Aerosol influence domain of Beijing and peripheral city agglomeration and its climatic effect

In recent years, along with development of industries and intensification of human activities, aerosol influ- ence and its climatic effect, and the aerosol-associated “aberrance” cloud phenomenon have increasingly drawn people’s attention. The term “A…     

Characteristics of distribution and seasonal variation of aerosol optical depth in eastern China with MODIS products

The accuracy of MODIS aerosol products from the NASA Terra Satellite is validated in comparison with the results of sun-photometer observations in Beijing and Hong Kong. By analyzing the MODIS aerosol products within the period of August 2000 to April 2003, it is believed that human activities are the main source of aerosols in the eastern part of China. This is based on the facts that all areas with relatively high values are consistent with regions of dense population and fast economic development, such as the North China Plain, the Sichuan Basin and the Pearl River Delta. It is also supported by the distribution of 舗gstr鰉 exponents showing that most aerosols in the eastern part of China are closely related to human activities, excepting the strong sandstorm episodes occurring in spring, fall and winter. In contrast to developed countries, the 舗gstr鰉 exponent of urban area in China is lower than its surroundings, indicating that the contribution of local floating dust and soot attributed to human activities is significant. Results presented in this paper provide important data for further research on climatic change and environmental study.     

利用CloudSat和MODIS数据研究气溶胶对层积云的影响

利用CloudSat的云雷达数据研究了太平洋东部副热带地区的层积云微物理特性。结果显示, CloudSat反演的云滴数浓度在垂直方向变化很小。结合CloudSat的云雷达数据和MODIS的气溶胶数据, 研究了气溶胶对层积云的微物理特性和液态水路径的影响。结果表明: 对于相同的液态水路径, 气溶胶增加可以使得云滴的尺度减小, 但总体上对云滴尺度的影响并不显著; 由于云中液态水路径本身变化极大, 导致气溶胶对液态水路径的影响很难和云中液态水路径本身的变化分离开。此外还发现: CloudSat反演的层积云液态水路径比MODIS反演的液态水路径偏高; 层积云内液态水路径的不均一性比环境气溶胶光学厚度的不均一性大。     

MSA in Beijing aerosol

Methane sulphonate (MSA) and sulfate (SO4^2-),the main oxidation products of dirnethyl sulfide (DMS), arethe target of atmospheric chemistry study, as sulfate aerosolwould have important impact on the global climate change. It is widely believed that DMS is rnainly emitted from phyto-plankton production in marine boundary layer (MBL), andMSA is usually used as the tracer of non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO4^2-) in marine and coastal areas/MSA/SO4^2- = 1/18) Manyobservations of MSA were in marine and coastal aerosols. Toour surprise, MSA was frequently (＞60%) deteeted in BeijingTSP. PM10, and PM2.5 aerosols, even in the samples collectedduring the dust storm period. The concentrations of MSAwere higher than those measured in marine aerosols. Factoranalysis, correlation analysis and meteorology analysis indi-cated that there was no obvious marine influence on Beljiagaerosols. DMS from terrestrial emissions and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) from industrial wastes could be the twopossible precursors of MSA. Warm and low-pressure airmasses and long time radiation were beneficial to the forma-tion of MSA. Anthropogenlc pollution from regional andlocal sources might be the dominant contributor to MSA inBeijing aerosol. This was the first report of MSA in aerosolscollected in an inland site in China. This new finding wouldlead to the further study on the balance af sulfur in inlandcities and its global bingcoehemical cycle.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of MODIS and MISR aerosol optical depth over northern China and comparison with AERONET

Aerosol optical depths (AODs) from MODIS and MISR onboard the Terra satellite are assessed by comparison with measurements from four AERONET sites located in northern China for the period 2006-2009. The results show that MISR performs better than MODIS at the SACOL and Beijing sites. For the Xianghe and Xinglong sites, MODIS AOD retrievals are better than those of MISR. Overall, the relative error of the Angstrom exponent from MISR compared with AERONET is about 14%, but the MODIS error can reach 30%. Thus, it may be better to use the MISR Angstrom exponent to derive wavelength-dependent AOD values when calculating the aerosol radiative forcing in a radiative transfer model. Seasonal analysis of AOD over most of China shows two main areas with high aerosol loading: the Taklimakan Desert region and the southern part of North China and northern part of East China. The locations of these two areas of high aerosol loading do not change with season, but the AOD values have significant seasonal variation. The largest AOD value in the Taklimakan appears in spring when the Angstrom exponents are the lowest, which means the particle radii are relatively large. Over North and East China, the highest aerosol loading appears in summer. The aerosol particles are smallest in summer over both high-AOD areas.     

