Toward the development of Mg alloys with simultaneously improved strength and ductility by refining grain size via the deformation process

Magnesium(Mg) alloys, as the lightest metal engineering materials, have broad application prospects.However, the strength and ductility of traditional Mg alloys are still relativity low and difficult to improve simultaneously.Refining grain size via the deformation process based on the grain boundary strengthening and the transition of deformation mechanisms is one of the feasible strategies to prepare Mg alloys with high strength and high ductility.In this review, the effects of grain size on the strength and ductility of Mg alloys are summarized, and fine-grained Mg alloys with high strength and high ductility developed by various severe plastic deformation technologies and improved traditional deformation technologies are introduced.Although some achievements have been made, the effects of grain size on various Mg alloys are rarely discussed systematically and some key mechanisms are unclear or lack direct microscopic evidence.This review can be used as a reference for further development of high-performance fine-grained Mg alloys.     

Mg2Ca相对镁合金形变和失效机理的影响

采用分子动力学(MD)模拟方法,在分析Mg-Ca合金中Mg基质和Mg_2Ca稳定相机械性能基础上,对比揭示了Mg_2Ca对多晶镁合金形变和失效机理的影响.特定方向的单轴载荷下,单晶Mg伴随着活跃的锥面c+a和柱面a位错,有显著塑性形变.单晶Mg_2Ca无明显塑性形变,高刚度且脆性强烈.对比多晶Mg/Mg_2Ca复合材料的微观结构,在塑性形变过程中,Mg_2Ca晶粒因其高刚度能减少合金位错并阻断相邻Mg基质中活跃的基面a和锥面c+a位错的传播,从而锚定周围原子.而较弱的Mg/Mg_2Ca界面容易产生裂缝,引起晶间断裂,最终使多晶镁合金失效.     

Effects of Gd solutes on hardness and yield strength of Mg alloys

Relative contribution of individual strengthening mechanisms to the yield strength of Mg–0–15 wt%Gd alloys were investigated.Alloys with different grain size were prepared by adding Zr and hot extrusion.Hardness and tensile/compression yield strength were tested on the alloys after solid solution treatment and extrusion.HallPetch constants were calculated with hardness and tensile/compressive data.The results showed that the hardness of Mg–Gd alloys with similar Gd content and different grain size were almost the same,which indicates that grain size had little effect on hardness.The hardness linearly increased with rising Gd content(d H_v/dc≈25 kg mm~(-2)/at%Gd).The tensile and compressive yield strengths enhanced with the increase of Gd content for all alloys in different conditions.In addition,the tensile/compressive(t/c)yield asymmetry of extruded alloys decreased with increasing Gd content.Large t/c yield asymmetry ratio(1.77)was observed for pure Mg,and with increasing Gd content this value decreased to 1.With the increasing of tensile strength,the stress intensity factor,k_y,decreased from 0.27 MPa m~(1/2)for Mg–2 wt%Gd alloy to 0.19 MPa m~(1/2) for Mg–5 wt%Gd alloy,then increased to 0.29 MPa m~(1/2) for Mg–15 wt%Gd alloy.However,k_yincreased linearly form 0.16–0.31 MPa for compression test.The influence of grain size strengthening was eliminated,and the yield strength of tension and compression both linearly increased with c~n,where c is the atom concentration of Gd,and n=1/2 or 2/3.     

剪切盒尺寸与平均粒径对砂土抗剪强度的影响

利用大尺寸直剪仪、常规四联直剪仪试验系统与颗粒流程序PFC2D,对三种不同平均粒径与一种单粒组砂样进行室内直剪试验与数值模拟试验,探讨平均粒径与剪切盒尺寸对砂土抗剪强度的影响机制。首先,进行武汉地区深基坑砂土在不同平均粒径下及单一粒组砂样的直剪试验,获得武汉地区砂土的宏观力学特性,并对其结果进行分析。其次,对单一粒组的砂样在四联直剪仪上进行试验,并将试验所得结果与大尺寸直剪试验结果进行对比分析。最后,进行与室内直剪试验匹配的和补充的PFC2D数值模拟试验,得到通过室内物理试验难以得到的对砂土强度有影响的因素,即多种不同尺寸的剪切盒对砂土试验的影响,进一步分析剪切盒尺寸与砂土抗剪强度的关系。     

