从细胞色素b基因序列分析羚牛分子系统进化

目的分析羚牛分子系统进化,解决多年来关于羚牛分类地位及其与麝牛关系的争论。方法应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)分别扩增羚牛、绵羊、山羊细胞色素b基因,并对其全序列(1140bp)进行测定。结合GenBank检索序列,对9种偶蹄类动物(麝牛、绵羊、羚牛等)、1种奇蹄类动物(斑马)的细胞色素b基因序列差异进行分析,并基于序列差异构建分子系统树。结果羚牛与羊亚科的动物亲缘关系最近(序列差异分别为9.085%和11.652%),与其他动物亲缘关系较远(序列差异为12.344%~23.333%),与麝牛的差异达到了13.658%。羚牛与绵羊分歧的时间约在360万年前,而与麝牛的分歧时间约在550万年前。结论将羚牛归入羊亚科较为合理,羚牛和麝牛形态和行为上很强的相似性可能是趋同进化的结果。     

青海省都兰县羊亚科野生动物残体的分子鉴定

DNA条形码(DNA barcode)已被广泛用于野生动物的物种鉴定、身份识别、系统发生等领域的研究。本研究利用DNA条形码技术对青海省都兰县宗加镇收集到的羊亚科野生动物残体进行了分子鉴定。结果表明:在13份羊亚科野生动物残体中成功获得3个样品的细胞色素b(Cytochrome b,Cyt b)基因全长序列,通过生物信息学和系统发育关系分析显示,来自野外分化头骨齿髓和1份皮张样品的Cyt b基因序列与盘羊的基因序列聚在一起,结合都兰县羊亚科动物的分布格局,推测这2个样品可能属于盘羊组织;而来自腿骨骨髓的Cyt b基因序列与岩羊已发表序列聚在一起,共同形成一个单系群,推测腿骨样本可能属于岩羊个体。研究结果揭示,无论是从序列差异还是系统发育关系,细胞色素b基因序列作为DNA条形码均可确切鉴定羊亚科的物种。     

几种鹤类线粒体DNA的差异和亲缘关系分析

采用聚合酶链式反应,从丹顶鹤(G.joponensis♂)、白枕鹤(G.vipio♀)、灰鹤(G.grus)及丹顶鹤♂和白枕鹤♀的4个杂交子代中分别扩增出线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因,并测定出细胞色素b碱基序列,它们之间的序列差异在0.1%～7.2%之间.序列分析表明几种鹤类细胞色素b基因序列的碱基变化主要是转换和颠换,转换的比率大于颠换;绘制几种鹤类细胞色素b之间的亲缘关系进化树表明丹顶鹤和灰鹤的进化距离更近,4个杂交子代与母本白枕鹤的亲缘关系更近.     

羚牛线粒体DNA和系统进化研究

用8种限制酶分析了5种牛科动物，羚牛、黄牛、水牛、绵羊和山羊的线粒体DNA的多态性。依据数学模型计算这5种动物间的遗传距离，在此基础上构建了UPG和NJ两种分子系统进化树。结果表明：羚牛与牛和羊的分化时间分别为4．02Ma和3．72Ma，因此将羚牛归入羊亚科较为合理。     

银额果蝇(Drosophila albomicans)细胞色素b基因的初步研究

通过PCR直接测序和克隆后测序的方法获得了不同银额果蝇单雌系细胞色素b基因的部分序列,并对这些序列进行分析．结果表明银额果蝇单雌系细胞色素b基因存在着一定的地理分化,银额果蝇细胞色素b基因序列不仅在不同地理群体间存在着差异,而且同一地理群体内也存在着差异,有时群体内的差异比群体间的差异还要显著．通过研究再一次说明了银额果蝇的分化已达到亚种和半种水平．     

细胞色素b基因序列变异与东亚鲿科鱼类系统发育

采用PCR技术获得了中国（鱼尝）科鱼类线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因1138bp全序列.所得序列与GenBank中分布于日本、韩国和俄罗斯的（鱼尝）科2属9种鱼类同一基因序列排序,并选用鲇形目鲇科的大口鲇、钝头（鱼危）科的鳗尾（鱼央）和伦氏（鱼央）以及脂鲤目的断线脂鲤作外类群.分析了细胞色素b基因序列,计算了Kimura双因子遗传距离和（鱼尝）科鱼类线粒体DNA的进化速率,用最大简约法和邻接法构建了（鱼尝）科鱼类分子系统树,得出如下结论:(1)线粒体DNA序列分析显示所测定的鲇形目鱼类细胞色素b基因序列中,存在3bp的缺失;(2)系统发育分析显示（鱼尝）科构成一单系类群;（鱼艹）属为较为特化的属,拟（鱼尝）属为一明显的类群,而黄颡鱼属与（鱼危）属关系较为混乱;(3)东亚（鱼尝）科鱼类线粒体DNA的进化速率约为每百万年0.18%～0.30%.本文是中国鲇形目（鱼尝）科鱼类线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因序列的首次报道.     

