Mechanical unfolding intermediates in titin modules

The modular protein titin, which is responsible for the passive elasticity of muscle, is subjected to stretching forces. Previous work on the experimental elongation of single titin molecules has suggested that force causes consecutive unfolding of each domain in an all-or-none fashion. To avoid problems associated with the heterogeneity of the modular, naturally occurring titin, we engineered single proteins to have multiple copies of single immunoglobulin domains of human cardiac titin. Here we report the elongation of these molecules using the atomic force microscope. We find an abrupt extension of each domain by approximately 7 A before the first unfolding event. This fast initial extension before a full unfolding event produces a reversible 'unfolding intermediate' Steered molecular dynamics simulations show that the rupture of a pair of hydrogen bonds near the amino terminus of the protein domain causes an extension of about 6 A, which is in good agreement with our observations. Disruption of these hydrogen bonds by site-directed mutagenesis eliminates the unfolding intermediate. The unfolding intermediate extends titin domains by approximately 15% of their slack length, and is therefore likely to be an important previously unrecognized component of titin elasticity.     

微梁传感器弹性模量的测试

利用一种静态和两种动态的检测技术,对红外辐射探测微悬臂梁式传感器材料的弹性模量进行了测试研究.在静态检测实验中,利用纳米硬度计直接测出传感器材料的弹性模量;在动态实验中,分别利用谱平面光学滤波法和多普勒测振仪得到微悬臂梁传感器结构的固有频率,再结合数值模拟计算求出传感器的等效弹性模量.通过几种检测结果的分析和比较,获得了更加精确的微梁传感器单元的弹性模量值,为微梁的优化设计和评估提供了可靠的参数.     

Reverse engineering of the giant muscle protein titin

Through the study of single molecules it has become possible to explain the function of many of the complex molecular assemblies found in cells. The protein titin provides muscle with its passive elasticity. Each titin molecule extends over half a sarcomere, and its extensibility has been studied both in situ and at the level of single molecules. These studies suggested that titin is not a simple entropic spring but has a complex structure-dependent elasticity. Here we use protein engineering and single-molecule atomic force microscopy to examine the mechanical components that form the elastic region of human cardiac titin. We show that when these mechanical elements are combined, they explain the macroscopic behaviour of titin in intact muscle. Our studies show the functional reconstitution of a protein from the sum of its parts.     

钢纤维混凝土力学性能试验研究

对钢纤维体积率（Vf）为0～3％、基体强度为C50的钢纤维混凝土（SFRC）进行立方抗压强度、轴心抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、弯曲强度、弹性模量和泊松比的测试，试验结果表明：SFRC抗压强度随Vf的增加仅仅有着小幅度的增长，正向立方抗压强度略大于侧向立方抗压强度；轴心抗压强度与立方抗压强度之比值在0．75～0．77之间：钢纤维对SFRC的抗拉、抗弯性能起着明显的增强作用，正向、侧向劈裂抗拉强度比值随Vf的增加而增大；SFRC的弹性模量和泊松比均是不敏感的材料参数，前者随材料抗压强度的提高而缓慢增加，后者随Vf的加大而略有减小．     

高铝TRIP钢的高温力学性能

利用Gleeble3500试验机研究汽车用C-Mn-Al系TRIP钢的高温力学性能,测定了零塑性温度和零强度温度,应用差示扫描量热法测定其相变区间,采用扫描电镜和光学显微镜分析了不同拉伸温度对应的断口宏观形貌及断口附近组织组成.该钢种零塑性温度和零强度温度分别为1425℃和1430℃,第Ⅰ脆性区间为1400℃~熔点,第Ⅲ脆性区间为800~925℃.第Ⅲ脆性区脆化的原因是α铁素体从γ晶界析出,试样从975℃冷却至700℃过程中,随着α铁素体析出比例的增大,断面收缩率先减小后增大.基体α铁素体比例为8.1%时(850℃),断面收缩率降至28.9%;而拉伸温度在800℃以下时,基体α铁素体比例超过16.7%,断面收缩率回升至38.5%以上.该钢种在1275.6℃时开始析出少量粗大的AlN颗粒,但对钢的热塑性没有影响.     

