A stereotaxic method and apparatus for the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gekko gecko</Emphasis>

To study the modulation mechanism of the middle brain of the Gekko to the locomotion, we introduced a stereotaxic method first in literature and developed an apparatus suitable for Gekko gecko, the biggest wall and ceiling climber in nature. We defined the bregma and nasal points as reference points, selected the bilateral infraorbital margin and top point of the maxillary tooth for locating and fixing, and set up the line passing through the bregma and paralleling to a line connecting the bilateral infraorbital margin as x axis. Then, we defined a horizontal plane in the stereotaxic instrument, passing through x axis and the certain point which is 4.8 mm exactly above the nasal point, as the XOY plane; the sagittal plane, i.e. the YOZplane, is the plane which is perpendicular to x axis and passes through the bregma; the plane, i.e. the XOZ plane, which passes through x axis and is perpendicular to the horizontal plane is the coronal plane. We designed a set of head holder which includes three parts： bilateral infraorbital margin clamps, a gecko adaptor holding the rostral side of the upper jaw. The allocation and operation of the head holder is accurate and simple, and the device is low in cost and compatible with standard stereotaxic instrument.     

3个地理种群蛤蚧不同组织同工酶分析

采用垂直板状聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)方法,比较泰国、广西和越南地理蛤蚧(G ekko g ecko)种群的肌肉、心、肝、肺、胃、肠、性腺、肾等8种组织的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、酯酶(EST)和乙醇酸脱氢酶(ADH)同工酶。结果表明:广西种群和越南种群的LDH同工酶谱带在肌肉、心脏、肝脏、肺、胃和肾组织中完全相同,泰国种群各种组织中的LDH同工酶与广西和越南种群相比差异较大,主要表现在有较多的亚带,三个不同地理种群的8种组织几乎均表现出明显的5条LDH同工酶主带,但不同种群不同组织的谱带着色深浅不同;各组织EST同工酶谱无论从带型,谱带着色深浅来看,泰国种群均与其它两个种群差别较大;三个种群8种组织ADH同工酶的带型基本相同,迁移率也大致相同,但谱带着色深浅不同。     

两种蜥蜴类动物胃肠道嗜银细胞的形态学观察及比较

应用龙桂开银浸法，对变色树蜥和蛤蚧胃肠道嗜银细胞的分布及形态作了观察和比较。嗜银细胞的形态在两种蜥蜴中大致相同，有锥体形、三角形、长梭形等。变色树蜥嗜银细胞以幽门部密度为最高，直肠最低；蛤蚧以十二指肠密度为最高，回肠最低。结论两种蜥蜴类胃肠道内分泌细胞的分布既存在着一定共性，体现了两者消化生理的共同点，同时也存在着较大的种间差异。     

蛤蚧发声通路核团定位的初步研究

采用辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）方法和电刺激技术对爬行类动物蛤蚧发声通路的神经核团进行了定位研究。结果表明：在延脑部位,疑核和迷走神经运动核参与对蛤蚧发声活动的调节,但以疑核对发声活动的调节作用最为重要。疑核对蛤蚧发声器的支配为双侧性的,但以同侧为主。而迷走神经运动核只有单侧的标记。实验结果提示,中脑的中央灰质区（SGC）的背外侧核团可能通过对凝核的调节来影响蛤蚧的发声活动,大脑皮质的背侧皮质区（DX）也可能参与对发声活动的调节,且均为双侧性的调节作用。     

蛤蚧前背侧室嵴嘴外侧区的投射研究

本文运用HRP顺、逆行追踪技术,对蛤蚧（Gekko gecko)前背侧室嵴（ADVR）嘴外侧区纤维联系进行了研究。结果表明,ADVR嘴外侧区核心部的传入纤维来自双侧丘脑园核（Rt)前、中部的腹外侧区;ADVR嘴外侧区与尾部在室周带中有广泛分布的环路存在;ADVR嘴外侧区核心部－皮层加厚区环路是联系两条视觉通路的桥梁。     

Behavior and dynamics of gecko＇s locomotion： The effects of moving directions on a vertical surface

The study of the movement behavior of geckos on a vertical surface, including the measurement and recording of the reaction forces as they move in different directions, plays an important role in understanding the mechanics of the animals’ locomotion. This study provides inspiration for the design of a control system for a bionics robot. The three-dimensional reaction forces of vertical surface-climbing geckos (Gekko gecko) were measured using a three-dimensional force-sensors-array. The behavior of gecko as it moved on a vertical surface was recorded with a high speed camera at 215 fps and the function of each foot of a gecko are discussed in this paper. The results showed that the gecko increased its velocity of movement mainly by increasing the stride frequency in the upward, downward and leftward direction and that the speed had no significant relationship to the attachment and detachment times. The feet above the center-of-mass play a key role in supporting the body, driving locomotion and balancing overturning etc. The movement behavior and foot function of geckos change correspondingly for different conditions, which results in safe and effective free vertical locomotion. This research will be helpful in designing gecko-like robots including the selection of gait planning and its control.     