细胞色素b基因序列变异与东亚 科鱼类系统发育

采用PCR技术获得了中国 科鱼类线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因1138bp全序列，所得序列与GenBank中分布于日本，韩国和俄罗斯的 科2属9种鱼类同一基因序列排序，并选用鲇形目鲇科的大口鲇，钝头Wei科的鳗尾 以及脂鲤目的断线脂鲤作外类群，分析了细胞色素b基因序列，计算了Kimura双因子遗传距离和 科鱼类线粒体DNA的进化速率，用最是约法和邻接法构建了 科鱼类分子系统树，得出如下结论：（1）线粒体DNA序列分析显示所测定的鲇形目鱼类细胞色素b基因序列中，存在3bp的缺失。（2）系统发育分析示 科构成一单系类群； 属为较为特化的属，拟 属为一明显的类群，而黄颡鱼属与Wei属关系较为混乱；（3）东亚 科鱼类线粒体DNA的进化速率约为每百万年0.18%-0.30%,本文是中国鲇形目 科鱼类线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因序列的首次报道。     

东北粗皮蛙线粒体 DNA 遗传多样性分析

本文通过对东北粗皮蛙29个样本线粒体DNA控制区和细胞色素b基因部分序列分析,探讨其遗传多样性和种群遗传结构。 PCR扩增和测序结果,获得587bp的线粒体DNA控制区序列和895bp的细胞色素b基因序列。合并线粒体DNA序列分析,共定义14个单倍型,16个变异位点,单倍型多样性（H）为0．704,核苷酸多样性（π）为0．001,平均核苷酸差异数为1．438,表明东北粗皮蛙遗传多样性较低。分子变异分析（AMOVA）结果表明,种群内变异占全部遗传变异的98．13％,群体间没有遗传分化（FST ＝0．0187）,因此应加强对东北粗皮蛙野生种群的保护。     

我国牛科（Bovidae）中3种动物的染色体组型比较分析

比较分析我国牛科中３种动物（即羚牛、绵羊、黄牛）的染色体组型，从染色体数目和形态上比较它们之间的差异，并讨论这３种动物彼此之间的进化亲缘关系和进行杂交育种的可能性，为畜牧育种培养新类型提供细胞遗传学的依据。     

海南产花鳗鲡细胞色素b基因的克隆及序列分析

线粒体细胞色素b基因是目前研究鱼类分子系统进化的重要分子标记.笔者以日本鳗鲡线粒体基因组序列为模板设计并合成引物进行PCR扩增,并将扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳和纯化后,克隆到pMD18-T载体、测序,成功得到全长为1 140 bp的海南产花鳗鲡细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因序列.将该基因全长序列递交到Genebank数据库,获得序列登录号为EF690363.用DNA分析软件MEGA2比较了海南产花鳗鲡与递交到GenBank中的8种分布在中国东南沿海、日本海域及南太平洋海域的鳗鲡属(Anguillia)细胞色素b基因的地理差异,并构建了系统进化树.结果显示:日本产和夏威夷产花鳗的地理差异小于海南产花鳗与它们之间的地理差异.     

The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence and the phylogenetic position of Achalinus meiguensis (Reptilia: Squamata)

The mitochondrial genome complete sequence of Achalinus meiguensis was reported for the first time in the present study. The complete mitochondrial genome of A. meiguensis is 17239 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA, and 2 non-coding regions (Control regions). On the basis of comparison with the other complete mitochondrial sequences reported, we explored the characteristic of structure and evolution. For example, duplication control regions independently occurred in the evolutionary history of reptiles; the pseudo-tRNA of snakes occurred in the Caenophidia; snake is shorter than other vertebrates in the length of tRNA because of the truncations of TψC arm (less than 5 bp) and “DHU“ arm. The phylogenic analysis by MP and BI analysis showed that the phylogenetic position of A. meiguensis was placed in Caenophidia as a sister group to other advanced snakes with the exclusion of Acrochordus granulatus which was rooted in the Caenophidia. Therefore we suggested that the subfamily Xenodermatinae, which contains A. meiguensis, should be raised to a family rank or higher rank. At the same time, based on the phylogenic statistic test, the tree of Bayesian was used for estimating the divergence time. The results showed that the divergence time between Henophidia and Caenophidia was 109.50 Mya; 106.18 Mya for divergence between Acrochordus granulatus and the other snakes of the Caenophidia; the divergence time of A. meiguensis was 103 Mya, and Viperidae diverged from the unilateral of Elapidae and Colubridae was 96.06 Mya.     

Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees

The genetic divergence time between two species varies substantially across the genome, conveying important information about the timing and process of speciation. Here we develop a framework for studying this variation and apply it to about 20 million base pairs of aligned sequence from humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and more distantly related primates. Human-chimpanzee genetic divergence varies from less than 84% to more than 147% of the average, a range of more than 4 million years. Our analysis also shows that human-chimpanzee speciation occurred less than 6.3 million years ago and probably more recently, conflicting with some interpretations of ancient fossils. Most strikingly, chromosome X shows an extremely young genetic divergence time, close to the genome minimum along nearly its entire length. These unexpected features would be explained if the human and chimpanzee lineages initially diverged, then later exchanged genes before separating permanently.     

Phylogenetic relationships of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis inferred from mitochondrial Cytochrome b sequences

This study used the sequence of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b(Cytb)to estimate phylogenetic relationships among host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis.Genome DNA of host insect was extracted from the dead larva head part of 18 cordyceps populations and 2 species of Hepialus,and the Cytb fragment of host insect was amplified with PCR technique.The nucleotide sequence alignments and their homologous sequences of 24 species host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis were obtained from GenBank and were used to construct phylogenetic trees based on neighbor-joining method.The results showed that genus Bipectilus diverged earlier than genus Hepialus and Hepialiscus.Hepialus host insects of Cordyceps sinensis have multitudinous species with different morphological characteristics and geographical distributions.The interspecific genetic differentiations are obvious in Hepialus.Thus,the genus Hepialus might be considered as polyphyletic origin.Cytb sequences have abundant variations among the host insects of Cordyceps sinensis on spe- cific and generic level.The divergence rate of Cytb sequences among the species in Hepialus ranged from 0.23% to 9.24%,except that Hepialus pratensis and Hepialus jinshaensis have the same sequence.Cytb sequence can be used for species identification of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis,but further confirmation in more host insect species is needed.To obtain the Cytb sequence of host insect by ampli- fying DNA extracted from the head part of dead larva in cordyceps turns out to be an effective and accurate approach,which will be useful for studies on phylogeny and genetic structure of host insects of cordyceps populations,especially for analyzing relationships between C. sinensis and its host insects.     

Phylogenetic relationships of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis inferred from mitochondrial Cytochrome b sequences

This study used the sequence of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b (Cytb) to estimate phylogenetic relationships among host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis. Genome DNA of host insect was extracted from the dead larva head part of 18 cordyceps populations and 2 species of Hepialus, and the Cytb fragment of host insect was amplified with PCR technique. The nucleotide sequence alignments and their homologous sequences of 24 species host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis were obtained from GenBank and were used to construct phylogenetic trees based on neighbor-joining method. The results showed that genus Bipectilus diverged earlier than genus Hepialus and Hepialiscus. Hepialus host insects of Cordyceps sinensis have multitudinous species with different morphological characteristics and geographical distributions. The interspecific genetic differentiations are obvious in Hepialus. Thus, the genus Hepialus might be considered as polyphyletic origin. Cytb sequences have abundant variations among the host insects of Cordyceps sinensis on specific and generic level. The divergence rate of Cytb sequences among the species in Hepialus ranged from 0.23% to 9.24%, except that Hepialus pratensis and Hepialus jinshaensis have the same sequence. Cytb sequence can be used for species identification of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis, but further confirmation in more host insect species is needed. To obtain the Cytb sequence of host insect by amplifying DNA extracted from the head part of dead larva in cordyceps turns out to be an effective and accurate approach, which will be useful for studies on phylogeny and genetic structure of host insects of cordyceps populations, especially for analyzing relationships between C. sinensis and its host insects.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cis</Emphasis>-regulatory change and expression divergence between duplicate genes formed by genome duplication of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis>

