Die Chemie der Insektizide,ihre Entwicklung und ihr heutiger Stand

Ohne ZusammenfassungErweiterte Fassung des von Dr.P. Müller am 2. Juli 1952 vor der Basler Naturforschenden und Chemischen Gesellschaft gehaltenen Vortrags.     

Die Sofortwirkung des Thyroxins und ihre klinische Bedeutung

Summary Former investigations have shown, that Thyroxine does not accelerate directly oxidations but the fermentations and that combustions are increased by the breakdown products only. That is why Thyroxine cannot act from the blood, for on the surface of the cells fermentations are stopped by the oxidations because of the Pasteur reaction. Therefore Thyroxine must reach the O₂-poor interior of cells by means of the peripheral nerves. If it is so then in case of the damage of the cells—which is followed as known by the paralysis of the Pasteur reaction—Thyroxine must act directly from the blood without any latency, for then fermentations are no longer stopped at the surface of the cells. The experiments have shown indeed, that if you produce by anemia on white rats a lack of oxygen, Thyroxine increases the oxidations up to 50% already in about 30 minutes which in the case of normal animals cannot be expected before 24 hours. It is probable that in the case of the general damage of cells (serious anemia, uncompensated heart defects, tumors) the noticeable loss in weight and cachexia are conditioned by that Thyroxine which circulates in the blood-stream and they may be cured by remedies such as Thiouracil or Thermothyrine.     

Parathymische Lymphknoten der Maus und ihre Reaktion auf Thymektomie

Summary The effect of complete and partial, neonatal thymectomy on parathymic lymphnodes was investigated in NMRI-mice. The results indicate that neonatal extirpation of thymic tissue causes an increase in size and number of parathymic lymphnodes.

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Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft.

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Herrn Prof. Dr.O. Westphal zum 60. Geburtstag.     

Eine neue Umlagerung der Phenylalkane und ihre Beziehung zur Friedel-Crafts-Reaktion

Summary In the course of various methods of Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions, isomerizations are taking place which could only partly be explained by existing theories. On the basis of a newly discovered rearrangement of phenylalkanes, a large part of the hitherto described anomalous reactions may be explained. Possible mechanisms for these rearrangements are discussed.     

Die modernen Methoden und Ergebnisse der Geophysik

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Entwicklung der Valenzlehre und Alfred Werner

Summary Surveying the various concepts of valency which have been put forward sinceDalton for the classification of chemical phenomena, it is found that the principles have been either dualistic (Berzelius, Blomstrand, Arrhenius, Kossel) or unitarian (Gerhard, Couper, Kekulé). The phenomena of inorganic chemistry can be classified only by using dualistic concepts, whereas unitarian systems proved to be superior for the phenomena of organic chemistry. In the conceptions of G. N.Lewis and N.Sidgwick, a combination of dualistic and unitarian concepts in one theory was achieved by distinguishing two types of bonds (mobile-immobile, polar-non-polar, ioniccovalent). With the octet rule, ions as well as molecules (uncharged and charged) may be derived and it is readily understood that bonds may vary from extreme polarity to non-polar links.The coordination theory ofWerner neither fits into the dualistic nor the unitarian class of valency principles.Werner derives the compounds by using principal and auxiliary valencies (Haupt- und Nebenvalenzen) and distinguishes addition and insertion compounds (Anlagerungs- und Einlagerungsverbindungen). However, he avoids making any statement concerning the nature of the bonds, which makes his system very adaptable but difficult to grasp. Today it is readily understood thatWerner's principal valency characterizes the stoichiometry and his coordination number characterizes the structure of the compound in question without making any statement about the nature of the bonds involved. Because of thatWerner's concepts have survived and are indispensable even today, in spite of the rise of atomic physics which has changed our views on the nature of the chemical bonds so drastically.

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Paul-Karrer-Vorlesung, gehalten am 22. Juni 1966 zum Anlass der hundertsten Wiederkehr des Geburtstages vonAlfred Werner, dem Vorgänger von Professor Karrer auf dem Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Chemie der Universität Zürich.     

