Determining role of heterogeneous microstructure in lowering yield ratio and enhancing impact toughness in high-strength low-alloy steel

Here we present a novel approach of intercritical heat treatment for microstructure tailoring,in which intercritical annealing is introduced between conventional quenching and tempering.This induced a heterogeneous microstructure consisting of soft intercritical ferrite and hard tempered martensite,resulting in a low yield ratio(YR)and high impact toughness in a high-strength low-alloy steel.The initial yielding and subsequent work hardening behavior of the steel during tensile deformation were modified by the presence of soft intercritical ferrite after intercritical annealing,in comparison to the steel with full martensitic microstructure.The increase in YR was related to the reduction in hardness difference between the soft and hard phases due to the precipitation of nano-carbides and the recovery of dislocations during tempering.The excellent low-temperature toughness was ascribed not only to the decrease in probability of microcrack initiation for the reduction of hardness difference between two phases,but also to the increase in resistance of microcrack propagation caused by the high density of high angle grain boundaries.     

低合金高强钢中非金属夹杂物的改性

借助热力学软件Thermo-Calc和ASPEX自动扫描电镜等分析手段,研究了低合金高强钢精炼过程渣--钢反应和钙处理对夹杂物改性行为的影响.通过提高炉渣碱度和w(CaO)/w(Al2O3)值以及降低炉渣氧化性等措施,钙处理前钢中Al2O3夹杂物转变为靠近1600℃液相区的CaO--MgO--Al2O3复合夹杂物和少量的MgO.Al2O3尖晶石.在渣--钢反应对Al2O3部分变性的基础上,钙线喂入量每炉由优化前的800 m减少到300 m仍能达到夹杂物改性的目的.     

Design of a low-alloy high-strength and high-toughness martensitic steel

To develop a high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel with high strength and high toughness, a series of martensitic steels were studied through alloying with various elements and thermodynamic simulation. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the designed steel were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, tensile testing and Charpy impact test. The results show that cementite exists between 500℃ and 700℃, M₇C₃ exits below 720℃, and they are much lower than the austenitizing temperature of the designed steel. Furthermore, the Ti(C,N) precipitate exists until 1280℃, which refines the microstructure and increases the strength and toughness. The optimal alloying components are 0.19% C, 1.19% Si, 2.83% Mn, 1.24% Ni, and 0.049% Ti; the tensile strength and the V notch impact toughness of the designed steel are more than 1500 MPa and 100 J, respectively.     

焊接热循环对P460NL1高强正火容器钢微观组织及低温冲击韧性的影响

采用焊接热模拟技术,结合OM、SEM、TEM及-40℃低温冲击韧性实验,研究了焊接热循环(不同峰值温度和t_(8/5)参数)对P460NL1高强正火容器钢热影响区组织和低温韧性的影响,重点分析了不同焊接热循环中强化相V(C,N)粒子的演变。结果显示,当t_(8/5)同为45 s时,P460NL1钢模拟热影响区的低温冲击韧性随峰值温度的升高大致呈降低趋势,且温度超过1200℃后冲击韧性急剧降低。峰值温度为1350、1200℃且t_(8/5)在15～100 s范围时,模拟的是P460NL1钢焊接热影响区粗晶区,组织主要为铁素体和贝氏体混合组织,此条件下P460NL1钢的低温冲击韧性较低且基本不随t_(8/5)的变化而变化;t_(8/5)为45 s时,峰值温度1100、950℃对应的是焊接热影响区细晶区,此时组织为铁素体+贝氏体+珠光体混合组织,峰值温度870℃模拟的是两相区,主要为铁素体和珠光体组织。利用Thermal-Calc软件计算得到P460NL1钢中V(C,N)溶解温度为1160℃,故当峰值温度超过1200℃时,V(C,N)粒子完全溶解且未再析出,基体中存在的游离N会降低P460NL1钢的低温冲击韧性,且当峰值温度为1350℃时,随着t_(8/5)增加,晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,但冲击韧性却没有因此而降低,表明游离氮是热影响区粗晶区冲击韧性的关键因素。     

高强高韧低合金锰钢的研制

采用多元合金化思路设计了一种新型低合金高强度高韧性锰钢.研究了该钢的静态CCT曲线、显微组织、断口形貌以及热处理工艺对钢的力学性能的影响.结果表明:该钢中过冷奥氏体的稳定性高,具有高淬透性及高回火稳定性,经890～930℃淬火及200～230℃回火后获得回火板条马氏体组织,使该钢具有高的强韧性(抗拉强度Rm≥1500MPa,冲击韧性Akv≥85J)匹配;钢中适当提高锰含量,符合我国资源情况,具有较高的性价比.     

Influence of band microstructure on carbide precipitation behavior and toughness of 1 GPa-grade ultra-heavy gauge low-alloy steel

This study investigated the influence of band microstructure induced by centerline segregation on carbide precipitation behavior and toughness in an 80 mm-thick 1 GPa low-carbon low-alloy steel plate. The quarter-thickness(1/4t) and half-thickness(1/2t) regions of the plate exhibited similar ductility and toughness after quenching. After tempering, the 1/4t region exhibited～50%and～25%enhancements in both the total elongation and low-temperature toughness at-40°C, respectively, without a decrease...     

