酰胺荚醚类萃取剂的研究进展

酰胺荚醚类萃取剂因其易合成、分解产物易除去而不影响萃取工艺流程等优点，在核燃料后处理方面显示出很好的应用前景。综述了近年来关于酰胺荚醚类萃取剂结构一性能关系的进展情况。得出结论：在萃取能力上，酰胺荚醚萃取剂研究明显大于相应的二酰胺；不对称酰胺荚醚的萃取能力明显比对称酰胺荚醚的萃取能力强；研究其萃取性能有积极意义。     

新型磺酰胺萃取剂对镍离子的萃取性能

合成了一种新型萃取剂，2－十二烷基苯磺酰胺喹啉（萃取剂I），研究了它和2－十二烷基苯磺酰胺噻唑（萃取剂Ⅱ）的萃取性能，研究表明，这两种萃取剂在一定的条件下，能有效地萃取NI^2 离子，同时采用斜率法探讨了它们对Ni^2 离子的萃取机理。     

新型萃取剂N，N，N′，N′—四丁基戊二酰胺萃取Ce（Ⅲ）、Pr（Ⅲ）、Pb（Ⅲ）的研究

合成了新型萃取剂四诹代双酰胺：N，N，N′，N′—四丁基戊二酰胺(TBGA)。研究了其萃取铈(Ⅲ)、镨(Ⅲ)、铽(Ⅲ)的性能，详细考察了硝酸浓度、萃取剂浓度、硝酸锂浓度以及温度等对萃取分配比的影响，得到了TBGA以甲苯为稀释剂时萃取反应的表观平衡常数及298K时的热力学函数。     

磺酰胺类萃取剂对锌、镉的萃取性能

磺酰胺类萃取剂对锌、镉的萃取性能杨勇，陈秉倪，陈龙梅，余旭峰研究了２－（十二烷基苯磺酰胺）噻唑和２－（十二烷基苯磺酰胺）苯并噻唑萃取锌、镉的行为．研究表明，这两种革取剂在一定的条件下，能有效地革取锌（Ⅱ）和镉（Ⅱ），并采用斜率法探讨了它们对锌（Ⅱ）和...     

噻吨酮酰胺类光引发剂的合成及性能

合成了１２个噻吨酮酰胺类光引发剂，它们均为新化全物。经红外光谱，质谱及元素分析等方法确证结构。采用膨胀计法研究了它们的光引发性能，并和其它种类取代的噻吨酮作了比较。结果发现取代基的位置和结构对引发性能有一定影响。     

新萃取剂N,N′-不对称烷基酰胺的合成及表征

利用NaBH4还原法制得了N—甲基辛胺和N—甲基癸胺，打破了酰胺还原制胺只能用LiAlH4强还原剂的传统观念。在此基础上又合成了两类新型不对称烷基酰胺类萃取剂R3CONR1R2和R1R2N(CH2)nCONR1R2，并进行了提纯，产品收率在50％～80％之间；利用红外光谱、元素分析等对产品进行表征；对它们的萃取性能进行了初步探讨。结果表明不对称烷基酰胺的萃取性能比对称酰胺有很大的提高，具有良好的应用前景。     

N_(503)萃取镓及其机理的研究

本文系统地研究了从 HCl 和 H_2SO_4+NaCl 体系中用取代酰胺类萃取剂——二甲庚基乙酰胺(N_(503))萃取镓及各种金属离子的行为,以及考察了酸的浓度、金属离子浓度、镓萃取剂浓度、稀释剂种类、相平衡时间、相比等因素对萃镓的影响。并用饱和容量法、化学分析法、红外光谱法等探讨了 N_(503)萃镓的机理。     

N503萃取分离镉镍的研究

Ｎ５０３是一种优良的酰胺类萃取剂，已应用于某些稀有金属的萃取分离工艺。本研究研究了Ｎ５０３从氯化物体系萃取镉镍的性能，实验结果表明，镉的萃取率达９９．３％，反萃取率达９９．６％。     

TBP对N,N-双取代单酰胺萃取铀(Ⅵ)的影响

研究了TBP对N ,N -双取代单酰胺萃取铀的影响 ,发现TBP浓度低时存在协同效应 ,TBP浓度高时出现反协萃现象。结合体系物理化学性质对上述实验结果进行了讨论。堆积模型结果表明协萃合物结构处于堆积稳定区     

TBP对N，N—双取代单酰胺萃取铀（Ⅵ）的影响

研究了TBP对N,N-双取代单酰胺萃取铀的影响,发现TBP浓度低时存在的协同效应,TBP浓度高时出现反协萃现象。结合体系物理化学性质对上述实验结果进行了讨论。堆积模型结果表明协萃合物结构处于堆积稳定区。     