Die Wirkung des Toluidinblaus und der Thrombokinase auf den Vorgang der Thrombininaktivierung

Summary The disappearance of thrombin—formed in the blood, or added to serum-follows a manomolecular reaction-type. Heparin increases the reaction-velocity of this thrombin-inactivating process.Our investigation established that toluidine blue or kinase, which, according to the literature, bind heparin, strongly reduce the speed of thrombin-inactivation too. Therefore the heparin-binding capacity of these substances is also manifested in the decrease of thrombin-inactivation.     

Die Verteilung von Noradrenalin und Adrenalin im Herzen der Katze,des Kaninchens und der Ratte

Summary The concentration of noradrenaline in different parts of the heart was estimated in cats, rabbits, and rats. In each heart, the concentration of noradrenaline was much higher in the right atrium than in the left atrium and higher in the right ventricle than in the left one.     

Sonnenflecken und ihre terrestrischen Wirkungen

Summary After a discussion of the 11-year solar-cycle as regarded from the standpoint of the eruption-hypothesis, which offers a possibility to predict the solar activity for several years and after a review of the magnetic properties of the sun and the sunspots, the paper deals with the new theories of the spots and the solar-cycle as suggested byAlfvén andWalén.The terrestrial effects of the phenomena associated with the solar cycle are classified into 4 groups: effects produced by a) a wave radiationW _k emitted continuously by the sun, b) a wave radiationW _e emitted from the chromospheric eruptions, c) a particle radiationP _k emitted by the so-called M-regions, and d) a particle radiationP _e ejected from the eruptions. The connection between the solar eruptions and the radiationsP _e ,W _e is a well established fact; on the other hand the radiationsW _k ,P _k could be connected by the author with the solar corona and the stationary solar prominences respectively.To account for the intensity of theW _k -radiation a temperature of the solar corona of one million degree is required in agreement with the observed temperature. The heating of the corona occurs in the electric field around an increasing sunspot. As in the corona the mean free path amounts to several kilometers, particles may be accelerated up to 1000 eV, so far the conditionh=0 is fulfilled. Generally speaking acceleration is possible only in such regions whereh andh are not perpendicular to each other.     

Die mechanischen Entropie- und Disgregationskonzepte aus dem 19. Jahrhundert: ihre Grundlagen,ihr Versagen und ihr Entstehungshintergrund

Ohne Zusammenfassung Vorgelegt von S. Flügge Helmuth Temeschinko zum Gedächtnis     

Nervenzellen im Bereich des ösophagus der Grillen und ihre mögliche Funktion

Summary Multiterminal nerve cells have been found in the foregut of crickets (Acheta domesticus (L.),Gryllus campestris L.) which are sensitive to stretching the wall of the gut. These cells are spontaneously active and they respond to stretch in a phasic-tonic way. Within the ventricular nerves there are also neurones being spontaneously active.     

Das perfundierte Riesenaxon des Tintenfisches Eine neue Methode der Nervenphysiologie und ihre ersten Anwendungen

Summary The recently developed perfused nerve fibre technique, which consists of perfusing the interior of a squid giant fibre with artificial solutions, is described. The experimental results obtained with various perfusion fluids are discussed in relation to the theory of nerve excitation.     

Rezente und fossile Lebensspuren,ihre Deutung und geologische Auswertung

Summary A study of the recent tracks and trails is important for the interpretation of the fossil ones with which palichnology, as a branch of paleontology, has to deal in contrast with the more significant fossils preserved as shells, bones etc. Only such a study can prevent the errors being possible on the geological, especially paleogeographical interpretation of fossil tracks. The ecological point of view is a determining factor for their classification and determination while a classification according to taxionomic units is not possible.     

Die Zucht vonLytta vesicatoria im Laboratorium und Nachweis der Cantharidinsynthese in Larven

Summary Adult males ofLytta vesicatoria (Coleopt., Meloidae) synthesize cantharidin, but females do not, although the substance is present in the females too. We developed a method for rearing larvae of this parasitic beetle in the laboratory. It is shown that there exist 7 larval stages and 4 hypermetamorphic forms (triungulinus, second larva,pseudochrysalis and fourth larva). Larvae from the second to the fifth stage (second larva) synthesize cantharidin. Therefore, we conclude that the substance present in the adult female is at least in part synthesized in the larval period. Nothing is known about the biological significance of this biochemical sexual dimorphism.