A modeling study of aerosol effects on cloud radiative property and precipitation

A two-moment (mass and number) warm cloud scheme together with ground and aircraft measurements over Beijing is used in a regional model to study the effects of aerosols on cloud radiative property and precipitation.Using a prescribed tri-modal lognormal aerosol size distribution,the aerosol numbers are calculated from prognostic aerosol masses,for which advection,diffusion,and cloud drop activation/deactivation are considered.Specifically,the accumulation mode of a tri-lognormal aerosol size distribution i...     

广东省气溶胶时空演变及后向轨迹分析

以广东省2010-2019年中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)气溶胶产品为数据源,对广东省近10 a的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)进行时空演变趋势探索和空间异质性分析.通过历史空气质量监测数据,筛选出东莞市典型气溶胶粒子污染事件,并对其进行3个高度上的大气污染物72 h后向轨迹分析.结果表明:在时间上,近10 a广东省气溶胶变化总体上呈现下降和不变的趋势;而在空间上,主要呈现“北低南高”的分布特征,自相关性显著.后向轨迹表明,广东省所受到的大气污染源自不同的高度层,受到台风和季风的影响,以及受到海洋和陆地气溶胶共同作用.     

MODIS气溶胶光学厚度产品在地面PM_(10)监测方面的应用研究

利用MODIS(中分辨率成像光谱仪)两年的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品与北京地区API转化得到的PM10质量浓度、北京大学站点直接监测的PM10质量浓度以及香港元朗站点监测的PM10质量浓度做相关性分析,发现二者的直接相关程度较低。将AOD除以气溶胶季节标高,得到地面消光系数,与地面PM10质量浓度相关性提高。对地面消光系数进行相对湿度订正,得到计算的质量浓度,与地面实际观测的PM10质量浓度相关性进一步提高。经过两年时间资料的对比分析,证实气溶胶遥感光学厚度经过垂直和湿度影响订正后,可以应用于地面PM10监测。     

Analysis of variation trends and causes of aerosol optical depth in Shaanxi Province using MODIS data

The temporal and spatial variations and causes of aerosol optical depth （AOD） in Shaanxi Province were investigated based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） derived aerosol data for the period of March 2000-February 2012. The results showed that the distribution of aerosol was largely affected by topography and local economic activities. Heavy aero- sol loading and increasing tendency in AOD was observed in Guanzhong, Hanzhong and Ankang basin, while a reverse tendency was revealed in most other regions. The spatial distribution of aerosol Angstrom wavelength exponent was predominantly related to vegetation coverage in Shaanxi. Airborne dust from ground is an important source of coarse mode aerosols. Vegetation im- provement indicated by an increase in normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） and a reduction in dust weather led to a gradual decrease in coarse mode AOD to the north of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi, while anthropogenic activities led to an in- crease in fine mode AOD in other areas except those covered by forests. The main aerosol type gradually shifted to the urban industrial type in Shaanxi.     

北京冬奥会和冬残奥会历史同期气溶胶污染的高空环流特征研究

通过分析北京和张家口地区长期地面气象资料、气溶胶浓度数据和探空数据, 研究冬奥会和冬残奥会历史同期(2015—2019年的2月1日至3月20日)的气象条件和气溶胶污染过程, 并利用数值模拟和客观环流分型方法, 探究高空环流和区域输送的影响。结果表明, 北京和张家口两地的气溶胶污染过程与近地面的暖、湿和小风条件有关。在850 hPa高度, 当两地受西北风影响时, 近地面的气溶胶浓度较低。北京的重污染过程主要与850 hPa高度的西南风有关, 张家口的重污染则主要与850 hPa高度的西南风和南风有关。虽然北京与张家口两市中心相距160多公里, 但两地的气溶胶污染和位温垂直结构变化有很强的关联性。当华东地区存在较强的高压系统时, 来自京津冀以南地区850 hPa高度的暖空气会输送到北京和张家口, 使两地同时出现高空增温现象, 进而增强对流层下部的热力稳定度, 不利于边界层的发展和污染物的垂直扩散。此外, 当上述环流出现时, 河北南部、山西北部和内蒙古中部等地区排放的污染物会通过输送过程影响北京。张家口地区海拔较高, 除本地排放外, 影响其空气质量的污染气团主要来自西部的上游地区。因此, 当出现不利的高空环流形势时, 除需要控制本地的排放外, 还要考虑对上游地区施行协同减排措施。     