Palindromic assembly of the giant muscle protein titin in the sarcomeric Z-disk

The Z-disk of striated and cardiac muscle sarcomeres is one of the most densely packed cellular structures in eukaryotic cells. It provides the architectural framework for assembling and anchoring the largest known muscle filament systems by an extensive network of protein-protein interactions, requiring an extraordinary level of mechanical stability. Here we show, using X-ray crystallography, how the amino terminus of the longest filament component, the giant muscle protein titin, is assembled into an antiparallel (2:1) sandwich complex by the Z-disk ligand telethonin. The pseudosymmetric structure of telethonin mediates a unique palindromic arrangement of two titin filaments, a type of molecular assembly previously found only in protein-DNA complexes. We have confirmed its unique architecture in vivo by protein complementation assays, and in vitro by experiments using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The model proposed may provide a molecular paradigm of how major sarcomeric filaments are crosslinked, anchored and aligned within complex cytoskeletal networks.     

泡沫金属的力学性能研究综述

详细综述了泡沫金属的拉伸、压缩、能显吸收、应变率敏感性等力学性能，以及孔径、基体材料、温度、微观结构缺陷对其力学性质的影响，从而为泡沫金属的进一步的研究、开发与应用提供理论基础。     

二灰黄土力学性能试验

为了给二灰黄土在道路工程中的广泛应用提供理论参考,进行了二灰黄土三轴剪切和直接剪切试验,分析了二灰黄土的力学性能。通过三轴剪切试验测得不同围压下二灰黄土的应力-应变曲线、峰值强度、残余强度、弹性模量和抗剪强度等力学指标;通过直接剪切试验测得不同含水质量分数、不同压实度下二灰黄土的凝聚力和内摩擦角。研究结果表明:二灰黄土峰值强度、残余强度和峰值应变与围压基本上呈直线关系,其破坏过程可以用损伤的概念来解释;凝聚力和内摩擦角与压实度呈线性增长关系;凝聚力与含水质量分数呈非线性关系;内摩擦角与含水质量分数呈线性降低关系。     

麻织物力学性能探讨

麻纤维是世界上最早被人类所使用的天然纤维,在耐用、保健以及舒适性能等方面具有其他纤维难以比拟的优势。论文选取亚麻、苎麻、罗布麻、棉及混纺织物进行对比研究,分析了麻织物的拉伸、撕破、顶破、耐磨等力学性能,得出了几种不同麻织物的力学性能,为更好地开发不同麻类纺织品提供了理论依据。     

Morphology and mechanical properties of Cybister elytra

The mechanical properties and the topological structure of cross-sections found in Cybister elytra are presented.SEM images show the similar geometric structure in transverse and longitudinal sections.Elytra consist of several layers:a dense,black epicuticle,an exocuticle that is braided by several parallel chitin fiber layers in a helix structure,and many bridge piers formed by the fiber bundles that connect the exocuticle to the endodermis,forming a composite,light-weight biomaterial.The mechanical proper...     

增强改性聚丙烯力学性能的研究

通过在聚丙烯（ＰＰ）中加入玻璃纤维增强剂和乙,丙二烯烃共聚物（ＥＰＤＭ）增韧剂,对添加剂的不同含量所产生力学性能的影响进行了研究,结果表明,加入适量的添加剂后能达到综合性能良好的改性ＰＰ。     

Mg-Sm系合金的显微组织及力学性能

研究了Mg-(1%～3%)Sm(质量分数)合金在多种状态下的显微组织和力学性能.采用光学金相分析(OM),扫描电子显微分析(SEM),X射线衍射分析(XRD)等多种分析和测试手段,系统研究了挤压工艺及热处理(固溶处理、时效处理)对Mg-Sm系合金显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果显示,合金的铸态组织由a-Mg基体和Mg41Sm5组成.合金经热挤压加工后,Mg41Sm5相沿挤压方向呈纤维或颗粒状分布.在420℃挤压时,试样内发生了动态再结晶,致使挤压后合金的强度和塑性得到大幅度改善.固溶以及时效处理后,合金的性能比铸态有较大提高;而采用挤压后的直接时效(T5)处理,可获得良好的综合力学性能.因此,Sm可以考虑作为强化变形镁合金的添加元素.     