Enhancement of ductility and improvement of abnormal Goss grain growth of magnetostrictive Fe-Ga rolled alloys

The influences of initial microstructures on the mechanical properties and the recrystallization texture of magnetostrictive 0.1at% NbC-doped Fe₈₃Ga₁₇ alloys were investigated. The directionally solidified columnar-grained structure substantially enhanced the tensile elongation at intermediate temperatures by suppressing fracture along the transverse boundaries. Compared with tensile elongations of 1.0% at 300℃ and 12.0% at 500℃ of the hot-forged equiaxed-grained alloys, the columnar-grained alloys exhibited substantially increased tensile elongations of 21.6% at 300℃ and 46.6% at 500℃. In the slabs for rolling, the introduction of <001>-oriented columnar grains also promotes the secondary recrystallization of Goss grains in the finally annealed sheets, resulting in an improvement of the saturation magnetostriction. For the columnar-grained specimens, the inhomogeneous microstructure and disadvantage in number and size of Goss grains are improved in the primarily annealed sheets, which is beneficial to the abnormal growth of Goss grains during the final annealing process.     

A5083钢奥氏体晶粒度同变形量和加热时间的关系

晶粒度控制是大型锻件宏观力学性能控制的重要手段之一,通过对A508-3钢进行应变速率为1×10~(-3)s~(-1)的高温压缩实验、保温实验,测量材料的原奥氏体晶粒尺寸,分析得到该材料在10%、20%、30%、50%变形量下的晶粒度,以及随后保温过程中晶粒度变化的规律.结果表明,1 050℃时,变形量在30%以内,晶粒细化一级,达到50%变形时,晶粒细化两级;1 200℃时,50%以内的变形量下,晶粒细化一级;在1 050℃下,保温2 h以内,晶粒尺寸不会有明显变化,超过2 h后,晶粒长大明显,在1 200℃保温1 h以内,晶粒尺寸不会有明显变化.     

全级配混凝土强度尺寸效应及变形特性研究

采用近似理想刚性试验机，对全级配及相应湿筛混凝土立方体试件进行了单轴抗压强度尺寸效应的试验，与此同时还测出了应力－应变全过程曲线及泊桑比与体应变．试验结果表明：全级配与湿筛混凝土的强度均存在尺寸效应，其变化规律符合Ｗｅｉｂｕｌ脆性材料强度统计理论．全级配混凝土的脆性较湿筛混凝土小，其应力－应变全过程曲线与圆柱体试件的应力－应变全过程曲线形状相似     

模网混凝土墙体抗剪承载力与延性分析

为了推进新型结构体系——建筑模网混凝土结构的应用,以有限元软件ANSYS作为研究工具,分别对普通混凝土剪力墙以及Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型模网混凝土墙体的抗剪性能进行了非线性有限元分析,对比了Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型模网混凝土墙体在抗剪承载力、延性等方面的特点,结果表明:模网混凝土墙体和普通混凝土剪力墙相比,两者的极限荷载相近,前者的开裂荷载大于后者,延性比后者稍差;Ⅱ型模网混凝土墙体在承载力和延性性能方面比Ⅰ型模网更优。     

Trend analysis of sediment grain size and sedimentary process in the central South Yellow Sea

With the method of trend analysis of sediment grain size, the sediment transport trend of the fine-grained sediments area in the central South Yellow Sea was studied. The results demonstrated that there is a sedimentation center around the point of 123.4°E, 35.1°N, and the sediments outside the center are transported to it. The patterns of sediment transportation and deposition in the Yellow Sea should be controlled by cyclonic circulation (including the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass) and cold water gyre. The study also showed that the method of trend analysis of sediment grain size has prospective utilization in the fine-grained sediment deposited area on large-scale continental shelf.     

