Integrating carbon-halogen bond formation into medicinal plant metabolism

Halogenation, which was once considered a rare occurrence in nature, has now been observed in many natural product biosynthetic pathways. However, only a small fraction of halogenated compounds have been isolated from terrestrial plants. Given the impact that halogenation can have on the biological activity of natural products, we reasoned that the introduction of halides into medicinal plant metabolism would provide the opportunity to rationally bioengineer a broad variety of novel plant products with altered, and perhaps improved, pharmacological properties. Here we report that chlorination biosynthetic machinery from soil bacteria can be successfully introduced into the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle). These prokaryotic halogenases function within the context of the plant cell to generate chlorinated tryptophan, which is then shuttled into monoterpene indole alkaloid metabolism to yield chlorinated alkaloids. A new functional group-a halide-is thereby introduced into the complex metabolism of C. roseus, and is incorporated in a predictable and regioselective manner onto the plant alkaloid products. Medicinal plants, despite their genetic and developmental complexity, therefore seem to be a viable platform for synthetic biology efforts.     

Collective synthesis of natural products by means of organocascade catalysis

Organic chemists are now able to synthesize small quantities of almost any known natural product, given sufficient time, resources and effort. However, translation of the academic successes in total synthesis to the large-scale construction of complex natural products and the development of large collections of biologically relevant molecules present significant challenges to synthetic chemists. Here we show that the application of two nature-inspired techniques, namely organocascade catalysis and collective natural product synthesis, can facilitate the preparation of useful quantities of a range of structurally diverse natural products from a common molecular scaffold. The power of this concept has been demonstrated through the expedient, asymmetric total syntheses of six well-known alkaloid natural products: strychnine, aspidospermidine, vincadifformine, akuammicine, kopsanone and kopsinine.     

Progress in quantitative analysis of plant hormones

Plant hormones are small molecular natural products that regulate all plant developmental processes at low concentrations. Quantitative analysis of plant hormones is increasingly important for in-depth study of their biosynthesis,transport,metabolism and molecular regulatory mechanisms. Although plant hormone analysis remains a bottleneck in plant scientific research owing to the trace concentrations and complex components in plant crude extracts,much progress has been achieved in the development of extraction,purification and detection techniques in recent years. Solid phase extraction and chromatography/mass spectrometry have been applied widely for purification and quantitative analysis of plant hormones owing to their high selectivity and sensitivity. Purification methods such as liquid partition and immunoaffinity chromatography,and detection methods including immunoassay and electrochemical analysis,are employed. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. In situ,real-time and multi-plant hormone profiling will comprise mainstream techniques for quantitative analyses in future studies on the regulatory mechanisms and crosstalk of plant hormones.     

生物碱的提取与分离纯化技术

生物碱是广泛存在于自然界天然植物中的碱性含氮有机化合物。大多数生物碱具有显著的生理活性。是许多药用植物的有效成分。利用现代分离技术把生物碱从天然产物中分离出来并对其进行纯化,对于开发其药用价值,以满足天然药物和天然保健品日益高涨的社会需求,促进中药走向世界,提高天然产物的经济和社会效益均具有非常重要的意义。主要对生物碱的提取、分离纯化及分析检测技术研究进展进行综述。     

天然活性成分生物转化的微生物、特异酶及其应用

介绍了天然活性成分生物转化的微生物、特异酶以及其应用.中草药等植物中含有的主要天然活性成分,人体难吸收、活性低.为了得到易吸收、高活性的天然有效成分,筛选了一批新微生物,发现一批新型特异的天然成分转化酶;研究了生物转化制备高活性天然成分单体、异构体混合物组、活性中草药制备.     

Structural basis for the promiscuous biosynthetic prenylation of aromatic natural products

The anti-oxidant naphterpin is a natural product containing a polyketide-based aromatic core with an attached 10-carbon geranyl group derived from isoprenoid (terpene) metabolism. Hybrid natural products such as naphterpin that contain 5-carbon (dimethylallyl), 10-carbon (geranyl) or 15-carbon (farnesyl) isoprenoid chains possess biological activities distinct from their non-prenylated aromatic precursors. These hybrid natural products represent new anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-cancer compounds. A small number of aromatic prenyltransferases (PTases) responsible for prenyl group attachment have only recently been isolated and characterized. Here we report the gene identification, biochemical characterization and high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of an architecturally novel aromatic PTase, Orf2 from Streptomyces sp. strain CL190, with substrates and substrate analogues bound. In vivo, Orf2 attaches a geranyl group to a 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene-derived polyketide during naphterpin biosynthesis. In vitro, Orf2 catalyses carbon-carbon-based and carbon-oxygen-based prenylation of a diverse collection of hydroxyl-containing aromatic acceptors of synthetic, microbial and plant origin. These crystal structures, coupled with in vitro assays, provide a basis for understanding and potentially manipulating the regio-specific prenylation of aromatic small molecules using this structurally unique family of aromatic PTases.     

