Long-term depressor effects of noradrenaline and dopamine neurons transplanted into the third ventricle of the brain of salt-loaded hypertensive rats

Neural tissues including A 6 group noradrenaline neurons in the locus ceruleus or A 10 group dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra were transplanted into the third ventricle at the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic level of rats made hypertensive by salt loading. Either transplant exerted a long-lasting depressor effect.     

Long-term depressor effects of catecholamine neuronal grafts in the third ventricle of the brain in normotensive rats

Summary Neuronal tissue containing A-6 group noradrenalin (NA) neurons of the locus ceruleus, or A-10 group dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra, was grafted into the third ventricle at the level of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic region, in normotensive male rats. A significant and long-lasting depressor effect was shown in rats with either graft. In rats with an NA neuron-rich graft, plasma concentrations of arginine-vasopressin (AVP), plasma renin activity (PRA), and corticosterone (CS) decreased significantly, whereas in rats with a DA neuron-rich graft, AVP and PRA concentrations also decreased significantly but CS showed no significant change. Neither NA nor adrenalin in plasma changed significantly in rats with either graft.     

Long-term depressor effects of catecholamine neuronal grafts in the third ventricle of the brain in normotensive rats

Neuronal tissue containing A-6 group noradrenalin (NA) neurons of the locus ceruleus, or A-10 group dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra, was grafted into the third ventricle at the level of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic region, in normotensive male rats. A significant and long-lasting depressor effect was shown in rats with either graft. In rats with an NA neuron-rich graft, plasma concentrations of arginine-vasopressin (AVP), plasma renin activity (PRA), and corticosterone (CS) decreased significantly, whereas in rats with a DA neuron-rich graft, AVP and PRA concentrations also decreased significantly but CS showed no significant change. Neither NA nor adrenalin in plasma changed significantly in rats with either graft.     

慢病毒介导的CBS基因过表达对原代皮质神经元β淀粉样蛋白分泌的影响

目的通过过表达手段上调胱硫醚β-合成酶(Cystathionine-β-synthase,CBS)在原代神经元细胞中的表达,观察其对原代神经元β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)分泌的影响。方法使用过表达CBS慢病毒载体感染体外培养的原代皮质神经元,设定为慢病毒介导阳性(CBS)组、另设阴性对照慢病毒感染(NC)组、未经慢病毒感染(CON)组。采用实时荧光定量PCR检测CBS基因mRNA的表达,Western blot检测CBS蛋白的表达,采用Elisa检测Aβ40的表达水平。结果使用过表达CBS的慢病毒载体感染体外培养的神经元,实时荧光定量PCR检测其mRNA的表达上调明显升高,与NC组和CON组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.01),Western blot结果显示蛋白表达升高与定量PCR一致,Elisa检测感染72小时后CBS组、NC组、CON组Aβ40的分泌分别为(182.19±24.52)ng/L、(411.90±12.43)ng/L、(390.41±54.53)ng/L,CBS组与NC组和CON组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论慢病毒介导的CBS基因过表达可降低原代皮质神经元Aβ40的分泌。     

Respective effects on locomotor activity of injections of 5, 7-DHT in median raphe nucleus and of 6-OHDA in the mesolimbic dopaminergic group area in the rat]

This experiment was performed in order to demonstrate that the locomotor hyperactivity provoked by a radiofrequency lesion of the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum-A10 DA group area was not due to a 5-HT fiber damage. Four groups of Rats were used. First groups II and IV received a 5, 7-DHT injection in the median raphe; groups I and III received the vehicle. Locomotor activity was measured in a circular corridor 10 and 30 days; no hyperactivity was obtained. Then the same groups received a 6-OHDA injection, bilaterally in the A 10 area (groups III and IV) or the vehicle (groups I and II); the activity was measured 10 days later: significant hyperactivity was obtained with groups III and IV, without statistical differences between these two groups. In conclusion (i) 5-HT neurons are not directly involved in the VMT-hyperactivity, (ii) the DA A 10 neurons seem to be a critical anatomical target for this symptom.     

