Demonstration of an all-optical quantum controlled-NOT gate

The promise of tremendous computational power, coupled with the development of robust error-correcting schemes, has fuelled extensive efforts to build a quantum computer. The requirements for realizing such a device are confounding: scalable quantum bits (two-level quantum systems, or qubits) that can be well isolated from the environment, but also initialized, measured and made to undergo controllable interactions to implement a universal set of quantum logic gates. The usual set consists of single qubit rotations and a controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate, which flips the state of a target qubit conditional on the control qubit being in the state 1. Here we report an unambiguous experimental demonstration and comprehensive characterization of quantum CNOT operation in an optical system. We produce all four entangled Bell states as a function of only the input qubits' logical values, for a single operating condition of the gate. The gate is probabilistic (the qubits are destroyed upon failure), but with the addition of linear optical quantum non-demolition measurements, it is equivalent to the CNOT gate required for scalable all-optical quantum computation.     

Demonstration of controlled-NOT quantum gates on a pair of superconducting quantum bits

Quantum computation requires quantum logic gates that use the interaction within pairs of quantum bits (qubits) to perform conditional operations. Superconducting qubits may offer an attractive route towards scalable quantum computing. In previous experiments on coupled superconducting qubits, conditional gate behaviour and entanglement were demonstrated. Here we demonstrate selective execution of the complete set of four different controlled-NOT (CNOT) quantum logic gates, by applying microwave pulses of appropriate frequency to a single pair of coupled flux qubits. All two-qubit computational basis states and their superpositions are used as input, while two independent single-shot SQUID detectors measure the output state, including qubit-qubit correlations. We determined the gate's truth table by directly measuring the state transfer amplitudes and by acquiring the relevant quantum phase shift using a Ramsey-like interference experiment. The four conditional gates result from the symmetry of the qubits in the pair: either qubit can assume the role of control or target, and the gate action can be conditioned on either the 0-state or the 1-state. These gates are now sufficiently characterized to be used in quantum algorithms, and together form an efficient set of versatile building blocks.     

概率门量子进化算法

量子进化算法(QEA)比传统进化算法(EA)有更好的种群多样性和全局寻优能力，但它采用概率操作过程，具有随机性和盲目性．将量子进化算法中的旋转门以概率门代替，在概率分析及实例验证的基础上，说明概率门量子进化算法(PGQEA)能使得对种群选取过程控制在全局优化的方向下，并且能更快地收敛于最优解。     

Experimental realization of the quantum universal NOT gate

In classical computation, a 'bit' of information can be flipped (that is, changed in value from zero to one and vice versa) using a logical NOT gate; but the quantum analogue of this process is much more complicated. A quantum bit (qubit) can exist simultaneously in a superposition of two logical states with complex amplitudes, and it is impossible to find a universal transformation that would flip the original superposed state into a perpendicular state for all values of the amplitudes. But although perfect flipping of a qubit prepared in an arbitrary state (a universal NOT operation) is prohibited by the rules of quantum mechanics, there exists an optimal approximation to this procedure. Here we report the experimental realization of a universal quantum machine that performs the best possible approximation to the universal NOT transformation. The system adopted was an optical parametric amplifier of entangled photon states, which also enabled us to investigate universal quantum cloning.     

Realization of quantum error correction

Scalable quantum computation and communication require error control to protect quantum information against unavoidable noise. Quantum error correction protects information stored in two-level quantum systems (qubits) by rectifying errors with operations conditioned on the measurement outcomes. Error-correction protocols have been implemented in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, but the inherent limitations of this technique prevent its application to quantum information processing. Here we experimentally demonstrate quantum error correction using three beryllium atomic-ion qubits confined to a linear, multi-zone trap. An encoded one-qubit state is protected against spin-flip errors by means of a three-qubit quantum error-correcting code. A primary ion qubit is prepared in an initial state, which is then encoded into an entangled state of three physical qubits (the primary and two ancilla qubits). Errors are induced simultaneously in all qubits at various rates. The encoded state is decoded back to the primary ion one-qubit state, making error information available on the ancilla ions, which are separated from the primary ion and measured. Finally, the primary qubit state is corrected on the basis of the ancillae measurement outcome. We verify error correction by comparing the corrected final state to the uncorrected state and to the initial state. In principle, the approach enables a quantum state to be maintained by means of repeated error correction, an important step towards scalable fault-tolerant quantum computation using trapped ions.     

二分法在多线量子逻辑门分解中的应用

将经典的对称二分法应用于多线量子可逆逻辑门的分解中,证明当量子位数n≥5且3≤k≤n-2时,任意多线量子可逆逻辑门('k'-CNOT门)可以在没有辅助位的情况下由少于[4「log2(k-2)」+1-3(2「log2(k-2)」+1-k+1)2「log2(k-2)」]个'2'-CNOT门(Toffoli门)构成.利用该方法可以使由多线量子可逆逻辑门分解而生成的物理电路门阵列数大幅下降.与Yang等报道的实验结果相比,'2'-CNOT门的数量级由O(2k)减少为O(k2).     