低合金高强度双相耐磨钢热处理工艺研究

采用光学显微镜、电子显微镜和万能力学试验机对热处理后的低合金高强度双相耐磨钢试样进行组织观察和力学性能测试.结果表明,水淬后的试样微观组织为贝氏体-马氏体双相组织;250 ℃回火后的试样微观组织为回火马氏体和贝氏体;450 ℃和600 ℃回火后的试样微观组织分别为回火马氏体和贝氏体.水淬250 ℃回火后的试样具有最佳强度和塑性配比,其抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为1 491.4 MPa和1 264.6 MPa,HRC硬度为43,延伸率为9.42%.     

精炼渣成分对高强度低合金钢中非金属夹杂物影响

采用渣钢平衡的实验方法研究了1600℃下不同碱度和不同Al2O3含量的强还原性精炼渣对高强度低合金钢中非金属夹杂物的影响.结果表明:渣钢反应平衡后,炉渣中CaO和SiO2的质量比为1.9～4.5、Al2O3质量分数为21%～33%,钢中夹杂物主要为球状的CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2系,尺寸在5μm以下,炉渣成分对夹杂物的成分影响很大.夹杂物主要分布在SiO2含量一定的CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2伪三元相图中1 400～1 500℃的低熔点区,随着炉渣碱度的提高和Al2O3含量的降低,部分夹杂物逐渐偏离低熔点区域,夹杂物的总数量逐渐减小.当渣中Al2O3质量分数为21.22%、碱度为3.27时,有大量夹杂物分布在高熔点区域,夹杂物的总数量最小.     

低合金钢焊接热影响区的微观组织和韧性研究进展

对钢结构而言,诸如海洋平台、船舶、桥梁、建筑和油气管线等,焊接后的性能直接决定了其服役寿命和安全性,重要性不言而喻.在针对焊接相关问题的研究中,焊接热影响区的韧性提升一直是重点和难点.焊接热影响区会经历高达1400℃的高温,从而形成粗大的奥氏体晶粒,如果焊接参数控制不当,不能通过后续冷却过程中的相变细化组织,就会造成韧性的降低.而多道次焊接的情况更为复杂,前一道次形成的粗晶区还会在后续焊接过程中经历二次热循环,从而形成链状M-A,造成韧性的急剧下降.本文旨在对一些现有焊接热影响区的相关研究结果进行总结,探讨母材的成分、第二相及焊接工艺等因素对热影响区微观组织和性能的影响,为低温环境服役的大型钢结构的焊接性能改善提供一些设计思路.     

NbC纳米析出相对低合金高强钢氢致开裂的影响研究

We investigated the effect of nanosized NbC precipitates on hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) of high-strength low-alloy steel by conducting slow-strain-rate tensile tests (SSRT) and performing continuous hydrogen charging and fracture analysis. The results reveal that the HIC resistance of Nb-bearing steel is obviously superior to that of Nb-free steel, with the fractured Nb-bearing steel in the SSRT exhibiting a smaller ratio of elongation reduction (I_δ). However, as the hydrogen traps induced by NbC precipitates approach hydrogen saturation, the effect of the precipitates on the HIC resistance attenuate. We speculate that the highly dispersed nanosized NbC precipitates act as irreversible hydrogen traps that hinder the accumulation of hydrogen at potential crack nucleation sites. In addition, much like Nb-free steel, the Nb-bearing steel exhibits both H-solution strengthening and the resistance to HIC.     

Effect of nanosized Nb C precipitates on hydrogen-induced cracking of high-strength low-alloy steel

We investigated the effect of nanosized NbC precipitates on hydrogen-induced cracking(HIC) of high-strength low-alloy steel by conducting slow-strain-rate tensile tests(SSRT) and performing continuous hydrogen charging and fracture analysis. The results reveal that the HIC resistance of Nb-bearing steel is obviously superior to that of Nb-free steel, with the fractured Nb-bearing steel in the SSRT exhibiting a smaller ratio of elongation reduction(I_δ). However, as the hydrogen traps induced by NbC precipitates approach hydrogen saturation, the effect of the precipitates on the HIC resistance attenuate. We speculate that the highly dispersed nanosized NbC precipitates act as irreversible hydrogen traps that hinder the accumulation of hydrogen at potential crack nucleation sites. In addition, much like Nb-free steel, the Nb-bearing steel exhibits both H-solution strengthening and the resistance to HIC.     

