稠油解烃菌与乳化剂产生菌复配降解降黏机理

油杆菌W3分离自江苏油田韦5井,能够以稠油为唯一碳源生长,并降解稠油。54℃好氧振荡培养7 d之后,稠油能够完全乳化分散到培养基中,降黏率达到了76.88%,降解速率达到了99.7 mg/d,原油族组分分析发现,稠油中饱和烃,芳香烃和胶质的含量分别降低了4.14%,6.77%和4.33%。该菌与另一株筛选得到的、能够合成乳化剂的地芽孢杆菌W12复配(V_(W3)∶V_(W12)=1∶1)后作用稠油,既能够增强稠油降解效果(降解速率加快,原油族组分含量进一步降低),又能够改善稠油的乳化分散状态(乳化稳定性增强,平均乳化粒径减小56.7%),此时的稠油的乳化黏度为20.59 MPa·s,仅为初始黏度的3.9%。这两株菌的复配增强了稠油降解和乳化的双重降黏效果,大幅提高了稠油的流动性。     

稠油解烃菌与乳化剂产生菌复配降解降粘机理

油杆菌W3分离自江苏油田韦5井,能够以稠油为唯一碳源生长并降解稠油。54℃好氧振荡培养7天之后,稠油能够完全乳化分散到培养中,降粘率达到了76.88%,降解速率达到了99.7 mg/天,原油族组分分析发现,稠油中饱和烃,芳香烃和胶质的含量分别降低了4.14%,6.77%和4.33%。该菌与另一株筛选得到的能够合成乳化剂的地芽孢杆菌W12复配（VW3:VW12=1:1）后作用稠油,既能够增强稠油降解效果（降解速率加快,原油族组分含量进一步降低）,又能够改善稠油的乳化分散状态（乳化稳定性增强,平均乳化粒径减小56.7%）,此时的稠油的乳化粘度为20.59 mPa?s,仅为初始粘度的3.9%。这两株菌的复配增强了稠油降解和乳化的双重降粘效果,大幅提高了稠油的流动性。     

杏四～六面积北部聚驱后微生物对原油的降解作用研究

2001年大庆油田杏四～六面积北部开始聚驱,油水样品选自该区两口试验井,通过对两种不同激活配方培养20 d后的培养液评价得到:微生物在②号原油降解样品激活体系中的生长情况较好,20 d后菌浓可以达到108,排油圈在7 d后达到最大17 cm;微生物菌群分布结构较所加入水样的分布结构发生了明显变化,部分非优势菌被激活;其中鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphin-gobacterium)、油杆菌属(Petrobacter)、拟芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)等都在采油过程中发挥着重要的作用。微生物作用后原油的四组分变化明显,其中饱和烃由原始样品的63.11%增加到66.27%,沥青质由4.57%下降为2.81%;气相色谱和色质联用数据显示:原油经微生物降解后主峰碳由C21变为C23,①原油降解样品的Pr/Ph值由原始的1.062增加为1.156,且随生物降解作用的进行,Pr/nC17和Ph/nC18值均不断增大,大庆原油的∑nC21-/∑nC22+值均发生了不同程度的降低,其中②原油降解样由原始的0.915下降为0.685;大庆原油中萘系列化合物和菲系列化合物含量占到了芳烃化合物含量的80%以上,菲系列化合物的含量达到52.71%,"三芴"系列化合物的含量为11.28%,艹屈系列和联苯系列化合物的含量分别为3.76%和0.59%,其他芳烃化合物的总含量为4.34%;在微生物作用下多环芳烃中支链的甲基很容易被降解。     

芽孢杆菌HBS-4产生的表面活性剂及其与原油相互作用研究

菌株HBS-4是从油藏分离的1株芽孢杆菌,该菌株在其代谢过程中产生脂肽和糖脂类生物表面活性物质.可将发酵液的表面张力降低到25.6 mN/m.在细菌与原油相互作用的过程中,生物表面活性剂不仅具有分散、乳化原油的作用,而且有协助细菌代谢原油的作用.实验结果表明,生物表面活性剂在pH值5～12之间保持稳定,当pH值小于5时,会逐渐失活,所以控制发酵液的pH值,有利于细菌对原油的降解.原油与细菌作用12 d后,原油的沥青质和芳烃组分被转化和降解, 相对含量分别降低了2.89%和17.39%,原油的饱和烃∑C21/∑C22 比值由开始的0.39升为1.36, 长链的饱和烃被降解为短链的饱和烃.     

厌氧微生物对新疆六中区稠油的降解特性

厌氧微生物作为油藏中微生物的重要组成部分,受到人们越来越多的关注,但是关于对原油的降解效果和降解机制的研究报道较少.对发酵菌富集培养物和产甲烷菌富集培养物作用前后的原油进行色质联用分析,结果表明:产甲烷菌富集培养物作用后的原油,其原油族组成变化明显,饱和烃和胶质相对含量降低,而芳香烃和沥青质相对含量上升,其中正构烷烃的含量有所增加,尤其是大于C22的正构烷烃的含量增加明显,藿烷及其同系物的含量也都有所上升.而发酵菌富集培养物作用后,饱和烃、芳烃以及胶质含量都略有上升,变化最明显的沥青质作用后下降了2%,发酵菌富集培养物降解了原油中的杂环芳烃二苯并噻吩和二苯并呋喃.同时两种富集培养物对二环芳烃的降解作用明显.产甲烷菌富集培养物和发酵菌富集培养物作用后,新疆六中区原油中短链正构烷烃含量相对增加,而长链正构烷烃含量则相对减少,∑nC21-/∑nC22+值由作用前1.033分别下降到1.023和1.015,Pr/Ph的值基本都保持在0.945左右,但是Pr/nC17和Ph/nC18都有所增大.总的来说,产甲烷菌富集培养物对原油的降解作用更明显,两种不同厌氧微生物的富集培养物对原油的作用表现出了一定的选择性.     

