基于工作记忆内容的注意:儿童与成人的比较研究

选取10名小学儿童(7~8岁)和10名大学生(19~27岁)作为被试,采用"工作记忆+视觉搜索"的双任务实验范式,探讨儿童与成人基于工作记忆内容的视觉注意的异同.实验要求被试在工作记忆保持阶段完成一个视觉搜索任务,结果发现儿童与成人均表现出基于工作记忆内容的注意:相对于中性条件来说,工作记忆内容与干扰项匹配会显著降低成人被试的搜索绩效,而工作记忆内容与目标匹配会显著提高儿童被试的搜索绩效.研究结果表明,尽管儿童和成人都表现出了基于工作记忆内容的视觉注意,但儿童较成人能更好地运用该注意机制以提高视觉搜索绩效且受其不利影响较少.     

自闭症儿童工作记忆研究综述

工作记忆是一个涉及材料在线保持的系统．对自闭症的认知基础进行解释的执行模型激发了大量的自闭症儿童工作记忆的研究．多数研究支持了自闭症儿童工作记忆的言语广度正常的结论．自闭症儿童视觉空间工作记忆的研究没有得到一致的结论,但越来越多的证据显示了自闭症儿童的视觉空间工作记忆的异常．自闭症儿童工作记忆的中央执行成份仅显示了局部的受损．虽然自闭症儿童操作任务的结果揭示了损伤的存在,但没有得到其他研究的证实．当使用反眼动任务和不相容任务时,及go／no—go范式中存在与反应抑制关联的刺激转换时,白闭症儿童的工作记忆受损．今后的研究应以整体的、发展的视角,不断改进工作记忆的研究方法,在选取适当匹配组儿童的前提下,对白闭症儿童进行分类研究．     

工作记忆、注意与一般液态智力之间关系的实证研究

选取高中生、大学生、研究生和高中青年教师共48名.采用被试内设计,对工作记忆、注意与智力之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:①三者之间的关系与所选用的测试材料有关.用汉语双字词所测的工作记忆与智力之间的相关不显著,而用大写字母所测的工作记忆与智力之间相关显著.②三者之间的关系与其所应用的注意评定测验有关.工作记忆与选择注意相关显著,而与维持注意相关不显著;智力与维持注意相关显著,而与选择注意相关不显著.     

工作记忆训练改善学习困难儿童症状的有效性：行为和ERP证据

采用自适应活动记忆任务，对学习困难儿童进行20 d的计算机化工作记忆训练.对训练前后进行认知和脑电测查发现，训练组在以数字倒背和n-back任务所代表的工作记忆上具有近迁移效应，在以瑞文测试所代表的流体智力上有远迁移效应并具有长期维持效应.同时，训练组在顶区的P300波幅和LNC波幅显著增大.结果表明，工作记忆训练可增强大脑的信息更新和维持能力，提高学习困难儿童的工作记忆广度和流体智力，长期效应可改善学业成绩，是一种对学习困难儿童有效的认知干预手段.     

不同年级学生的工作记忆研究

从小学三年级、五年级、初中二年级、高中二年级中分别挑选被试对象各80人，进行工作记忆广度测量。结果发现：1．工作记忆广度的发展随着年级的增长而发展；2．各年级学生的两项工作记忆广度测试成绩与语文、数学成绩有较高的正相关。结论：工作记忆与学生的学业成绩关系密切，即工作记忆是有效学习的前提。     

抑郁症患者工作记忆与血清微量元素相关性

目的:探索抑郁症患者工作记忆损害及其与血清微量元素的关系.方法:采用数字广度、数字2-back、视觉再生及数字-符号转换测试方法,评估30例符合美国精神障碍统计与诊断手册第4版(DSM-IV)诊断标准的抑郁症患者(患者组)和30例健康志愿者(对照组)的工作记忆,同时,检测两组研究对象的血清钙、磷、镁、铜、锌和铁六种微量元素与工作记忆之间的相关性.结果:抑郁症患者数字广度(顺背、倒背、总分)、数字2-back(正确率、反应时)和数字-符号测试成绩显著低于正常对照组(P0.05),差异有统计学意义;抑郁症组血清中铜含量明显高于对照组,差异具有显著性(P0.05);数字2-back任务正确率和视觉再生测验得分与镁离子含量呈正相关;数字-符号测验得分与铜离子含量呈正相关;视觉再生测验得分与锌离子含量呈负相关.其他工作记忆测试成绩与离子无相关.结论:抑郁症患者确实存在工作记忆的缺陷,主要体现在工作记忆容量变小,言语工作记忆及中央执行系统功能受损;且抑郁症工作记忆损害可能与血清微量元素锌、铜、镁离子浓度密切相关.     

《大脑与认知》2004年—2007年工作记忆研究终述

对工作记忆的广度和容量的研究很多,本文阐述了几个观点：工作记忆中客体的呈现受过去经历的影响;情感的决定受工作记忆条件影响,高工作记忆条件下产生了一种＂目光短浅＂的决定风格;在时间判断任务中由于工作记忆过程的不同会产生的与年龄相关的差异。     

工作记忆与阅读的关系研究

工作记忆在阅读理解中具有重要作用。工作记忆由于其具有存储和计算功能,在理解能力方面是很复杂的。课文理解需要占用很大部分的工作记忆资源。在阅读的解码和加工过程中,语篇的重要思想或当前命题必须保存在记忆中。同时,能在理解过程中提取这些思想或命题。     

工作记忆理论模型演变及其应用

工作记忆是一种对信息进行暂时加工和贮存的能量有限的记忆系统。本文在分析工作记忆理论模型演变过程的基础上,探讨工作记忆对阅读理解,写作,数学问题解决等复杂认知活动中的作用,从而深入挖掘工作记忆研究的实际应用价值。     

基于工作记忆内容的注意导向的影响因素

工作记忆内容对视觉搜索中注意选择的影响到底如何,与工作记忆内容匹配的项目是否总是会自动捕获注意,至今仍存在争议。本研究针对前人研究中存在的差异和不足,统一采用"记忆-搜索"双任务范式来探讨搜索任务难度、搜索项目刺激强度以及记忆任务呈现时间对基于工作记忆内容的注意导向的影响。结果发现:当采用困难搜索任务时,干扰条件下被试反应时与中性条件下反应时无显著差异,说明难度会影响工作记忆内容对注意选择的自动导向效应,但这种影响只有在搜索任务难度足够大的情况下才能体现出来。而在本研究中并未发现刺激强度和记忆任务呈现时间这两个因素对基于工作记忆内容的注意导向的影响,即无论刺激强度高低,或记忆任务呈现时间长或短,与工作记忆内容匹配的搜索项目还是会"自动捕获注意",导致干扰条件下被试反应时显著慢于中性条件。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.