Localized 3D-structural features of dynamic-chemical processes of urban air pollution in Beijing winter

The Beijing City Air Pollution Observation Field Experiment (BECAPEX) is described with emphases on the “point-surface” research approach and composite analysis. The analysis results of measurements from four observation sites across the Beijing urban area from January to March indicate that the overall impact of urban emission sources in the heating season is significant, and the staggered impact of urban emission sources has different features at observation sites over different parts of Beijing in both heating and non-heating seasons. The pollutants NOx, SO2 and CO in the urban boundary layer have the in-phase variation features over a large area. 03 concentrations at different sites have the same variation trend but its change is reversed phases with above pollutants. The pollutants over the urban area in heating and non-heating seasons also have the synchronous variation trend. The comprehensive sounding of BECAPEX indicates that pollutants and aerosol verticalprofiles are closely correlated to the vertical structure of the large-scale inversion layer in the urban boundary layer over the urban area. The localized 3D-structural features of local urban polluting processes associated with the peripheral areas are discussed with a “point-surface” comprehensive sounding technique.     

甘肃半干旱区城乡气溶胶光学特性的观测与分析

利用CE318型太阳光度计(532nm波段)在2004年5月-2007年5月的城乡观测资料,反演分析了半干旱地区城乡气溶胶的光学特征.得到了气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的年季变化,并对不同季节气溶胶的光学厚度以及波长指数的变化规律进行了讨论.结合兰州市郊区资料,对城郊大气气溶胶光学特征进行了对比及原因分析.认为较城市而言,半干旱区乡村大气总体上较城市更为洁净.城市气溶胶受到冬季采暖期等人为因素的影响,出现了AOD冬季大、夏季小的特点.气溶胶主要以工业粉尘和沙尘气溶胶为主,夜间逆温层对AOD的日变化影响较大.乡村春季沙尘天气较多,气溶胶浓度变化受季节的影响,春季AOD最大.气溶胶主控粒子多为沙尘粒子.     

北京市MODIS气溶胶光学厚度和PM2.5浓度的时空差异及其相关性研究

利用NASA MODIS数据反演北京市气溶胶光学厚度,探讨与北京市12个环境污染监测站点PM2.5质量浓度的时空差异及其相关性。结果显示,AOT与PM2.5均有明显的时空分布特征;二者的日均值具有相反的季节性变化特征(AOT夏季日均值高于冬季,PM2.5浓度日均值相反);日均值空间分布围绕城区向远郊区递减;二者的相关性对季节变化敏感,夏季相关性较好,冬季相关性较差。且郊区相关性明显优于城区。因此,卫星气溶胶数据可以反映PM2.5的分布,弥补地面监测站点的不足。     

Comparison of Aerosol Optical Properties over the Semi-arid Region of Loess Plateau between Dusty and Non-dusty Periods in Winter and Spring

Some field experiments of aerosols had been carried out over the arid and semi-arid regions in China over the past 30 years,but there were little learning of the semi- arid region of Loess Plateau. Using Version 2.0 Level 2.0 dataset from the AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) Lanzhon_city site,the aerosol optical properties during dusty and non-dusty periods in winter and sprig when air pollrtion frequently occured most frequently were demonstrated. A comparison of the same parameters between Lanzhou and Beijing for spring was also analyzed. Some new information was gained concerning aerosol optical properties over the semi-arid region of Loess Plateau. The results show that the aerosol properties measured during dusty and non-dusty periods are significantly different at Lanzhon,particularly in spring,and also different from those at Beijing.     

