我国近海热带气旋迅速加强活动特征及其与ENSO的关系

利用1949—2006年西北太平洋热带气旋资料,对强度迅速加强过程(12小时热带气旋中心附近最大风速增值≥10m/s)发生在我国近海范围内的热带气旋进行了统计分析。总结了近海迅速加强热带气旋地理分布特点,近海迅速加强热带气旋的时间、强度分布特征,以及近海迅速加强热带气旋活动与ENSO的关系,并简要分析了ENSO以及近海热带气旋起源位置对近海迅速加强热带气旋活动的影响机制。     

福建沿海热带气旋的时空分布特征及其影响分析

福建沿海受热带气旋影响严重,研究分析其强度规律及时空特征等要素对福建沿海防灾减灾工作具有重要的意义。基于福建省1945-2019年登陆型热带气旋及2004-2019年影响型热带气旋数据资料,对福建沿海地区热带气旋的活动规律、时空分布特征及灾害损失情况进行统计分析。结果表明：福建省登陆型热带气旋频数年际分布大致呈现“增-减-增-减-增-减”变化,而强度年际分布呈现相反趋势。影响型热带气旋频数整体呈现减小趋势,预计未来几年继续减小。登陆型热带气旋在8月份登陆次数最多,其中以登陆强度为台风的热带气旋次数最多。福州市为登陆次数最多的城市,75年共登陆39次,且登陆强度呈现标准正态分布；宁德市登陆型热带气旋强度整体最大。从防灾角度出发,热带气旋由海域向陆域移动过程中,强度逐渐减小,且严重灾情在北部出现的频数较南部高。     

解放军理工大学科研成果简介(二) 热带气旋预报业务系统

热带气旋预报业务系统是我军第一个覆盖整个西北太平洋、南海和我国沿海地区的热带气旋预报业务工作平台。热带气旋是破坏性极强的灾害性天气系统 ,常常给军事活动造成严重影响。本系统的研制成功极大提高了我军热带气旋监测、分析、预报水平 ,增强了军事气象保障能力。(1)系统集资料接收处理、热带气旋定位定强度、热带气旋路径、强度、灾害性天气预报、热带气旋警报发布、预报结果分析和历史资料检索统计等功能于一体 ,全面实现了西北太平洋热带气旋监测、分析、预报和警报的自动化、客观定量化和业务化。(2 )在运用多种客观预报方法的基…     

登陆广东热带气旋统计及个例的对比分析

热带气旋造成的危害与其登陆时强度、登陆点及登陆后维持的时间长短有直接关系。根据1949—1988年《台风年鉴》和1989—2001年《热带气旋年鉴》的资料，对登陆广东沿岸的热带气旋作了登陆点及登陆后维持时间等的分类统计。另外，在统计分析的基础上，选取了一对登陆月份、登陆时强度、登陆地点相近，但登陆后维持时间不同的台风——9309号和9908号热带气旋进行对比分析。结果表明，季风槽、副高的活动、西南季风的活跃程度、准静止锋云系的发展，以及高空辐散场的建立对热带气旋登陆后的水汽输送和维持时间长短有重要影响。     

亚洲-太平洋涛动与华南后汛期降水的联系机制

采用1961—2015年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和华南地区降水资料,分析了7—9月亚洲-太平洋涛动(APO)与热带西太平洋环流系统以及垂直运动、水汽输送等条件的关系,探讨了其与华南7—9月汛期强度的联系机制.研究表明:(1)7—9月APO强度的年际变化与同期华南降水雨强存在显著负相关,即APO偏强(弱)年华南汛期少(多)雨.(2)在APO偏强(弱)年,副高偏北偏东(偏南偏西),副高南侧偏东气流减弱(加强),不(有)利于热带气旋西行影响华南,华南易少(多)雨.(3)在APO偏强(弱)年,东亚副热带夏季风偏强(弱),冷空气偏北偏弱(偏南偏强),不(有)利于华南及近海的热带气旋发展,华南易少(多)雨.(4)在APO偏强(弱)年,热带西太平洋纬向风垂直切变明显增大(减小),垂直上升运动减弱(加强),不(有)利于热带气旋的生成,且热带西太平洋水汽条件易使得热带气旋偏北偏东(偏南偏西)生成,华南易少(多)受热带气旋影响和少(多)雨.     