中国壁虎属的地理分布、形态学和分子系统学研究进展

壁虎属(Gekko)世界报道有47种,中国是壁虎属物种多样性最为丰富的国家,已记载16种.中国壁虎属物种多分布在秦岭以南的热带和亚热带地区,北方种类较少,少数物种可分布至温带,其中11种为中国特有种,荔波壁虎、太白壁虎、文县壁虎、海南壁虎、兰屿壁虎则为分布范围狭窄的地区特有种.目前基于部分线粒体基因和核基因分子标记对中国壁虎属的分子系统学研究已解决许多分类问题,但仍存在较大分歧,种下关系及分类问题尚有待解决.因此,广泛收集中国壁虎属样本,尤其是广布种各地理种群样本,运用多基因联合分析,可有效解决中国壁虎属目前存在的分类和系统关系问题.     

Morphology and contact mechanics influence adhesive characteristics of Dung Beetle’s bristle and Gecko’s setae

Geckos(Gekko gecko)use their hairy setae to adhere on various solid surfaces and dung beetles(Copris ochus Motschulsky)use their hairy bristles to anti-adhere in sticky environments.We study why two hairy systems express a conflict in functions by using SEM,histological approaches and functional experiments.Adhesion models and various parameters were collected and analyzed.Based on the morphological data and functional experimental results carried out by natural and denatured gecko setae and beetle bristles,we first demonstrated that the stiffness along the hair is 1000 to 30000 times that perpendicular to the hair.This stiffness difference is the key factor leading to the two hairy systems' functional differences.Slope of gecko setae reduces contact stiffness,increases contact points and real contact area that results in amazing adhesive abilities.On the other hand,stiff bristles in a beetle have higher contact stiffness,which reduces the real contact area and decreases the adhesion between two contact surfaces.Deformation of gecko setae destroys the hierarchical structure,increases the contact stiffness and results in a decrease of adhesion forces.Similarly,deformation of beetle bristles destroys the erect structure of the hair,interconnects the separated bristles and thus decreases the anti-adhesive functions.These observations inspire us in designing anti-adhesive and adhesive biomimetic systems     

鼻部外伤性骨折的诊断和修复（附500例分析报告）

目的：探讨鼻骨、鼻软骨骨折正确的诊断方法和最佳的复位方法．对500例鼻部外伤患者的鼻骨骨折X线侧位和轴位摄片(其中162例同时做CT水平扫描)等资料进行分析．其中350例诊断为双侧鼻骨骨折,单侧鼻骨骨折23例,鼻软骨骨折25例,单纯上领骨额突骨折21例,鼻骨上领骨额突复合骨折16例,鼻骨,上领窦上领骨额突和筛骨垂直板复合骨折6例,鼻骨鼻副窦复合骨折4例,鼻眶骨折9例．均行手术和手法复位．结果：490例复位满意,10例复位不佳．结论：X摄片鼻骨只能诊断双鼻骨同时骨折,而单侧鼻骨骨折,上领骨额突骨折,筛骨垂直板等复杂骨折CT扫描均能清楚显示．可见鼻骨X拍片和鼻骨骨折CT扫描在诊断鼻骨骨折中二者不可缺一．鼻骨骨折和鼻软骨骨折同时要有两位耳科专科医师参与则诊断更加明确．     

无蹼壁虎的产卵习性

无蹼壁虎是一种季节性繁殖的爬行动物，出蛰后的雌体卵巢迅速增大，产卵期一般从５月中旬至８月，对产卵场所有一定的选择性，产粘性卵．在一个繁殖季节中，雌体产卵一窝，但部分雌体可能产第二窝卵。旧碉堡内的壁虎卵孵化期为４５～６５ｄ。     

Dynamics of the generalized 3x + 1 function determined by its fractal images

Two different complex maps were obtained by generalizing 3x+1 function to the complex plane, and fractal images for this two complex maps were constructed by using escape time, stopping time and total stopping time arithmetic. The dynamics of the generalized 3x+1 function based on the structural characteristics of the fractal images was studied. We found that: (1) The size and structure of the stable regions, stopping regions, total stopping regions, and divergent regions for the three types of fractal images depend on convergence rate of the map on the x and y axes. (2) The black stable regions constructed respectively by escape time and total stopping time are almost overlapped, demonstrating that 3x + 1 function converged steadily. (3) All of the three fractal images are symmetric to the real axis. The structures on the neighborhood of positive integer number are symmetric to a perpendicular line, which is corresponding to the point or its nearby points on the x axis. And the structures have complicated fractal structure characteristics. These findings indicate that the generalized 3x + 1 function on integer number and its neighborhood contains plentiful information in the complex plane.     

