain tissue. Invasive tumor cells escape surgical removal and geographically dodge lethal radiation exposure and chemotherapy. Recent improved understanding of biochemical and molecular determinants of glioma cell invasion provide valuable insight into the underlying biological features of the disease, as well as illuminating possible new therapeutic targets. These findings are moving forward to translational research and clinical trials as novel antiglioma therapies. Received 25 July 2006; received after revision 27 October 2006; accepted 22 November 2006     

Rough sets bankruptcy prediction models versus auditor signalling rates

Both international and US auditing standards require auditors to evaluate the risk of bankruptcy when planning an audit and to modify their audit report if the bankruptcy risk remains high at the conclusion of the audit. Bankruptcy prediction is a problematic issue for auditors as the development of a cause–effect relationship between attributes that may cause or be related to bankruptcy and the actual occurrence of bankruptcy is difficult. Recent research indicates that auditors only signal bankruptcy in about 50% of the cases where companies subsequently declare bankruptcy. Rough sets theory is a new approach for dealing with the problem of apparent indiscernibility between objects in a set that has had a reported bankruptcy prediction accuracy ranging from 76% to 88% in two recent studies. These accuracy levels appear to be superior to auditor signalling rates, however, the two prior rough sets studies made no direct comparisons to auditor signalling rates and either employed small sample sizes or non‐current data. This study advances research in this area by comparing rough set prediction capability with actual auditor signalling rates for a large sample of United States companies from the 1991 to 1997 time period. Prior bankruptcy prediction research was carefully reviewed to identify 11 possible predictive factors which had both significant theoretical support and were present in multiple studies. These factors were expressed as variables and data for 11 variables was then obtained for 146 bankrupt United States public companies during the years 1991–1997. This sample was then matched in terms of size and industry to 145 non‐bankrupt companies from the same time period. The overall sample of 291 companies was divided into development and validation subsamples. Rough sets theory was then used to develop two different bankruptcy prediction models, each containing four variables from the 11 possible predictive variables. The rough sets theory based models achieved 61% and 68% classification accuracy on the validation sample using a progressive classification procedure involving three classification strategies. By comparison, auditors directly signalled going concern problems via opinion modifications for only 54% of the bankrupt companies. However, the auditor signalling rate for bankrupt companies increased to 66% when other opinion modifications related to going concern issues were included. In contrast with prior rough sets theory research which suggested that rough sets theory offered significant bankruptcy predictive improvements for auditors, the rough sets models developed in this research did not provide any significant comparative advantage with regard to prediction accuracy over the actual auditors' methodologies. The current research results should be fairly robust since this rough sets theory based research employed (1) a comparison of the rough sets model results to actual auditor decisions for the same companies, (2) recent data, (3) a relatively large sample size, (4) real world bankruptcy/non‐bankruptcy frequencies to develop the variable classifications, and (5) a wide range of industries and company sizes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.