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Coleoptera, Meloidae.     

Einige neue Trennungsmethoden und ihre Anwendung auf biochemische und organisch-chemische Probleme

Summary A survey is given of some recent progress, particularly in the author's own laboratory, of methods for the separation of macromolecules and particles of biological origin, as viruses, bacteriophage, microsomes, cell fragments, bacteria and whole cells. Special attention is given to recent developments in zone electrophoresis, protein chromatography, gel filtration and the new partition methods for separation of particles and macromolecules (Albertsson). A number of examples are given to illustrate the various applications. Special emphasis is laid upon the new possibilities for biochemical-genetic studies by application of high-resolution separation methods, and the significance of particle separation methods as applied to fragments of biological structures in providing a tool for structure investigations on a macromolecular level—a field which also should be of considerable interest from a chemical point of view.

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DrittePaul-Karrer-Vorlesung gehalten an der Universität Zürich am 5. Juli 1961.     

Die Drehbarkeit der C—C-Bindung und die Gestalt der Kettenmoleküle in Lösung

Summary 1. The most important opinions concerning the shape of linear chain-molecules are quoted.2. From the existence of an energy of rotation, which was proved on gaseous ethan, and from the presence of distinct positions of lowest potential energy of the C-atoms follows, if the above facts are applied to dissolved long chain-molecules, that the C-C bond in long chains shows no rotation.3. The quantitative results of the ringforming reactions with long paraffin-chains, which have a very distinct minimum yield, if the chain has 9–12 C-atoms, are contradictory to the general hypothesis of free rotation.4. Measurements of viscosity with model substances are not in agreement with the idea of free rotation, which leads to statistic balls, but point to the stability of shape of the molecules (Staudinger).5. The chain-molecules tend to take the position of lowest potential energy. The amplitudes of the vibration in deviation of the normal position are given by the heat energy as well as by the moduli of elasticity and torsion of the chain. Quite a number of substances have the fully extended chain as stable shape. Other substances probably have no extended chains but angular chains as stable forms.     

Die Verteilung der Na- und Cl-Ionen zwischen Blutserum einerseits,Pleurapunktat, Ascites und Liquor cerebrospinalis andererseits

Summary We determined the sodium, chloride, and protein content of sera on the one hand, and the same constituents in pleural, ascitic and cerebrospinal fluid on the other. We found the proportions of sodium and chlorine of serum and corresponding fluid to be identical with the proportions calculated according tovan Slyke's formula on the basis of the Donnan equilibrium. Consequently one cannot draw any diagnostic conclusions from the sodium or chlorine content of these fluids, as they depend solely on the sodium or chlorine content of the serum and the protein content of the serum and fluid.     

Die Lecithin/Lysolecithin- und Cholesterin/Cholesterinester-Beziehung im Rattenserum bei der Galaktosamin-Hepatose

Summary After single i.p. application of 300 mg/kgd-galactosamine-hydrochloride in male conventional Wistar-II-rats, the concentration of serum cholesterol esters and serum lysolecithin decreases in statistical significance, serum lecithin increases slightly. Because the relation of esterified serum cholesterol to total serum cholesterol increases, it may be that the significant decrease of the cholesterol ester fraction, induced by the slight galactosamine-liver injury, is not only effected by transacylation-inhibition in plasma.

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Unter experimenteller Mitarbeit von cand. med.B. Riese     

Die katalytische Mutation der Ionen Al3+ und MoO

Summary The catalytic mutation of the ions Al³⁺ and MoO ₄ ^2– on the mixed carrier Cd(OH)₂/Co(OH)₂(Tr) is recognizable by the fact that the combination Tr+Al³⁺+MoO ₄ ^2– is more active in the decomposition of H₂O₂ than the combination Tr+MoO ₄ ^2– +Al³⁺.