A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system

Anthropogenic aerosols are intricately linked to the climate system and to the hydrologic cycle. The net effect of aerosols is to cool the climate system by reflecting sunlight. Depending on their composition, aerosols can also absorb sunlight in the atmosphere, further cooling the surface but warming the atmosphere in the process. These effects of aerosols on the temperature profile, along with the role of aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei, impact the hydrologic cycle, through changes in cloud cover, cloud properties and precipitation. Unravelling these feedbacks is particularly difficult because aerosols take a multitude of shapes and forms, ranging from desert dust to urban pollution, and because aerosol concentrations vary strongly over time and space. To accurately study aerosol distribution and composition therefore requires continuous observations from satellites, networks of ground-based instruments and dedicated field experiments. Increases in aerosol concentration and changes in their composition, driven by industrialization and an expanding population, may adversely affect the Earth's climate and water supply.     

Distribution and origin of aerosol and its transform relationship with CCN derived from the spring multi-aircraft measurements of Beijing Cloud Experiment (BCE)

The atmospheric aerosol distribution,source and relationship with cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) observed during the Beijing Cloud Experiment(BCE) are analyzed.The results show that the high number concentrations of aerosol mainly distributed below 4500 m,and the magnitude could reach to 103 cm 3.Above 4500 m,the aerosol number concentrations decreased to 101 cm 3 as the altitude increases,and the aerosol mean diameters were between 0.16 and 0.19 μm.Below 4500 m,the number size distributions of aerosol showed a bimodal(multimodal) mode,and an unimodal mode above it.Due to the different sources of aerosol,the conversion ratios of aerosol to CCN were less than 20% below 4500 m,and reached 50% above the level at 0.3% supersaturation.The back trajectories showed that aerosols at higher levels above 4500 m were strongly affected by large-size particles and those below 4500 m were strongly affected by local or regional pollution.Based on observations,a relationship between the CCN number concentration and aerosol number concentration is established.     

基于多特征参数的OMI遥感产品气溶胶分类研究 ——以广东省为例

为了解决气溶胶分类精度低和特征参数冗杂的问题,基于OMI(Ozone Monitoring Instrument)遥感产品的气溶胶特征参数,利用随机森林算法,将广东省2014年的气溶胶类型划分为沙尘型气溶胶(Desert Dust,DST)、生物质燃烧型含碳气溶胶(Carbonaceous Aerosols Assoc...     

Significant overestimation of global aerosol optical thickness by MODIS over land

Global aerosol optical thickness (AOT) data over land obtained from the Moderate Resolu-tion Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are evaluated through comparisons with AOT data retrieved by Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). In general, MODIS overestimates AOT except at a few AERONET sites in Africa and eastern Asia. MODIS/AOTs are, on average, larger than AERONET/AOTs by 0.041 and 0.090 at 470 nm and 660 nm, respectively. The AOT bias at 660 nm is significantly correlated to the surface reflectance at 2130 nm. Both facts suggest that the underestimation of the surface reflectance is the principal reason for this bias at 660 nm. To use the MODIS/AOT at 470 nm is strongly recommended because it is much more reliable than the AOT at 660 nm.     

基于卫星气溶胶光学厚度反演地面能见度算法的研究

为了获得大范围的能见度空间分布信息, 提出一种把MODIS卫星气溶胶光学厚度陆面产品转化为地面能见度分布的反演算法。该算法以 CALIPSO卫星的气溶胶标高为更新观测值, 以GEOS-Chem模拟的气溶胶标高场为背景场, 通过最优插值的资料同化方法, 将两者整合成误差更小的气溶胶标高分析场, 然后通过气溶胶标高分析场, 把MODIS卫星气溶胶光学厚度转化为地面能见度。与中国地区地面气象多年观测资料的对比结果表明, 反演能见度与观测能见度之间, 点对点的月相关系数可达0.5以上, 两者多年的逐月变化趋势与地域分布形势较为一致。     

大气气溶胶的种类及其对人类的影响分析

依据大气气溶胶的水溶性组分将气溶胶划分出硫酸盐气溶胶、硝酸盐气溶胶、铵盐气溶胶等3种,并对气溶胶对人类的影响进行了分析。