As an index of functional divergence, expression divergence between duplicate gene copies has been observed and correlated with protein coding sequence divergence and bias in gene functional classes. However, the changes in the cis-regulatory region of the duplicate genes which is thought to have important role in expression divergence, has not been explored on the genome-wide scale. We analyzed functional genomics data for a large number of duplicated gene pairs formed by ancient polyploidy events in Arabidopsis thaliana. The divergence in cis-regulatory regions between two copies is positively correlated with the magnitude difference of expression. Moreover, we find that highly expressed duplicate gene pairs have a more diverged cis-regulatory region than weakly expressed gene pairs. We also show that the correlation between expression functional constraint and protein functional constraint is different in old and young duplicate pairs. Our results suggest that cis-regulatory sequence divergence contributes to the expression divergence of duplicate genes formed by genome-wide du-plication. Cis-regulatory region diverges faster in highly expressed duplicate pairs. The diversify selection strengths that act on cis-regulatory region and protein coding region are negatively correlated in young duplicate pairs under expression con-straint.     

Sympatric speciation in palms on an oceanic island

The origin of species diversity has challenged biologists for over two centuries. Allopatric speciation, the divergence of species resulting from geographical isolation, is well documented. However, sympatric speciation, divergence without geographical isolation, is highly controversial. Claims of sympatric speciation must demonstrate species sympatry, sister relationships, reproductive isolation, and that an earlier allopatric phase is highly unlikely. Here we provide clear support for sympatric speciation in a case study of two species of palm (Arecaceae) on an oceanic island. A large dated phylogenetic tree shows that the two species of Howea, endemic to the remote Lord Howe Island, are sister taxa and diverged from each other well after the island was formed 6.9 million years ago. During fieldwork, we found a substantial disjunction in flowering time that is correlated with soil preference. In addition, a genome scan indicates that few genetic loci are more divergent between the two species than expected under neutrality, a finding consistent with models of sympatric speciation involving disruptive/divergent selection. This case study of sympatric speciation in plants provides an opportunity for refining theoretical models on the origin of species, and new impetus for exploring putative plant and animal examples on oceanic islands.     

雉科四种鸟类线粒体DNAR的分子进化

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序的方法分析了4种雉科(Phasianidae)鸟类的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区基因(D-loop)415bp基因序列。4种鸟类遗传距离在5.90％--23．67％．变异位点数为116个，大石鸡和石鸡的遗传距离为5．90％，二者分歧时间大约是290万年．斑翅山鹑与环颈雉遗传距离为21．06％，分歧时间为1000万年，山鹑属与雉属的遗传距离为21．06％，与石鸡属的遗传距离为22．41％；雉属与石鸡属的遗传距离为22．85％．三者分歧时间在1000—1150万年间，与化石材料相符．在系统树中斑翅山鹑与环颈雉属同一枝，说明1)在雉科系统发生中，雉属与山鹑属是近缘属或2)环颈雉与斑翅山鹑的分化较晚，关系密切，也与Randi得出的斑翅山鹑称为小雉的结论相吻合。     

Characteristics of rDNA intergenic spacer region from a waterbloom cyanobacteria species Oscillatoria sp.

Sequence of rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) from a waterbloom cyanobacterial species Oscilla-toria sp. was determined and analyzed. The results of sequence comparison showed that the spacer had a high level sequence divergence, suggesting the sequence may be a target sequence for developing cyanobacteria genus- and species-specific oligonucleotide probes. In addition, a 20bp sequence of rDNA ISR was found highly conserved in all species of cyanobacteria, which was not found in other eubacteria. This conserved sequence within a variable region indicates that it might be a functional oligonucleotide in the processing of the rRNA precursor.     

The evolution of alternative parasitic life histories in large blue butterflies

Large blue (Maculinea) butterflies are highly endangered throughout the Palaearctic region, and have been the focus of intense conservation research. In addition, their extraordinary parasitic lifestyles make them ideal for studies of life history evolution. Early instars consume flower buds of specific host plants, but later instars live in ant nests where they either devour the brood (predators), or are fed mouth-to-mouth by the adult ants (cuckoos). Here we present the phylogeny for the group, which shows that it is a monophyletic clade nested within Phengaris, a rare Oriental genus whose species have similar life histories. Cuckoo species are likely to have evolved from predatory ancestors. As early as five million years ago, two Maculinea clades diverged, leading to the different parasitic strategies seen in the genus today. Contrary to current belief, the two recognized cuckoo species show little genetic divergence and are probably a single ecologically differentiated species. On the other hand, some of the predatory morphospecies exhibit considerable genetic divergence and may contain cryptic species. These findings have important implications for conservation and reintroduction efforts.