胍胶降解菌对地层压裂液伤害的修复机制

针对低渗致密砂岩油藏压裂中压裂液对油层的污染和伤害,研究采用微生物方法修复胍胶压裂液地层伤害的机制。从油藏产出水中,以胍胶为唯一碳源采用稀释平板法分离筛选出胍胶降解菌;通过菌落和细胞形态、生理生化特征以及16S r DNA序列分析对菌株进行鉴定;通过测定菌株降解胍胶中表观黏度、平均相对分子质量变化以及对压裂液残渣和粒径的分析,评价菌株对胍胶压裂液的降解效果;并通过岩心流动模拟实验,研究压裂液对岩心的伤害及微生物修复效果。结果表明:从地层产出水中分离的7株细菌中,1株细菌可高效降解胍胶,经鉴定为Bacillus paralicheniformis(CGS)。该菌降解胍胶压裂液后,表观黏度从117 m Pa·s降低到3.3 m Pa·s,降黏率达到97.0%;平均相对分子质量从119 062降低到28 089;降解过程中有CO_2、N_2O气体的产生并代谢产生了可使胍胶降解的活性物质;压裂液残渣从81.67 mg变为51.67 mg,降低了36.73%,残渣粒径从78.598μm变为59.905μm,降低了23.78%。原始渗透率为108.70×10~(-3)和16.90×10~(-3)μm~2的岩心在压裂液污染后渗透率分别为5.18×10~(-3)和7.93×10~(-3)μm~2,经微生物修复后,渗透率恢复为92.58×10~(-3)和16.32×10~(-3)μm~2,恢复率分别为85.17%和96.57%。     

以稠油为唯一碳源的降解菌株的筛选与评价

通过以稠油为唯一碳源的原油平板实验,从胜利油田油水井中筛选获得2株稠油降解菌株BY和TH,经分子生物学鉴定菌株BY和TH分别为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus).菌株在40℃下均能产生显著的扩油圈.摇瓶实验结果显示2株菌与稠油作用后能发生明显的乳化分散现象.降解菌与稠油作用后,沥青质质量分数降低率分别为40.7％和32.5％,降黏率分别为64％和53％,且使发酵液的表面张力从63 mN/m分别降低至35 mN/m和40 mN/m左右,结果证明了菌株BY和TH在稠油降黏技术上具有潜力.     

高矿化度条件下石油烃降解菌种的筛选与评价

为了获得高效石油降解菌种,以原油为唯一碳源,从油水混合物中分离筛选出菌株.研究不同的温度、转速等对菌体生长情况和石油降解率的影响.在实验条件下,2株优势菌在适宜的条件下对石油的降黏率可分别高达28.5%、51.5%.偏酸或偏碱环境均不利于菌体生长,培养温度对2株菌体生长和石油降解率影响较大,最佳温度是35℃.在高矿化度条件下,菌株对原油仍有降解作用,降黏率为40%以上.原油组分分析结果表明,菌种在以原油为碳源培养后,使原油组分中沥青质、非烃及芳烃类含量均发生变化.     

聚甘油单硬脂酸酯乳化二甲基硅油及乳液表征

用聚甘油单硬脂酸酯复配乳化1 Pa.s的二甲基硅油,考察复配乳化剂的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)对乳液体积平均粒径、乳液黏度、乳液离心稳定性的影响以及乳液的耐高温稳定性。结果表明:复配乳化剂HLB值对乳液体积平均粒径、黏度、离心稳定性的影响显著,选择高聚合度的亲水型乳化剂和高聚合度的亲油型乳化剂进行复配乳化,有利于形成稳定的硅油乳液。最佳乳化条件为乳化剂(二聚甘油单硬酯和八聚甘油单硬脂酸酯,HLB=10.5)、硅油和水的质量比为7∶23∶70。在最佳乳化条件下制得的乳液体积平均粒径为8.06μm,黏度为387 mPa.s,固相质量分数差为2.91%。乳液高温稳定性良好,在110℃保持5 h,乳液体积平均粒径增大至11.63μm,固相质量分数差增大至6.12%。     

降解原油混合微生物菌株的筛选及其性能

从30个土样中筛选出3株高效降解原油的菌株,它们为DCH-16,DCH-19和DCH-20,7天后原油降解率分别为75.6%,80.3%和73.2%.经鉴定,分别是脂肪酸芽孢杆菌属Alicycolobacillus,芽孢肠状杆菌属Sporomaculum和盐芽孢杆菌属Halobacillus.将此3株高效降解原油菌在原油培养基中进行混合培养,结果表明,在相同条件下混合菌原油降解效果优于单菌.将混合菌株(DCH-19 DCH-20)用于处理原油时,原油降解率达89.1%;用于胜华炼油厂废水处理时,原油降解率为80.2%,表明该混合菌株有较好的降解原油能力.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with