Heritable variation for aggression as a reflection of individual coping strategies

Evidence is presented in rodents, that individual differences in aggression reflect heritable, fundamentally different, but equally valuable alternative strategies to cope with environmental demands. Generally, aggressive individuals show an active response to aversive situations. In a social setting, they react with flight or escape when defeated; in non-social situations, they react with active avoidance of controllable shocks and with sustained activity during an uncontrollable task. In contrast, non-aggressive individuals generally adopt a passive strategy. In social and non-social aversive situations, they react with immobility and withdrawal. A main aspect of these two alternative strategies is that individuals with an active strategy easily develop routines (intrinsically determined behaviour), and consequently do not react (properly) to 'minor' changes in their environment, whereas in passively reacting animals it is just the other way around (extrinsically determined behaviour). It has become clear that active and passive behavioural strategies represent two different, but equivalent, coping styles. The coping style of the aggressive males is aimed at the removal of themselves from the source of stress or at removal of the stress source itself (i.e. active manipulation). Non-aggressive individuals seem to aim at the reduction of the emotional impact of the stress (i.e. passive confrontation). The success of both coping styles depends upon the variability or stability of the environment. The fact that aggressive males develop routines may contribute to a fast execution of their anticipatory responses, which is necessary for an effective manipulation of events. However, this is only of advantage in predictable (stable) situations, but is maladaptive (e.g. expressed by the development of stress pathologies) when the animal is confronted with the unexpected (variable situations). The flexible behaviour of non-aggressive individuals, depending strongly upon external stimuli, will be of advantage under changing conditions. Studies on wild house mice living under natural conditions show how active and passive coping functions in nature, and how the two types have been brought about by natural selection.     

Heritable variation for aggression as a reflection of individual coping strategies

Evidence is presented in rodents, that individual differences in aggression reflect heritable, fundamentally different, but equally valuablealternative strategies to cope with environmental demands. Generally, aggressive individuals show an active response to aversive situations. In a social setting, they react with flight or escape when defeated; in non-social situations, they react with active avoidance of controllable shocks and with sustained activity during an uncontrollable task. In contrast, non-aggressive individuals generally adopt a passive strategy. In social and non-social aversive situations, they react with immobility and withdrawal.A main aspect of these two alternative strategies is that individuals with an active strategy easily develop routines (intrinsically determined behaviour), and consequently do not react (properly) to minor changes in their environment, whereas in passively reacting animals it is just the other way around (extrinsically determined behaviour). It has become clear that active and passive behavioural strategies represent two different, but equivalent, coping styles. The coping style of the aggressive males is aimed at the removal of themselves from the source of stress or at removal of the stress source itself (i. e. active manipulation). Non-aggressive individuals seem to aim at the reduction of the emotional impact of the stress (i.e. passive confrontation). The success of both coping styles depends upon the variability or stability of the environment. The fact that aggressive males develop routines may contribute to a fast excution of their anticipatory responses, which is necessary for an effective manipulation of events. However, this is only of advantage in predictable (stable) situations, but is maladaptive (e.g. expressed by the development of stress pathologies) when the animal is confronted with the unexpected (variable situations). The flexible behaviour of non-aggressive individuals, depending strongly upon external stimuli, will be of advantage under changing conditions.Studies on wild house mice living under natural conditions show how active and passive coping functions in nature, and how the two types have been brought about by natural selection.     

Pseudomonas lectin PA-I detects hybrid product of blood group AB genes in saliva

Summary Pseudomonas aeruginosa galactophilic lectin PA-I exhibits an outstanding affinity for soluble hybrid oligosaccharide products of human A and B genes in saliva of heterozygous AB individuals. Neither A nor B salivas, nor an artificial mixture of them, inhibit PA-I hemagglutinating activity to the same extent as saliva from heterozygotes. Other lectins examined do not exhibit this property.     

电子封装热应力数值分析

针对目前电子封装的封装密度越来越高、封装厚度越来越薄、封装体在基板上所占面积越来越大,发热引起的失效越来越严重等问题,以晶体管瞬态热应力分析为例,建立热力耦合力学模型.利用ansys研究电子封装热失效问题,得到温度场、应力场和变彤场的分布规律.温度和应力的主要规律包括两点,一是温度和应力都在角点处变化明显,应力比较集中.温度从上到下逐层变化,逐渐减小,并且层与层之间温度变化不大,模型中间部分温度层厚度几乎相同,下半部分同一温度层有规律的变化.二是当温度较高时,在受约束面上和角点处应力值较大,并且在模型的角点和中部出现应力集中现象.     