Dynamics of the generalized 3x + 1 function determined by its fractal images

Two different complex maps were obtained by generalizing 3x ＋ 1 function to the complex plane, and fractal images for these two complex maps were constructed by using escape time, stopping time and total stopping time arithmetic. The dynamics of the generalized 3x＋1 function based on the structural characteristics of the fractal images was studied. We found that：（1） the size and structure of the stable regions, stopping regions, total stopping regions, and divergent regions for the three types of fractal images depend on convergence rate of the map on the x and y axes. （2） The black stable regions constructed, respectively, by escape time and total stopping time are almost overlapped, demonstrating that 3x ＋1 function converged steadily. （3） All of the three fractal images are symmetric to the real axis. The structures on the neighborhood of positive integer number are symmetric to a perpendicular line, which is corresponding to the point or its nearby points on the x axis. And the structures have complicated fractal structure characteristics. These findings indicate that the generalized 3x＋1 function on integer number and its neighborhood contains plentiful information in the complex plane.     

断层对煤层水力压裂裂缝扩展的影响

针对煤层中的次生断层或小型滑移断层会影响水力裂缝扩展方向的问题,通过建立压裂裂缝遇断层的二维模型,采用理论分析和数值模拟方法分析逼近角度、水平主应力差、煤岩体弹性模量差异等因素对水力裂缝扩展方向的影响规律,建立裂缝穿过断层形成有效压裂的判断准则,在给定煤岩体参数条件下,拟合出水力裂缝穿过断层形成上下盘煤层贯通裂缝的逼近角度-水平主应力差的临界曲线。结果表明:逼近角度、水平主应力差、煤岩体弹性模量是影响压裂裂缝走向的主要因素,在低主应力差、较小逼近角度、较高顶板弹性模量的情况下,断层面易产生张开型破坏;当逼近角度-应力差坐标点位于曲线上方时裂缝将穿过断层面进入顶板,当角度-应力差坐标点位于曲线下侧时断层面张开裂缝将扩展至下部煤层形成上下盘煤层贯通裂缝。     

定向井靶区与水平井靶窗的统一

作为定向井特例的水平井的靶窗不包含在定向井的靶区范围内,定向井的靶区与水平井的靶窗相冲突。分析定向井的靶区与水平井的靶窗的特征,认为统一靶区的基础是重新确立定向井与水平井的井眼轴线与靶区平面的关系,即靶区平面应该始终与井眼轴线垂直;平面内的靶区应该随井斜角的增加逐渐由直井的圆面变成水平井的矩形或椭圆形。分别建立椭圆形和圆角矩形靶区渐变的数学模型,编写计算软件,绘制安全椭圆锥和圆角棱锥。结果表明,靶区平面应该为与井眼轴线垂直的平面,直井靶区随井斜角过渡到水平井靶窗是解决这一冲突的有效方法。     

Ni／Cr多层膜的磁各向异性

利用振动样品磁强计和铁磁共振仪研究了Ｎｉ／Ｃｒ多摹 磁各向异性。     

基于单目视觉的Delta机器人零点标定方法

针对实际工程应用中少自由度高速抓放并联机器人的精度问题,提出了一种基于视觉测量的快速标定方法.以Delta机器人为例,通过系统分析和机构合理简化,建立了零点误差模型.构造出基于单目视觉平面测量的零点误差辨识模型,借助单目视觉仅检测机器人动平台沿水平面运动时末端x、y向的位置误差,识别出零点误差,进而修改零点位置实现末端位置误差补偿.标定实验结果表明该方法简单、有效、实用性强.     

平面凸形的六均分点

证明了如下的定理:在任意平面凸形D内存在一点O,和通过点O的3条直线将该凸形D的面积六均分。     

Classical dynamics: spinning eggs--a paradox resolved

If a hard-boiled egg is spun sufficiently rapidly on a table with its axis of symmetry horizontal, this axis will rise from the horizontal to the vertical. (A raw egg, by contrast, when similarly spun, will not rise.) Conversely, if an oblate spheroid is spun sufficiently rapidly with its axis of symmetry vertical, it will rise and spin about the vertical on its rounded edge with its axis of symmetry now rotating in a horizontal plane. In both cases, the centre of gravity rises; here we provide an explanation for this paradoxical behaviour, through derivation of a first-order differential equation for the inclination of the axis of symmetry.