钇基稀土对E36钢板显微组织及冲击性能的影响

运用扫描电镜及能谱等分析手段研究了钇基稀土对E36钢中夹杂物的变质作用以及对显微组织和冲击性能的影响.研究表明,钇基稀土改善了E36钢的显微组织,减少了珠光体的片间距和含量.加入钇基稀土后,E36钢的冲击断口由典型的解理断口变为准解理+韧窝型断口,韧窝中细小球状的稀土夹杂是其转变的主要原因.加入少量的钇基稀土显著改善了E36钢的冲击韧性,尤其是低温冲击性能.在-60℃情况下,E36Re钢的纵向冲击功较E36钢提高了33.5%,横向冲击功提高了113.7%.并且,钇基稀土显著改善了E36钢纵横向冲击性能的差异性,未加稀土E36钢的纵、横冲击比均大于1.70,-60℃条件下达到2.77,而E36Re钢的纵、横冲击比为1.51~1.73.     

X100管线钢焊接热影响区组织与韧性研究

采用热模拟试验技术,研究了X100管线钢焊接热影响区的组织与性能变化规律,结果表明:采用高Nb、微Ti设计的低碳X100管线钢的焊接粗晶区经焊接热循环后仍保持良好的韧性。焊接热影响区的脆化区出现在峰值温度为750℃的两相区。沿原奥氏体晶界形成的岛状组织是导致韧性降低的主要原因。     

低合金钢的冲击疲劳磨损

研究了低合金钢的冲击疲劳磨损随材料特性和冲击时间的变化规律，全面分析了冲击疲劳磨损试样的磨面、磨屑和亚表层，提出了冲击疲劳磨损的过程。     

Effect of microstructure on the impact toughness of a bainitic steel bloom for large plastic molds

The correlation between the impact toughness and microstructural characteristics of a large bainitic steel bloom has been investigated. The study focuses on microcrack nucleation and propagation in the basic cleavage plane. To analyze the phase transformation during the wind-cooling process, the temperature field of the bloom was acquired by computer simulation, and a continuous cooling transformation experiment was conducted. The results show that compared with the surface of the bloom, the toughness of the bloom’s core is decreased by the increase in proeutectoid ferrite and the coarsening of tempered martensite–austenite constituents. The proeutectoid ferrite decreases the toughness via its effects on carbide precipitation, the formation of martensite–austenite constituents, and the bainite transformation. The relatively large tempered martensite–austenite constituents are conducive to microcrack nucleation and propagation.     

Nb微合金化对低合金高强钢耐海水腐蚀性能的影响

利用室内模拟海水加速腐蚀试验及电化学分析,研究了Nb微合金化对Cu-Cr-Ni-P系低合金高强钢耐海水腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,含Nb钢与不含Nb钢组织均由铁素体和珠光体构成,但Nb微合金化后钢中珠光体组织减少且晶粒细化明显,其在模拟海水介质中的平均腐蚀速率与不含Nb钢相比,降低了约12%,阳极腐蚀电流密度也有所降低。由此可见,在Cu-Cr-Ni-P系低合金高强钢中加入Nb元素有助于提高其耐海水腐蚀性能。     

低合金高强度钢连铸二冷制度优化及试验

Q345B(含铌)钢是低合金高强度(HSLA)裂纹敏感性钢种.文中分析了C、Nb、二冷水量对其铸坯裂纹形成的影响和裂纹产生的原因.在此基础上结合工业试验对连铸二冷制度进行优化,提出弱冷却方式和均匀二次冷却,铸坯的矫直温度提高到950 ℃以上可有效控制裂纹的产生,降低了裂纹产生的几率,铸坯质量提高达80%.     

Nb对中碳低合金耐磨钢组织和性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、力学性能测试等手段分析了微量合金元素铌对低合金耐磨钢组织和性能的影响.加入质量分数为0.034％的Nb后,耐磨钢的硬度提高HB 9,-20℃夏比冲击功从29.4J提高到37.6J,耐磨性能提高3.5％.硬度和韧性提高的主要原因是组织的细化和析出强化,含Nb钢在奥氏体化过程中析出纳米级的细小NbC第二相,并且钉扎奥氏体晶界,抑制晶粒的长大,钉扎类型符合Zener模型,但不同于之前研究者所得的比例系数.     

超声- GTA焊激励电压对CLAM钢焊缝组织和冲击性能的影响

将超声激励源对氩弧焊(GTA)电源调制以激发出电弧超声,通过电弧与工件的自耦合作用,将其引入到中国低活化马氏体钢(CLAMs)钢的焊接中,超声- GTA焊接电流、超声激励电压及组合依据经验恰当选取.试验结果及其对比分析表明:电弧超声引入可以有效地改善焊缝的组织与性能,通过选取适合的焊接-超声工艺参数组合,可以使CLAM...     

原位观察TiN粒子对低合金高强度钢模拟焊接热影响区粗晶区晶粒细化作用

采用高温激光共聚焦显微镜原位观察和电子背散射衍射技术研究TiN粒子在低合金高强度钢模拟大线能量焊接热循环过程中晶粒细化效果。研究发现合理的Ti和N含量能形成大量细小弥散分布的纳米级TiN粒子,在焊接热循环过程中有效钉扎热影响区粗晶区奥氏体晶界,抑制晶粒粗化。同时,TiN附着在Al2 O3表面析出,在冷却过程中有效促进针状铁素体形核,得到有效晶粒尺寸非常细小的由少量针状铁素体和大量贝氏体构成的复合组织。