Progress in screening for inborn errors of metabolism

Summary The inborn errors of metabolism are a series of individually rare biochemical anomalies some of which cause serious clinical manifestations. They are of great interest to biochemists and geneticists, as well as to paediatricians and internist for whom they often present special diagnostic and therapeutic problems. The study of the inborn errors of metabolism also has implications in the fields of epidemiology and social medicine. The number of known inborn errors of metabolism has increased rapidly in recent years, and others, as yet unidentified, presumably await recognition. Only a few of these conditions can be treated now, but the realisation that early diagnosis is essential in order to achieve good results has stimulated interest in the possibility of examining either whole populations or selected predisposed groups of individuals for biochemical differences which characterise particular inherited metabolic diseases.This article reviews some recent developments with particular reference to the indications for such screening programmes and progress in the identification of previously unknown inborn errors of metabolism in otherwise homogeneous population groups. — The inborn errors of metabolism are due to single gene mutations. — Recognition of the asymptomatic individuals who are heterozygous for the abnormal gene causing the disease may be important clinically and the identification of these individuals has to be considered as one aspect of metabolic screening for the inborn errors of metabolism.     

Identification of mucondialdehyde as a novel stress metabolite

In a survey of antifungal stress compounds induced by cupric chloride we found that leaves ofChenopodium album exuded a highly fungitoxic metabolite mucondialdehyde (trans-2,trans-4-hexadienedial), which was associated with 13-oxo-9,11-tridecadienoic acids (cis-9,trans-11 andtrans-9,trans-11 isomers) presumably resulting from -scission of 13-hydroperoxy-octadecadi(tri)enoic acid. The biogenesis and role as a general defensive agent in plants are briefly discussed.     

Mechanisms regulating immune surveillance of cellular stress in cancer

The purpose of this review is to explore immune-mediated mechanisms of stress surveillance in cancer, with particular emphasis on the idea that all cancers have classical hallmarks (Hanahan and Weinberg in Cell 100:57–70, 67; Cell 144:646–674, 68) that could be interrelated. We postulate that hallmarks of cancer associated with cellular stress pathways (Luo et al. in Cell 136:823–837, 101) including oxidative stress, proteotoxic stress, mitotic stress, DNA damage, and metabolic stress could define and modulate the inflammatory component of cancer. As such, the overarching goal of this review is to define the types of cellular stress that cancer cells undergo, and then to explore mechanisms by which immune cells recognize, respond to, and are affected by each stress response.     

Velocity and myosin phosphorylation transients in arterial smooth muscle: effects of agonist diffusion

Transients in myoplasmic [Ca2+] and in phosphorylation of the 20,000 dalton light chain of myosin have been reported following stimulation of vascular smooth muscle by various agonists. Since these transients are rapid compared with the time required to attain a steady-state stress, agonist diffusion rates may be a significant limitation in activation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of agonist diffusion rates on the time course of activation as assessed by mechanical measurements of stress development and isotonic shortening velocities and by determinations of the time course of myosin phosphorylation. The approach was to measure these parameters in K+ -stimulated preparations of the swine carotid media of varying thicknesses and to estimate the theoretical contributions imposed by diffusion rates and the presence of a diffusion boundary layer surrounding the tissue. The results show that the time course of parameters which are tissue averages such as stiffness, active stress, and myosin phosphorylation is dominated by agonist diffusion rates. The sequence of events involved in excitation-contraction coupling including agonist actions on the cell membrane, Ca2+ release, activation of myosin light chain kinase, and cross-bridge phosphorylation appear to be very rapid events compared with stress development. Estimates of unloaded or lightly loaded shortening velocities which are not simple tissue averages appear to provide an improved estimate of activation rates.     

Velocity and myosin phosphorylation transients in arterial smooth muscle: effects of agonist diffusion

Summary Transients in myoplasmic [Ca²⁺] and in phosphorylation of the 20,000 dalton light chain of myosin have been reported following stimulation of vascular smooth muscle by various agonists. Since these transients are rapid compared with the time required to attain a steady-state stress, agonist diffusion rates may be a significant limitation in activation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of agonist diffusion rates on the time course of activation as assessed by mechanical measurements of stress development and isotonic shortening velocities and by determinations of the time course of myosin phosphorylation. The approach was to measure these parameters in K⁺-stimulated preparations of the swine carotid media of varying thicknesses and to estimate the theoretical contributions imposed by diffusion rates and the presence of a diffusion boundary layer surrounding the tissue. The results show that the time course of parameters which are tissue averages such as stiffness, active stress, and myosin phosphorylation is dominated by agonist diffusion rates. The sequence of events involved in excitation-contraction coupling including agonist actions on the cell membrane, Ca²⁺ release, activation of myosin light chain kinase, and cross-bridge phosphorylation appear to be very rapid events compared with stress development. Estimates of unloaded or lightly loaded shortening velocities which are not simple tissue averages appear to provide an imporoved estimate of activation rates.Supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health 5-PO1-HL19242. K. E. Kamm was supported by a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Research Service Award HL-05957.     