急性一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病大鼠模型的建立

目的探讨建立适合实验研究需要的急性一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病大鼠模型。方法64只雄性sD大鼠,随机分成空气对照组（AC组）和模型组（CO组）,每纽32只。采用静态吸入式染毒,选取染毒后3、7、14、28d为时相点,应用Morris水迷宫实验检测平均潜伏期等学习记忆能力,Tunel法检测海马回神经元凋亡。结果CO组大鼠较AC组平均潜伏期延长（F=35．93,P〈0．01）,海马回神经元凋亡指数增高（P〈0．01）。结论本实验成功建立了可行性较高的急性一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病大鼠模型,为进一步研究其发病机制和防治方法提供比较好的基础。     

Retrograde axoplasmic transport of serotonin in central mono-aminergic neurons]

Following an injection of 3H-5 HT in the neostriatum of the Rat, the tracer is transported by axoplasmic retrograde flow to the cell groups containing mono-aminergic neurons which are known or thought to have afferences to this structure: substantia nigra, dopaminergic group A 8 and n. raphe dorsalis.     

Weak neuronal accumulation of octopamine in dopaminergic neurons of the rabbit retina

Summary Dopaminergic retinal neurons become weakly radioactive after the injection of tritiated octopamine into the vitreous, but no other neurons do so. This indicates the absence of any effective mechanism for the accumulation of octopamine in rabbit retina. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A2025055 00008     

Selective activation of noradrenergic neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord of young spontaneously hypertensive rats

Summary In young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), dopamine -hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activities were examined in the brainstem nuclei. Activation of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, A2 and spinal intermediolateral cell areas, resulting in enhanced sympathetic nervous activity in the periphery, initiates hypertension. Adrenergic neurons, unchanged in these and A1 cell areas of young SHR, are not involved in the development of hypertension in SHR.     

A quantitative study of the catecholamine-fluorescence in the ganglion paracervicale uteri of the rat

In the ganglion paracervicale uteri of the rat, there are principle neurons which are able to take up offered catecholamines. Normally there is an inverse relationship between their size and their mean catecholamine-fluorescence. A comparison with the catecholamine-fluorescence of depleted and repleted adrenergic perikarya in the ganglion cervicale superius is made.     

In vivo degradation of noradrenaline by MAO A in locus coeruleus of the rat

Depletion of noradrenaline in locus coeruleus neurons after reserpinization was prevented by clorgyline, a selective inhibitor of MAO A, but not by deprenyl, a selective inhibitor of MAO B. Only MAO A is therefore responsible for the degradation of homoneuronal noradrenaline in locus coeruleus nerve cells.     

Neuropeptides and the microcircuitry of the enteric nervous system

Summary The discovery of neuropeptides in enteric neurons has revolutionized the study of the microcircuitry of the enteric nervous system. Form immunohistochemistry, it is now clear that some individual enteric neurons contain several different neuropeptides with or without other transmitter-specific markers and that these markers occur in various combinations. There is evidence from experiments in which nerve pathways are interrupted that populations of enteric neurons with different combinations of markers have different projection patterns, sending their processes to distinct targets using different routes. Correlations between the neurochemistry of enteric neurons and the types of synaptic inputs they receive are also beginning to emerge from electrophysiological studies. These findings imply that enteric neurons are chemically coded by the combinations of peptides and other transmitter-related substances they contain and that the coding of each population correlates with its role in the neuronal pathways that control gastrointestinal function.     

Binucleated neurons in the central nervous system of the laboratory animals

Summary Binucleated neurons were studied in the central nervous system of the rat and the rabbit. They were present in the young as well as the adult animals. The animals injected with thymidine-H³ during their embryonic development showed labelled binucleated neurons. It is suggested that the neurons become binucleated during neuroembryogenesis, and differentiate into normal neurons morphologically and physiologically.Supported by NIH Research grant No. NS-08817-05.     