Hydrodynamic process of Tibetan Plateau lake revealed by grain size: Case study of Pumayum Co

Under the background of global warming,some lakes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are potentially sensitive to temperature change.With a case study of Pumayum Co,where glacier meltwater is important to supply(we call this a glacier-fed lake hereafter),we analyze the sensitivity of lake sediment grain size to temperature change.This is done by resolving the modern hydrodynamic process,coupled with comparison of paleoclimatic proxies.According to the spatial distributions of parameters,percentage of grain size and the grain size frequency distribution curve,hydrodynamic processes are analyzed.Five clastic sedimentation types are thereby discriminated.In the open lake area,suspended load transport is the main transport agent.Grain Size Trend Analysis(GSTA),a sediment dynamics model,reveals a trend toward eastward transport.This indicates that the largest and glacier-fed river,the Jiaqu River,influences the entire lake(not just the subsurface alluvial fan),and that lake sediment grain size may serve as a temperature indicator.Time series comparison between grain size of a short core from the central lake and meteorological data confirms this temperature indication,which in turn shows reliability of the method discriminating the hydrodynamic process.This case study will improve the ability of paleoclimatic reconstruction using lake sediment in glacier-fed lakes on the Tibetan Plateau.     

间断变形工艺提高AZ31镁合金超塑性的研究

研究间断变形工艺对AZ31镁合金超塑性的影响.结果表明,当温度为400～440℃、应变速率小于5×10-4 s-1时,间断变形工艺可以显著提高AZ31镁合金的超塑性.计算了空洞体积分数与空洞数量的关系.结果表明,空洞体积分数与空洞数量呈正比.对拉伸试样断口形貌的分析表明,间断变形减少了空洞数量,因而减小了空洞体积分数,提高了超塑性伸长率.     

Improved strength and ductility of high alloy containing Al-12Zn-3Mg-2.5Cu alloy by combining non-isothermal step rolling and cold rolling

Al-12Zn-3Mg-2.5Cu alloy was prepared using a liquid metallurgy route under the optimized conditions. A sample cut from the ingot was rolled non-isothermally from 400℃ to 100℃ in 100℃ steps, with 15% reduction in thickness; it was then cold rolled isothermally at room temperature for 85% reduction. The cold-rolled alloys were characterized by electron microscopy, hardness test, and tensile test to elucidate their structural evolution and evaluate their mechanical behavior. In the results, the cast alloy consists of α-aluminum and various intermetallic compounds. These compounds are segregated along the grain boundaries, which makes the alloy difficult to roll at room temperature. The combined effect of non-isothermal step rolling and cold rolling results in the nano/microsized compounds distributed uniformly in the matrix. The hardness is substantially increased after rolling. This increase in hardness is attributed to the ultra-fine grain size, fine-scale intermetallic compounds, and structural defects (e.g., dislocations, stacking faults, and sub-grains). The ultimate tensile strength of the rolled alloy is approximately 628 MPa with 7% ductility.     

非晶退火晶化过程中晶粒度的可选择性

非晶的退火晶化法是目前广泛采用的一种制备纳米晶材料的新方法．如果可以根据不同的目的对材料的品粒度进行选择，那是非常有意义的．理论和实验表明，通过掺杂和控制退火过程可以实现这一目的。     

RH冶炼超低碳钢的最优工艺研究

建立了RH碳氧反应模型,计算值和实际测量值吻合较好,可以模拟实际RH精炼过程中的碳氧反应.在一定的初始碳含量范围内,初始碳含量对RH脱碳结束的碳含量基本没有影响,同时,RH脱碳反应达到14min后其脱碳速度小于1.5×10-6min-1,脱碳反应接近平衡.随着钢包渣TFe含量的增高,RH脱碳反应降低的氧含量和碳含量的比值在降低.当钢包渣TFe含量为8%时,实际计算的碳氧线和理论的碳氧线接近.     

Synthesis of Mg2B2O5 whiskers via coprecipitation and sintering process

Mg₂B₂O₅ whiskers with high aspect ratio were synthesized by coprecipitation and sintering process using MgCl₂·6H₂O, H₃BO₃, and NaOH as raw materials and KCl as a flux. Their formation process was investigated by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microcopy (SEM). It is found that the products synthesized at 832°C are monoclinic Mg₂B₂O₅ whiskers with a diameter of 200?C400 nm and a length of 50?C80 ??m. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analyses show that the whiskers obtained at 832°C are single crystalline and grow along with the [010] direction. The growth mechanism of Mg₂B₂O₅ whiskers was also presented.     