产品设计中自然元素的运用

情感化设计、节能减排、低碳生活等都是当今设计领域的热门话题.在此环境下,产品设计是否可以走一种回归的路线;本文就如何利用自然元素,以产品为平台,融合情感化的产品设计,建立产品与用户之间的心灵对话等进行了有益的探寻.     

植物抗病基因工程研究

综述了利用基因工程提高植物对病原微生物抗性的各种方法，包括利用非植物的抗菌蛋白，增强植物自身的抗性，诱使细胞死亡；论述了应用不同策略所取得的进展，并分析了存在的问题．     

Association of dwarfism and floral induction with a grape 'green revolution' mutation

The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is an essential process in the life cycle of plants. Plant floral induction pathways respond to both environmental and endogenous cues and much has been learnt about these genetic pathways by studying mutants of Arabidopsis. Gibberellins (GAs) are plant growth regulators important in many aspects of plant growth and in Arabidopsis they promote flowering. Here we provide genetic evidence that GAs inhibit flowering in grapevine. A grapevine dwarf mutant derived from the L1 cell layer of the champagne cultivar Pinot Meunier produces inflorescences along the length of the shoot where tendrils are normally formed. The mutated gene associated with the phenotype is a homologue of the wheat 'green revolution' gene Reduced height-1 (ref. 6) and the Arabidopsis gene GA insensitive (GAI). The conversion of tendrils to inflorescences in the mutant demonstrates that the grapevine tendril is a modified inflorescence inhibited from completing floral development by GAs.     

基于遗传算法的产品拆卸线平衡问题研究

对废旧产品进行回收再利用,是节约资源和保护环境的有效方式.产品拆卸是实现废旧产品回收再利用的重要手段,是实现产品生命周期完整性的必要环节.本文针对产品拆卸线的特点,构建了拆卸线平衡问题的多目标优化模型,并运用遗传算法对模型进行求解.本文的模型及方法可以为废旧产品的回收拆卸提供理论指导.     

植物抗病基因工程研究

综述了利用基因工程提高植物对病原微生物抗性的各种方法,包括利用非植物的抗菌蛋白,增强植物自身的抗性,诱使细胞死亡;论述了应用不同策略所取得的进展,并分析了存在的问题.     

植物类异戊二烯生物合成相关酶基因研究进展

类异戊二烯化合物是自然界广泛存在的一大类天然化合物,具有重要的生物学功能及经济价值．在植物体内,类异戊二烯化合物的生物合成主要有2条代谢途径：甲羟戊酸（MVA）途径和2-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇-4-磷酸（MEP）途径．综述了国内外对植物中这2条代谢途径中相关酶基因的功能、分离情况、表达特性,以及2条代谢途径之间中间产物的交换等方面的研究进展．     

计算机辅助产品配色设计系统的构造研究

当现有的配色理论直接应用在产品上时,色彩配置往往会受到产品特有的形态与属性影响,从而与目标意象发生偏差。为了降低产品配色的意象偏差,文章拟构建产品配色的问卷系统,基于配色理论设计问卷,配合神经网络和遗传算法模拟消费者的意象评价,提供符合产品形态的配色建议,并在此基础上提出了计算机辅助配色设计系统的框架和实现方法。     

Hsp90 as a capacitor of phenotypic variation

Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperones the maturation of many regulatory proteins and, in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, buffers genetic variation in morphogenetic pathways. Levels and patterns of genetic variation differ greatly between obligatorily outbreeding species such as fruitflies and self-fertilizing species such as the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Also, plant development is more plastic, being coupled to environmental cues. Here we report that, in Arabidopsis accessions and recombinant inbred lines, reducing Hsp90 function produces an array of morphological phenotypes, which are dependent on underlying genetic variation. The strength and breadth of Hsp90's effects on the buffering and release of genetic variation suggests it may have an impact on evolutionary processes. We also show that Hsp90 influences morphogenetic responses to environmental cues and buffers normal development from destabilizing effects of stochastic processes. Manipulating Hsp90's buffering capacity offers a tool for harnessing cryptic genetic variation and for elucidating the interplay between genotypes, environments and stochastic events in the determination of phenotype.     