热带气旋活动对我国大陆降水影响的统计分析

利用1950—2004年热带气旋降水和热带气旋强度资料分析我国大陆热带气旋降水特征的变化及其与热带气旋活动的关系.结果表明:自1950年以来,我国大陆热带气旋降水年总量具有显著的年际变化和年代际变化特点,20世纪50年代、60年代后期到70年代初期和90年代中期以来是降水的偏少期;60年代前期以及70年代中期到90年代初期为降水的偏多期.自20世纪50年代以来,平均过程降水面积具有线性减小的趋势,而平均过程降水强度具有线性上升的趋势,并自90年代中期以后,其年际振荡的幅度随时间而增强.我国大陆降水频数与西北太平洋热带风暴以上的热带气旋频数具有显著的正相关关系,而过程降水强度与西北太平洋热带气旋最大强度,特别是登陆热带气旋强度关系密切,它们表现出非线性关系.     

2005年热带气旋灾害特点初步研究

在对2005年南海和西太平洋热带气旋活动分析的基础上,着重就登陆中国的热带气旋的发生发展情况及造成的灾害特点进行了初步研究。     

南亚边缘海域热带气旋年频次与对流层风场变化的关系

利用1958—1998年NCAR/NCEP再分析资料和美国海军联合台风警报中心JTWC(Joint Typhoon Warning Center)提供的同时期南亚边缘海域(包括阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾和南海)热带气旋资料,分析了这3个海域热带风暴高发期气候上100hPa和850hPa风矢量特征,以及100hPa纬向风强度分别与这3个海域热带气旋年频次之间的关系。结果表明:在阿拉伯海及孟加拉湾热带气旋生成数与100hPa东风气流强度之间存在极好的正相关关系,即东风气流加强热带气旋数目增多,反之减少。而南海由于位于南亚高压东南侧,经向风的显著地位使南海热带气旋与100hPa经向风强弱变化有联系而与纬向风的关系减弱。     

福建沿海热带气旋的时空分布特征及其影响分析

基于福建省1945—2019年登陆型及影响型热带气旋数据资料,对福建沿海地区热带气旋的活动规律、时空分布特征及灾害损失情况进行统计分析. 发现登陆型热带气旋频数年际分布呈现“增-减-增”的变化趋势,而强度年际分布呈现相反趋势. 影响型热带气旋频数整体呈现减小趋势,预计未来几年继续减小. 福州市为登陆次数最多的城市,且登陆强度呈现标准正态分布. 从防灾角度出发,热带气旋由海域向陆域移动过程中,强度逐渐减小,且严重灾情在北部出现的频数较南部高.     

南亚边缘海域热带气旋年频次与对流层风场变化的关系

利用1958-1998年NCAR/NCEP再分析资料和美国海军联合台风警报中心JTWC (Joint Typhoon Warning Center)提供的同时期南亚边缘海域(包括阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾和南海)热带气旋资料,分析了这3个海域热带风暴高发期气候上100hPa和850hPa风矢量特征,以及100hPa纬向风强度分别与这3个海域热带气旋年频次之间的关系。结果表明:在阿拉伯海及孟加拉湾热带气旋生成数与100?hPa东风气流强度之间存在极好的正相关关系,即东风气流加强热带气旋数目增多,反之减少。而南海由于位于南亚高压东南侧,经向风的显著地位使南海热带气旋与100hPa经向风强弱变化有联系而与纬向风的关系减弱。     

The influence of moderate ENSO on summer rainfall in eastern China and its comparison with strong ENSO

The 6 major ENSO events since 1979 are classified into the strong and moderate ENSO based on intensity. The composite analysis is performed to reveal the influence of ENSO on East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） and summer rainfall in eastern China. It is shown that the influence is changed with the seasonal cycle in summer, with a weaker influence in June and a stronger influence in August, indicating a long lagged effect of ENSO on EASM. Besides, the circulation and rainfall anomalies caused by the strong ENSO are also stronger with an earlier starting time, while the influence of the moderate ENSO is evident in August. The composite summer rainfall in eastern China for the moderate ENSO exhibits a northern rainfall pattern, which is totally different from the classical ENSO-type rainfall pattern. Based on the composite analysis, two moderate ENSO years with a similar intensity （i.e., 1995 and 2003） are compared. The result shows that, the response of EASM to the moderate ENSO during June and July is, to a certain degree, modulated by the circulation systems in mid-high latitudes of Eurasia and in the Southern Hemisphere, thereby inducing a different rainfall distribution in eastern China. In comparison with the strong ENSO in 1983, it is further revealed that, the strong ENSO plays a dominant role in summer rainfall anomalies in eastern China as well as in controlling the influence of the other factors on EASM. The strong ENSO is therefore different with the moderate ENSO.     