稀土对铝钛硼中间合金组织及细化性能的影响

采用氟盐铝热反应法制取不同稀土含量的Al-Ti-B-RE中间合金,并对其微观组织和细化效果进行了分析,讨论了稀土元素对Al5Ti1B组织及性能的影响。X射线衍射及能谱分析证明:稀土元素和TiAl3结合生成了Ti2Al20RE,同时TiAl3尺寸减小、数量减少;TiB2尺寸、形态不受影响,但分布更加均匀弥散。细化效果试验表明稀土元素确实可以提高Al5Ti1B中间合金的细化效果。在5Ti1B系Al-Ti-B-RE中间合金中,稀土元素的最佳质量分数为3.53%,此时能取得最理想的微观组织和细化效果。     

稀土对铝钛硼中间合金组织及细化性能的影响

采用氟盐铝热反应法制取不同稀土含量的Al-Ti-B-RE中间合金,并对其微观组织和细化效果进行了分析,讨论了稀土元素对Al5Ti1B组织及性能的影响。X射线衍射及能谱分析证明,稀土元素和TiAl3结合生成了Ti2Al20RE,同时TiAl3尺寸减小、数量减少;TiB2尺寸、形态不受影响,但分布更加均匀弥散。细化效果试验表明稀土元素确实可以提高Al5Ti1B中间合金的细化效果。在5Ti1B系Al-Ti-B-RE中间合金中,稀土元素的最佳质量分数为3.53%,此时能取得最理想的微观组织和细化效果。     

Mechanical behaviors of extruded Mg alloys with high Gd and Nd content

The influence of alloying elements and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical behaviors of extruded Mg–Gd–Nd ternary alloys was investigated in this study. The grain sizes dramatically decreased after extrusion, and the particles which distributed in Mg matrix had great effect on the grain size. The grain sizes of extruded alloys decreased from 26 to 5 μm with the alloying content increasing. The mechanical test results show that both Gd and Nd had positive effect on the hardness, y...     

矽卡岩型铜尾矿蒸压制品水化过程及其强度发展

通过对尾矿蒸压制品试块的强度测试、X 射线衍射分析和扫描电镜观察,探讨了矽卡岩型铜尾矿-矿渣-硅砂-熟料-石膏体系的试块在静停期、高温高压蒸养阶段和出高压釜后的常温养护中发生的水化反应,研究了原料中钙质组分和硅质组分掺量变化对反应生成水化产物的种类和数量以及这些水化产物对试块强度的影响。发现蒸压制品制备过程中各个阶段的强度取决于生成的水化产物种类和数量,而水化产物的种类和数量主要取决于原料中钙质组分的含量和硅质组分的含量及存在形式。     

Effect of long-term aging treatment on the tensile strength and ductility of GH 605 superalloy

Aging treatment is an effective way to optimize the mechanical properties of Co-based superalloys. In this study, commercial GH 605 superalloy was subjected to aging treatment at 650 ?°C in a wide time range up to 1000 ?h. The effects of aging time on the tensile characteristics, microstructure evolution and mechanical properties were systematically investigated at room temperature (RT) and 900 ?°C. The results showed that the volume fractions of M₆C and M₂₃C₆ carbide increased with the aging time. After long-term aging treatment, the yield strength (YS) at RT was enhanced from 490.3 ?MPa to 805.9 ?MPa, while the alloy still had high tensile ductility (above 20%). Microscopic observations by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the strengthening mechanism was related to carbide precipitation inside the grains and the change in the dislocation slipping mode. Moreover, long-term aging treatment can increase the elongation from 24.1% to 47.3% at 900 ?°C accompanied by a slight increase of YS from 299.3 ?MPa to 313.9 ?MPa. Based on detailed microstructure analysis the strengthening mechanism can be attributed to the refined grains as well as carbide precipitation inside the grains and around the grain boundaries.