活性炭负载杂多酸(PW12/C)催化合成1,4-丁二醇双马来酸AEO2双酯

以1，4-丁二醇，马来酸酐，十二醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO2)为原料，合成了一种结构新型的化合物——1，4-丁二醇双马来酸AEO2双酯，此化合物的合成由两步酯化反应组成，酯化反应Ⅰ采用正交实验，确定最优工艺条件为：n(马来酸酐)：n(1，4-丁二醇)=2．15：1．00，反应时间1h，催化剂用量ω(乙酸钠)=1．0％．酯化反应Ⅱ采用活性炭负载杂多酸(PW12／C)为催化剂，该催化剂的最优制备条件为：m(PW12)：m(C)==4：6，回流时间4h，烘干温度150℃，烘干时间4h．酯化反应Ⅱ采用均匀实验优化工艺条件，最优工艺条件为：n(1，4-丁二醇双马来酸单酯)：n(AEO2)=1．00：2．15，反应温度150℃，反应时间14h，催化剂用量ω(PW12／C)=1．5％，对每步合成的产物结构用IR和1HNMR进行表征。     

十二烷基烯丙基琥珀酸酯磺酸钠的合成

采用十二醇、马来酸酐、氯丙烯、亚硫酸氢钠为主要原料和环境友好的工艺路线。合成了一种可聚合型表面活性剂——十二烷基烯丙基琥珀酸酯磺酸钠．对各步合成条件采用单因素实验法进行优化，得出了各步反应的最优工艺条件，对每步合成产物均用IR进行了表征。     

钛酸四丁酯催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

以柠檬酸和正丁醇为原料，钛酸四丁酯为催化剂合成柠檬酸三丁酯，用单因素分析法研究醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间及反应温度对酯化反应的影响。结果表明，酯化反应的最佳条件为：n(醇)：n(酸)：3．6：1.0，催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的0．40％，反应时间4h，反应温度130～140℃，酯化率达到94．51％，纯度大于99．1％。     

硫酸氢钠催化合成正丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛

以NaHSO4为催化剂，对以正丁醛(Ⅱ)和1，2-丙二醇(Ⅲ)为原料合成正丁醛1，2-丙二醇缩醛(Ⅰ)的反应条件进行了研究，较系统地探讨了醛醇摩尔配比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对收率的影响，实验表明：NaHSO4是合成正丁醛1，2-丙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂．最佳反应条件为：n(醛)：n(醇)=1：3，催化剂用量为反应物总质量的2．5％，带水剂环已烷为15mL，反应时间1．25h．上述条件下，正丁醛1，2-丙二醇缩醛的收率可达71．6％。     

长链烷基甲基萘的合成

β-甲基萘与溴己烷在无水三氯化铝催化下缩合得到单、双己基甲基萘。采用气-质联用技术作为烷基化工艺的评价手段，研究芳烷摩尔比、反应时间、温度对反应的影响，找到甲基萘长链烷基化的较佳反应条件。合成单、双己基甲基萘较佳反应条件：芳烷摩尔比为1．5：1(0．8：1)，催化剂质量分数为10．7％，在80℃条件下反应6h。采用同时合成单、双烷基甲基萘的合成工艺，得到2种产品，较佳反应条件：芳烷摩尔比为1：1，催化剂质量分数为10．7％，在80℃条件下反应5h。     

TiSiW12O40/TiO2催化合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛

以固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12O40/TiO2为多相催化剂，对以丁醛和乙二醇为原料合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛的反应条件进行了研究，实验表明TiSiW12O40/TiO2是合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂，较系统地研究了醛醇的物质的量的比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对收率的影响，得到最佳反应条件为：n(丁醛)：n(乙二醇)=1：1．5，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的0．5％，环己烷为带水剂，反应时间1．0h，上述条件下，丁醛乙二醇缩醛的收率可达81．9％。     

SO42-/TiO2-MoO3催化合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛

以固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2-MoO3为多相催化剂，对以苯甲醛和乙二醇为原料合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的反应条件进行了研究。实验表明：SO4^2-／TiO2-MoO3是合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂，较系统地研究了醛醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对收率的影响。最佳反应条件为：n(苯甲醛)：n(乙二醇)=1：1．3，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的0．75％，环己烷为带水剂，反应时间40min。上述条件下，苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的收率可达82．7％．     

TiSiW12O40/TiO2催化合成肉桂酸甲酯

采用高压微波辐射技术，以固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12O40／TiO2为多相催化剂，通过甲醇和肉桂酸反应合成肉桂酸甲酯。实验结果表明，TiSiW12O40／TiO2是合成肉桂酸甲酯的良好催化剂，最佳反应条件为：n(醇)：n(酸)=5：1，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的2．0％，微波功率729W，辐射时间3min．产品平均收率97．4％。     

马来酸酐—丙烯酸低磷共调聚合物的合成及其阻垢性能

以马来酸酐(MA)、丙烯酸(AA)和次磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO2)为原料，以过硫酸钠为引发剂，合成了低磷含量的膦羧酸共调聚物．通过正交实验对合成工艺条件进行了优化，最佳合成工艺条件为，单体配比n(MA)：n(AA)=2：1(摩尔比)，n(MA AA)：n(NaH2PO2)=15：1(摩尔比)，催化剂为单体总质量的1．5％，反应温度为70℃，反应时间3．5h．所合成的共调聚物对Ca3(PO4)2垢有较好的阻垢性能。     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯磷酸盐催化乙氧基化反应

以壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP-4)为原料合成了壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯钾盐，用电位滴定法测定了单双酯的含量，并分别用于催化乙氧基化反应。通过色质连用仪测定了乙氧基化产物的分子量分布。研究结果表明，当n(壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP-4))：n(五氧化二磷)=1：2，在70℃下反应5h，单酯的含量为75％．以其钾盐(cat-1)为催化剂，当n(正辛醇)：n(环氧乙完(EO))=1：4，催化剂用量为0．5％，在150℃下反应5h，正辛醇的转化率可达到90％，同时乙氧基化产物的分子量分布选择性指标是相同条件下NaOH为催化剂的1．7倍。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to