Neuropeptides and the microcircuitry of the enteric nervous system

The discovery of neuropeptides in enteric neurons has revolutionized the study of the microcircuitry of the enteric nervous system. From immunohistochemistry, it is now clear that some individual enteric neurons contain several different neuropeptides with or without other transmitter-specific markers and that these markers occur in various combinations. There is evidence from experiments in which nerve pathways are interrupted that populations of enteric neurons with different combinations of markers have different projection patterns, sending their processes to distinct targets using different routes. Correlations between the neurochemistry of enteric neurons and the types of synaptic inputs they receive are also beginning to emerge from electrophysiological studies. These findings imply that enteric neurons are chemically coded by the combinations of peptides and other transmitter-related substances they contain and that the coding of each population correlates with its role in the neuronal pathways that control gastrointestinal function.     

Human motor neuron generation from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells

Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a group of neurological disorders that selectively affect motor neurons. There are currently no cures or efficacious treatments for these diseases. In recent years, significant developments in stem cell research have been applied to MNDs, particularly regarding neuroprotection and cell replacement. However, a consistent source of motor neurons for cell replacement is required. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) could provide an inexhaustible supply of differentiated cell types, including motor neurons that could be used for MND therapies. Recently, it has been demonstrated that induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells may serve as an alternative source of motor neurons, since they share ES characteristics, self-renewal, and the potential to differentiate into any somatic cell type. In this review, we discuss several reproducible methods by which hESCs or iPS cells are efficiently isolated and differentiated into functional motor neurons, and possible clinical applications.     

Intranuclear rodlets in retrochiasmatic area neurons of the hypothalamus of the rat

Summary Microfilamentous spindle-shaped nuclear rodlets are described in neurons of the retrochiasmatic area in the rat hypothalamus. The authors consider these structures as normal and dynamic nuclear inclusions of these neurons, although their significance remains unknown.     

Neurogenic effects of β-amyloid in the choroid plexus epithelial cells in Alzheimer’s disease

β-amyloid (Aβ) can promote neurogenesis, both in vitro and in vivo, by inducing neural progenitor cells to differentiate into neurons. The choroid plexus in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is burdened with amyloid deposits and hosts neuronal progenitor cells. However, neurogenesis in this brain tissue is not firmly established. To investigate this issue further, we examined the effect of Aβ on the neuronal differentiation of choroid plexus epithelial cells in several experimental models of AD. Here we show that Aβ regulates neurogenesis in vitro in cultured choroid plexus epithelial cells as well as in vivo in the choroid plexus of APP/Ps1 mice. Treatment with oligomeric Aβ increased proliferation and differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells in cultured choroid plexus epithelial cells, but decreased survival of newly born neurons. These Aβ-induced neurogenic effects were also observed in choroid plexus of APP/PS1 mice, and detected also in autopsy tissue from AD patients. Analysis of signaling pathways revealed that pre-treating the choroid plexus epithelial cells with specific inhibitors of TyrK or MAPK diminished Aβ-induced neuronal proliferation. Taken together, our results support a role of Aβ in proliferation and differentiation in the choroid plexus epithelial cells in Alzheimer’s disease.     

A quantitative study of the catecholamine-fluorescence in the ganglion paracervicale uteri of the rat

Summary In the ganglion paracervicale uteri of the rat, there are principle neurons which are able to take up offered catecholamines. Normally there is an inverse relationship between their size and their mean catecholamine-fluorescence. A comparison with the catecholamine-fluorescence of depleted and repleted adrenergic perikarya in the ganglion cervicale superius is made.Acknowledgments. I am very obliged to Dr G. Krinke and to Mrs K. Schnider for their continued interest and practical assistance. The study was supported in part by CIBA-GEIGY, Ltd. Basle.     

Norepinephrine as principal catecholamine in a specific neurone of an invertebrate (Boophilus microplus: Acarina)

Summary Norepinephrine has been identified as the principal catecholamine in individual neurons of the synganglion of an arthropod, the cattle tickBoophilus microplus. This suggests that norepinephrine may have a hitherto unsuspected major physiological role in at least one group of invertebrates.