Effect of molasses binder on the physical and mechanical properties

Molasses was used as an alternative binder to the bentonite binder. The change in moisture absorption by pellets prepared with different iron ores and different molasses contents were investigated. Iron ore properties exerted the major effect on pellet behavior and final pellet quality. The absorbed moisture content of pellets prepared without binder, bentonite-added pellets, and molasses-added pellets were in the range of 7.72%–9.95%, 9.62%–10.84%, and 6.14%-6.69%, respectively. The wet pellet compressive strength of molasses-added pellets(43–230 N/pellet) was superior to that of bentonite-added pellets(9.47–11.92 N/pellet). The compressive strength of dried molasses-modified pellets increased to 222–394 N/pellet, which is currently the highest value achieved for dried pellets.     

金属/PET复合材料力学性能的研究

用Instron5565万能强力机对不同金属／PET复合材料在不同温度、不同金属厚度、不同速度下进行力学性能的测试．实验结果发现，温度对金属／PET复合材料的力学性能影响最大．当超过PET玻璃化温度之后金属层对复合材料的初始模量影响显著，并且厚度在6．7μm时，对PET的初始模量贡献最大．拉伸速度增加使材料初始模量和拉伸强度增大但伸长率减小．     

硫酸盐侵蚀后水泥砂浆力学性能变化

通过进行对不同水灰比、不同硫酸盐侵蚀时期的砂浆进行单轴压缩试验,获得其应力应变全过程的关系曲线。试验结果表明:随侵蚀的进行,砂浆的峰值应力经历一个先增大后降低的过程,强度增大过程随水灰比而变化,水灰比越大,增大期越早。在试验的基础上,利用分段曲线损伤模型对砂浆单轴受压损伤演化进行了描述,该模型能反映砂浆单轴损伤演化规律,所拟合的损伤演化曲线符合砂浆损伤的两阶段特点。     

聚氯醚合金体系力学性能与亚微相态的研究

采用共混的方法制备了聚氯醚/氯丁胶、聚氯醚/尼龙6、聚氯醚/氯化聚乙烯、聚氯醚/聚甲醛等合金, 并对各种合金体系的力学性能和亚微相态进行了研究。结果表明, 用氯化聚乙烯改性的聚氯醚其韧性大幅度提高, 缺口冲击强度增加30多倍, 从而确定了开发超韧聚氯醚合金的较好途径。     

微组装纳米多层材料的力学性能研究

为研究探索新材料,采用离子束溅射沉积的方法制备了子层厚度为纳米量级的陶瓷／金属以及陶瓷／高分子多层膜。对这些纳米多层膜的结构和硬度、韧性行为进行了研究。发现纳米多层膜的硬度行为强烈地依赖于材料系统,在某些系统中出现了超硬度效应,而在某些系统则没有这一现象。纳米多层膜的韧性比单相的陶瓷材料有明显提高。硬度、韧性等力学行为与多层结构的组分比例、调制波长等参数有关。研究表明纳米多层结构是获取具有优良力学性能新材料的有效途径。     

公路工程集料力学性质综合分析

公路工程粗集料的压碎值用于衡量粗集料在逐渐加荷的情况下抵抗破碎的能力,是石料力学性质的指标之一,是判定集料力学性能的重要依据.该文在大量的试验对比的基础上对新旧压碎值指标进行了集料力学性质综合分析,推荐了合理的集料技术指标.     

Ce对Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Ag-Zr合金断裂性能的影响

通过拉伸力学性能测试、Kahn撕裂法研究了Ce对Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Ag-Zr合金力学性能的影响,同时利用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)对合金组织和断口形貌进行了分析,结果表明:合金在180℃下时效后,Ce元素的加入显著提高了合金的强度、塑性及Kahn撕裂韧性.金相显微观察发现:含Ce合金中铸态晶粒细化明显,固溶处理过程中,Ce原子明显抑制了再结晶晶粒的长大,同时在长横方向保留了大量冷加工的纤维组织.Ce的加入使晶界无析出带变窄.并促使了韧窝断裂的发生.     

微混凝土模型材料基本性能试验研究

结构模型试验在钢筋混凝土结构设计和理论研究中占有极为重要的地位,而模型材料的基本性能和模型钢筋的粘结性能的研究是一个常见的又是极难解决的问题。通过对微混凝土模型材料基本性能及模型钢筋的粘结性能的试验研究,结果表明：微混凝土和模型钢筋可以用于钢筋混凝土结构模型试验