末次盛冰期南京降水记录中ENSO的演化

基于南京葫芦洞一支石笋TIMS-U系测年和纹层计数的交叉定年。获得丁末次盛冰期在24170～21222aBP时段石笋年纹层厚度的时间序列,主要反映了夏季风降水变率．小波分析揭示末次盛冰期连续3ka夏季风降水记录中厄尔尼诺一南方涛动（ENSO）周期和强度随时间的演化特征,该记录表明ENSO在末次盛冰期并非一直存在,有着高发期和平缓期。其爆发的频率和强度逐渐减弱。支持ENSO演化的“冰期阻尼效应”假说．     

全球1950-2004年重大洪水灾害综合分析

利用全球EM-DAT(OFDA/CRED)国际灾害数据库中的重大洪水灾害相关资料,对全球1950—2004年重大洪水灾害进行综合分析,重点分析全球1950—2004年重大洪水灾害受灾人口及受灾经济损失的演进特征及地区分布特征,然后探讨重大洪水灾害的有关原因,并分析洪水灾害与全球ENSO年之间的关系,最后根据洪水灾害一些特征及形成原因提出减少全球洪水灾害若干对策.     

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区延长组原油生物标志物特征及油源对比

 系统采集鄂尔多斯盆地南部中生界的烃源岩、富县地区延长组原油及油砂样品,对它们的饱和烃馏分进行GC-MS 分析,通过对生物标志物组成特征的研究探讨富县地区延长组原油的来源。结果表明:根据Pr/Ph,8β(H)-补身烷和C30重排藿烷相对含量,鄂尔多斯盆地南部中生界烃源岩可划分为A₁、A₂、A₃、A₄、B 类,富县地区延长组原油可划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类,目前发现的原油主要是第Ⅰ类;第Ⅰ类原油来自A₁类烃源岩(深湖相沉积相带的长7 油页岩),第Ⅱ类原油来自A₂类烃源岩(深湖-半深湖沉积相带的长7 暗色泥岩),第Ⅲ类原油来自A₃类烃源岩(半深湖沉积相带的长7 暗色泥岩)。     

Decadal variability of the IOD-ENSO relationship

Using three kinds of over 100-year sea surface temperature （SST） datasets as well as three-dimensional wind data from NCEP/NCAR, this paper documents the decadal variability of the Indian Ocean Dipole （IOD）-EI Nino/Southern Oscillation （ENSO） relationship. During 1948--1969, positive （negative） IOD and warm （cold） ENSO events were more independent of each other. But after 1970, they tended to occur in the same year. ENSO would influence the whole life span of IOD, and IOD also affects the developing phase of ENSO. Considering the climatological background SST, low-level winds and also equatorial vertical circulations, it is revealed that the decadal variability of the IOD-ENSO relationship may be caused by the enhanced Walker circulation with increased rising motion over the Maritime Continent after 1970. Warmer SST around the Maritime Continent gives rise to anomalous low-level convergence and intensified convection there, which apparently increases the SST linkage between the eastern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific and thereby the interaction between the IOD and ENSO event.     

The combined effects of the ENSO and the Arctic Oscillation on the winter climate anomalies in East Asia