考虑量子化效应的MOSFET栅电容减小模型

基于改进后的三角势阱近似和n型多晶硅的耗尽以及MOSFET的强反型的情况,建立了一个考虑量子效应的栅电容模型.分别对反型层电容和耗尽层电容进行定义、分析和计算,给出了MOSFETs栅电容解析表达式,并与数值模拟结果进行了比较.结果表明该模型是基于物理的解析模型,具有相当精度,便于电路模拟与设计.     

Realization of three-qubit quantum error correction with superconducting circuits

Quantum computers could be used to solve certain problems exponentially faster than classical computers, but are challenging to build because of their increased susceptibility to errors. However, it is possible to detect and correct errors without destroying coherence, by using quantum error correcting codes. The simplest of these are three-quantum-bit (three-qubit) codes, which map a one-qubit state to an entangled three-qubit state; they can correct any single phase-flip or bit-flip error on one of the three qubits, depending on the code used. Here we demonstrate such phase- and bit-flip error correcting codes in a superconducting circuit. We encode a quantum state, induce errors on the qubits and decode the error syndrome--a quantum state indicating which error has occurred--by reversing the encoding process. This syndrome is then used as the input to a three-qubit gate that corrects the primary qubit if it was flipped. As the code can recover from a single error on any qubit, the fidelity of this process should decrease only quadratically with error probability. We implement the correcting three-qubit gate (known as a conditional-conditional NOT, or Toffoli, gate) in 63 nanoseconds, using an interaction with the third excited state of a single qubit. We find 85?±?1 per cent fidelity to the expected classical action of this gate, and 78?±?1 per cent fidelity to the ideal quantum process matrix. Using this gate, we perform a single pass of both quantum bit- and phase-flip error correction and demonstrate the predicted first-order insensitivity to errors. Concatenation of these two codes in a nine-qubit device would correct arbitrary single-qubit errors. In combination with recent advances in superconducting qubit coherence times, this could lead to scalable quantum technology.     

量子效应对MOSFETs阈值电压和栅电容的影响

根据改进后的三角势阱场近似,并考虑量子化效应,提出了一种基于物理的阈值电压和栅电容的解析模型,给出了MOSFETs的阈值电压和栅电容的解析表达式,并与经典理论结果进行了比较。     

Realization of Kraus operators and POVM measurements using a duality quantum computer

In this paper, we discuss the ability of realizing Kraus operators and POVM measurements in a duality quantum computer. We prove that not all the Kraus operators can be realized in a duality quantum computer. We introduce a new type of duality quantum circuit, multiduality circuit, by repeating the previous version of duality quantum circuit as a unit, and we can realize universal Kraus operators and POVM measurements with this new circuit. We also give a measure of the complexity of the Kraus operations in terms of the minimum number the units required to realize the Kraus operations in multiduality circuit.     

闸门同步顶升系统

采用机电液一体化技术的闸门同步顶升系统,通过控制多个液压油缸(千斤顶)的同步动作来实现闸门的顶升过程.每个千斤顶均采用变频电机调节泵的流量来控制运动速度,采用压力传感器和位移传感器控制千斤顶的位移与压力保护,采用多点同步运动算法来精确控制多个千斤顶的同步上升及下降.新系统完成相同的顶升任务只需1～2h,同时能达到±0.1mm的同步运行精度.     

不变量理论研究双量子阱系统

用量子不变量理论研究双量子阱系统 ,求出此系统的精确解 ,并利用此精确解求出了对绝热近似的任意阶修正     

高速公路收费口的设置

通过拟合车辆到达率和窗口的平均服务效率,计算出收费站合理收费口总数,并用蒙特卡罗法对计算结果进行了模拟．详细讨论了收费口数目与排队服务评价指标之间的关系并得出了它们之间的一般规律,为公路管理部门合理设置收费口提供了理论依据．     

虚拟局域网技术的实现

针对目前常用的网络安全技术中的虚拟局域网技术,讨论了该技术的基本原理,在网络中的优势,采用的标准以及类型;在深入分析该网络的基础上,以专用网络为研究对象,对虚拟局域网技术的具体实现进行了详细的论述。     

部分重叠双栅MOSFET特性的研究

研究一种具有部分重叠双栅结构MOSFET器件模型,并将其与类似的分裂双栅结构MOSFET及普通栅结构MOSFET器件进行比较,利用MEDICI软件对该结构进行仿真.通过仿真可知:部分重叠双栅MOSFET器件通过沟道电场的调节,可降低短沟效应和等效栅电容、提高击穿电压,跨导可由栅压调节,阈值电压随沟道缩短而下降的变化率在文中讨论的3种结构中最小.     

闸坝泄流调度研究

通过对闸门开启顺序和泄流调度运行方式问题的研究,以金溪枢纽整体模型试验为依据,对闸坝调度运行程序进行了探讨。实验以闸门安全开启和连续开启2种方式进行,通过实验认为,2种闸门开启调度程序,均是在考虑消力池为平底护坦时拟定的,当坝下消能工布置为嘉陵江型综合消力池(J.L.R.S.B)时,枢纽的消能效果会更好,综合利用调度程序并结合坝下辅助消能工的布置来较好地解决闸坝泄流消能的问题。