构造应力场对煤层巷道围岩稳定性影响的数值模拟

为了研究向斜构造应力场对煤层巷道围岩稳定性的影响，运用Phase2软件对巷道布置在向斜构造中不同位置时的稳定性进行了数值模拟分析.分析得知巷道位于向斜轴部时较位于两翼时围岩稳定性差。对此，提出在以后布置巷道时应根据地应力的显现规律，尽量避免巷道布置在向斜轴部处。     

Modelling of microbial degradation processes: The behaviour ofmicroorganisms in a waste repository

Summary In a repository for radioactive disposal the waste material is kept in place by several shells and boundaries to prevent a long term recycling of the material into the environment. Present investigations on various chemical and biological processes can be extrapolated into future centuries only with great uncertainty. Models may therefore be a good tool to forecast processes which may occur within the repository and to estimate whether the barriers present will prevent the leaching of waste material within a given time span. A mathematical model is described based on an experimental laboratory setup, a microcosm described by West et al.^19–22 simulating in a laboratory system repository conditions for a Swiss L/ILW repository. It includes microbial as well as physico-chemical processes. These simulations indicate that biological processes such as gas formation or proton release should also be included into the safety assessment of the repositories.     

The development of the Laplace transform, 1737–1937

This paper, the first of two, follows the development of theLaplace Transform from its earliest beginnings withEuler, usually dated at 1737, to the year 1880, whenSpitzer was its major, if himself relatively minor, protagonist. The coverage aims at completeness, and shows the state which the technique reached in the hands of its greatest exponent to that time,Petzval. A sequel will trace the development of the modern theory from its beginnings withPoincaré to its present form, due toDoetsch.     

Corpus cardiacum — a target for azadirachtin

Summary Azadirachtin A, an insect growth inhibitor derived from neem seed, when injected at a physiological dose, inhibits the hormonally controlled ovarian development inLocusta migratoria. Its tritiated dihydro derivative concentrates more in the corpus cardiacum than in the brain. Translocation and release of the neurosecretory proteins labeled with L-[³⁵S]-cysteine in the corpus cardiacum is very poor in locusts under azadirachtin stress. It is concluded that azadirachtin may influence the release of trophic hormones from the corpus cardiacum leading to alterations in timing and titer of morphogenetic hormone pools.     

Hydrogen peroxide protects tobacco from oxidative stress by inducing a set of antioxidant enzymes

Tolerance against oxidative stress generated by high light intensities or the catalase inhibitor aminotriazole (AT) was induced in intact tobacco plants by spraying them with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Stress tolerance was concomitant with an enhanced antioxidant status as reflected by higher activity and/or protein levels of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidases, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as an increased glutathione pool. The induced stress tolerance was dependent on the dose of H₂O₂ applied. Moderate doses of H₂O₂ enhanced the antioxidant status and induced stress tolerance, while higher concentrations caused oxidative stress and symptoms resembling a hypersensitive response. In stress-tolerant plants, induction of catalase was 1.5-fold, that of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase was 2-fold, and that of guaiacol peroxidases was approximately 3-fold. Stress resistance was monitored by measuring levels of malondialdehyde, an indicator of lipid peroxidation. The levels of malondialdehyde in all H₂O₂-treated plants exposed to subsequent high light or AT stress were similar to those of unstressed plants, whereas lipid peroxidation in H₂O₂-untreated plants stressed with either high light or AT was 1.5- or 2-fold higher, respectively. Although all stress factors caused increases in the levels of reduced glutathione, its levels were much higher in all H₂O₂-pretreated plants. Moreover, significant accumulation of oxidized glutathione was observed only in plants that were not pretreated with H₂O₂. Extending the AT stress period from 1 to 7 days resulted in death of tobacco plants that were not pretreated with H₂O₂, while all H₂O₂-pretreated plants remained little affected by the prolonged treatment. Thus, activation of the plant antioxidant system by H₂O₂ plays an important role in the induced tolerance against oxidative stress. Received 11 December 2001; received after revision 25 January 2002; accepted 4 February 2002     

高校产学研一体化发展的实践与前瞻

本文探讨我国高校产学研一体化发展的必要性、可行性及其前景。从人类社会发展的历史特点入手，并借鉴了美国硅谷发展的经验和我国改革开放推进社会主义市场发展的需求，对高校产学研一体化发展的道路作了论述。针对目前高校产学研一体化中存在的问题，作者提出了加速高校产学研一体化发展的四条建议：1，高校产学研一体化发展必须转变观念，积极参与社会大循环；2，推进高校产学研一体化要有过硬的产品和准确的市场定位；3，高校产学研一体化发展要依托高科技园区，切实解决经费投入问题；4，高校产学研一体化发展要突出以人为本的思想，努力造就发明家和企业家。     

The chemistry and biology of inhibitors and pro-drugs targeted to glutathione S-transferases

The cytosolic glutathione S-transferases are a family of structurally homologous enzymes with multiple functions, including xenobiotic detoxification, clearance of oxidative stress products, and modulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis signaling pathways. This wideranging functional repertoire leads to several possible therapeutic uses for isoform-specific GST inhibitors. These inhibitors may be used, in principle, to modulate tumor cell drug resistance, as sensitizers to therapeutically directed oxidative stress, to enhance cell proliferation and to augment anti-malarial drugs. With increasing knowledge of GST structural and function, rational design strategies and mechanism-based inhibitors have been exploited successfully. However, design of isoform specificity remains a significant challenge in GST inhibitor development. Strategies for further inhibitor design and their possible limitations, along with potential therapeutic uses, are summarized.Received 24 November 2004; received after revision 12 January 2005; accepted 11 February 2005