With the warm/cold phases of the El Ni o and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as a background, the impacts of monthly variation in the Arctic Oscillation (AO) on the winter climate anomalies in East Asia are studied with the NCEP/DOE Reanalysis 2 data and the Chinese station data regarding temperature and rainfall. The combined effects of ENSO and the AO indicate that the winter climate anomalies are mainly influenced by the AO in northern China and the ENSO in southern China, when an El Ni o couples with a negative AO month or a La Ni a couples with a positive AO month. These climate anomalies in China are consistent with the mechanisms proposed in previous studies. However, most of China presents a different pattern of climate anomalies if an El Ni o couples with a positive AO month or a La Ni a couples with a negative AO month, with the exception of the temperature anomalies in northern China, which are still affected dominantly by the AO. Further analysis suggests that the causes are attributed to the differences in both the stratosphere-troposphere interaction and the extratropics-tropics interaction. In the former cases, zonal symmetric circulation prevails in the winter and the extratropics-tropics interaction is weakened. Thus, the influences of the ENSO and the AO on the East Asian climate mainly present linear combination effects. On the contrary, an annular mode of atmospheric circulation is not favored in the latter cases and the extratropics-tropics interaction is strong. Hence, the combined effects of the ENSO and the AO on the winter climate in East Asia present nonlinear characteristics.     

ENSO frequency change in coupled climate models as response to the increasing CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> concentration

The response of ENSO frequency to the increasing CO2 concentration and associated mechanism are examined with outputs of four coupled climate models (GFDL/CM2.0,CNRM/CM3,IPSL/CM4 and INM/CM3.0) submitted to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4).Results reveal a significant change of ENSO frequency as response to the increasing CO2 concentration.However,such a change exhibits an evident model dependence.The ENSO frequency tends to increase in GFDL/CM2.0 and CNRM/CM3 models and decreases in IPSL/CM4 an...     

页岩纳米孔内超临界CO2、CH4传输行为实验研究

了解超临界CO₂、CH₄在页岩纳米孔内传输行为,是研究页岩储层超临界CO₂注入能力、注入后时空分布以及提高页岩气藏采收率的基础。选用渗透率小于100 nD的龙马溪组富有机质页岩基块岩样,利用岩芯流动实验装置,通过监测岩芯入/出口端气体压力与混合气体（CO₂、CH₄）浓度变化,对比了页岩纳米孔内超临界CO₂、CH₄传输能力,分析了传输能力差异的原因。结果表明：页岩纳米孔内超临界CO₂压力传递速率明显小于CH₄,实验结束后岩样入口端二元混合气体组分中CH₄百分含量显著降低,证实页岩纳米孔内超临界CO₂传输能力显著低于CH₄,主要原因是超临界CO₂吸附能力更强、扩散-渗流能力更小以及超高密度特性表现出的非混相、活塞式驱替行为。基于以上认识,选择某些压裂段注入超临界CO₂,而其他压裂段作为生产段,比单井"吞吐"方式（即注入-焖井-开井生产）更有利于驱替置换页岩纳米孔内游离态甲烷。     

Relationship between East Asian winter monsoon, warm pool situation and ENSO cycle

Based on the observational data analyses and numerical simulations with the air-sea coupled model (CGCM), a new perspective on the occurrence mechanism of ENSO is advanced in this paper. The continuous strong (weak) East Asian winter monsoon will lead to continuous westerly (easterly) wind anomalies over the equatorial western Pacific region. The anomalous equatorial westerly (easterly) winds can cause eastward propagation of the subsurface ocean temperature anomalies (SOTA) in the warm pool region, the positive (negative) SOTA have been in the warm pool region for quite a long time. The eastward propagating of positive (negative) SOTA along the thermocline will lead to positive (negative) SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacific and the occurrence of El Niño (La Niña) event. After the occurrence of ENSO, the winter monsoon in East Asia will be weak (strong) due to the influence of El Niño (La Niña).     

Variability of El Niño/Southern Oscillation activity at millennial timescales during the Holocene epoch

The variability of El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during the Holocene epoch, in particular on millennial timescales, is poorly understood. Palaeoclimate studies have documented ENSO variability for selected intervals in the Holocene, but most records are either too short or insufficiently resolved to investigate variability on millennial scales. Here we present a record of sedimentation in Laguna Pallcacocha, southern Ecuador, which is strongly influenced by ENSO variability, and covers the past 12,000 years continuously. We find that changes on a timescale of 2-8 years, which we attribute to warm ENSO events, become more frequent over the Holocene until about 1,200 years ago, and then decline towards the present. Periods of relatively high and low ENSO activity, alternating at a timescale of about 2,000 years, are superimposed on this long-term trend. We attribute the long-term trend to orbitally induced changes in insolation, and suggest internal ENSO dynamics as a possible cause of the millennial variability. However, the millennial oscillation will need to be confirmed in other ENSO proxy records.