三江源区生态产品价值核算

 摸清自然资源资产家底是推进生态文明建设、完善生态补偿机制和建立生态文明绩效考核机制的基础。三江源区是“中华水塔”,是中国重点生态功能区、国家公园体制试点区。针对三江源区生态产品类型,从物质量和价值量两个角度构建了生态产品评价指标的测算方法,采用直接市场价格法和替代市场法核算生态产品价值。结果表明：三江源区2012年生态产品价值为1986.43×10⁸元人民币,是同期该区国民生产总值的8.27倍,地均生态产品价值为5093元/hm²。三江源区2012年农产品价值为327.5×10⁸元,干净水源价值为1098.56×10⁸元,清新空气价值为560.37×10⁸元。生态产品是三江源区非常重要的自然资源资产,其价值远超过经济生产价值。将生态产品价值纳入国民经济统计核算体系,建立以生态产品为核心的新型绩效考评机制,有助于生态保护绩效考核和自然资源资产离任审计制度的建立。     

Appoaches to the Synthesis of Bioactive 6-O-Acylglycosteroids

1 Results Natural products,and especially those extracted from higher plants,have for many years served as new leads for new pharmaceuticals.We here report on the multi-step synthesis of 1-O-steryl 6-O-acyl glucosides,synthetic analogues which are structurally related to the mixture of natural products (1) extracted from the plant Flacourtia indica[1],that may be used medicinally for their anti-tumor activities.See Fig.1.     

驱蚊功能性香精的调配

从组成日化香精的香原料中筛选出具有较好驱蚊效果的植物精油和单体香料，运用调香技术将其调配成各种香型的香精并从中再筛选出既有愉快的香气又有很好驱蚊功效的香精。此香精以植物精油为主成分，属植物源驱避剂，符合绿色环保要求，可添加到多种日化产品中。     

Progress in quantitative analysis of plant hormones

Plant hormones are small molecular natural products that regulate all plant developmental processes at low concentrations. Quantitative analysis of plant hormones is increasingly important for in-depth study of their biosynthesis, transport, metabolism and molecular regulatory mechanisms. Although plant hormone analysis remains a bottleneck in plant scientific research owing to the trace concentrations and complex components in plant crude extracts, much progress has been achieved in the development of extraction, purification and detection techniques in recent years. Solid phase extraction and chromatography/mass spectrometry have been applied widely for purification and quantitative analysis of plant hormones owing to their high selectivity and sensitivity. Purification methods such as liquid partition and immunoaffinity chromatography, and detection methods including immunoassay and electrochemical analysis, are employed. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. In situ, real-time and multi-plant hormone profiling will comprise mainstream techniques for quantitative analyses in future studies on the regulatory mechanisms and crosstalk of plant hormones.     

Simple and effective detection method for gene expression product of transgenic plant

It is a crucial problem in gene engineering whether an exogenous gene could be correctly expressed in cells of transgenic animal or plant, and how the expression products could be detected quantitatively in translational level. It is very difficult to analyze some gene expression products, such as isopentenyl transferase (ipt), in transgenic investigation because they are trace in organisms. A convenient method is described to determine trace content gene expression product which is hard to purify. The method includes predicting and synthesizing the antigenic peptide according to the cDNA sequence, coupling the synthetic antigenic peptide with carrier protein, raising specific antibodies against the synthetic antigen, and detecting the gene expression product by ELISA and Western blot.     

RAPD标记在植物系统进化研究中的应用

介绍了RAPD原理,对DNA谱带的数据分析作了较详尽的阐述,列举了几种常用于RAPD产物分析的软件包,探讨了几年来RAPD在种质资源鉴定、遗传多样性分析、植物分类、物种的亲缘关系研究及其在物种起源和演化上的应用进展及其存在的缺陷,进一步展望了RAPD在濒危物种保护和研究中的应用前景．