三价锕系金属结合能的计算

应用ＥＥＴ理论，给出了三价锕系金属结合能计算公式，得出了已经知道晶体结构的三价锕系金属结构能，这将有利于对锕系金属宏观性能的理论解释。     

锕系元素氧化物的价电子结构分析——三价锕系元素单键半径R(1)公式的验证

本文作者之一曾在鲍林金属电子论的基础上,应用余瑞璜20年来所建立起来的固体与分子经验电子理论,建立了三价锕系元素的单键半径R(1)的普遍公式,及其杂阶表,为了证实这一公式的适用性,本文对三阶锕系元素的氧化物进行了价电子结构分析,给出了键电子结构,其键距差均在允许误差之内,证明了此公式对三价锕系的氧化物是适用的。同时,为三价锕系的氧化物的性能分析提供了价电子结构方面的基本数据。     

Fluctuating valence in a correlated solid and the anomalous properties of delta-plutonium

Although the nuclear properties of the late actinides (plutonium, americium and curium) are fully understood and widely applied to energy generation, their solid-state properties do not fit within standard models and are the subject of active research. Plutonium displays phases with enormous volume differences, and both its Pauli-like magnetic susceptibility and resistivity are an order of magnitude larger than those of simple metals. Curium is also highly resistive, but its susceptibility is Curie-like at high temperatures and orders antiferromagnetically at low temperatures. The anomalous properties of the late actinides stem from the competition between itinerancy and localization of their f-shell electrons, which makes these elements strongly correlated materials. A central problem in this field is to understand the mechanism by which these conflicting tendencies are resolved in such materials. Here we identify the electronic mechanisms responsible for the anomalous behaviour of late actinides, revisiting the concept of valence using a theoretical approach that treats magnetism, Kondo screening, atomic multiplet effects and crystal field splitting on the same footing. We find that the ground state in plutonium is a quantum superposition of two distinct atomic valences, whereas curium settles into a magnetically ordered single valence state at low temperatures. The f(7) configuration of curium is contrasted with the multiple valences of the plutonium ground state, which we characterize by a valence histogram. The balance between the Kondo screening and magnetism is controlled by the competition between spin-orbit coupling, the strength of atomic multiplets and the degree of itinerancy. Our approach highlights the electronic origin of the bonding anomalies in plutonium, and can be applied to predict generalized valences and the presence or absence of magnetism in other compounds starting from first principles.     

三烷基氧膦革取──由高放射性废液回收锕系元素的有效方法

介绍了我国特有的三烷基氧膦（ＴＲＰＯ切革取剂的组成、物性、辐射稳定性及从高放射性废液中萃取锕系元素的过程化学。给出了ＴＲＰＯ流程参数设计和验证的结果，表明了 ＴＲＰＯ流程的良好功能。     

Gd2-xNdxZr2O7烧绿石的高温高压快速合成

为了探索模拟三价锕系核素在Gd2Zr2O7基材中的快速固化方法,按照化学计量关系Gd 2-x Nd xZr2O7(x=0.42和x=0.86)设计配方,以Gd2O3,ZrO2和Nd2O3(Nd3+作三价锕系核素替代物)粉体为原料,进行了高温高压合成实验。制备的样品通过X射线衍射分析和扫描电镜分析表明:在压力分别为3 GPa,3.5 GPa,4 GPa,温度为1 573 K,1 673 K条件下保温保压15 min,获得了单相烧绿石结构的Gd 2-x Nd xZr2O7致密烧结体。该方法可为锆基烧绿石陶瓷固化锕系核素提供一种快速高效的技术途径。     

Chemical characterization of element 112

The heaviest elements to have been chemically characterized are seaborgium (element 106), bohrium (element 107) and hassium (element 108). All three behave according to their respective positions in groups 6, 7 and 8 of the periodic table, which arranges elements according to their outermost electrons and hence their chemical properties. However, the chemical characterization results are not trivial: relativistic effects on the electronic structure of the heaviest elements can strongly influence chemical properties. The next heavy element targeted for chemical characterization is element 112; its closed-shell electronic structure with a filled outer s orbital suggests that it may be particularly susceptible to strong deviations from the chemical property trends expected within group 12. Indeed, first experiments concluded that element 112 does not behave like its lighter homologue mercury. However, the production and identification methods used cast doubt on the validity of this result. Here we report a more reliable chemical characterization of element 112, involving the production of two atoms of (283)112 through the alpha decay of the short-lived (287)114 (which itself forms in the nuclear fusion reaction of 48Ca with 242Pu) and the adsorption of the two atoms on a gold surface. By directly comparing the adsorption characteristics of (283)112 to that of mercury and the noble gas radon, we find that element 112 is very volatile and, unlike radon, reveals a metallic interaction with the gold surface. These adsorption characteristics establish element 112 as a typical element of group 12, and its successful production unambiguously establishes the approach to the island of stability of superheavy elements through 48Ca-induced nuclear fusion reactions with actinides.     

Quantification of actinide alpha-radiation damage in minerals and ceramics

There are large amounts of heavy alpha-emitters in nuclear waste and nuclear materials inventories stored in various sites around the world. These include plutonium and minor actinides such as americium and curium. In preparation for geological disposal there is consensus that actinides that have been separated from spent nuclear fuel should be immobilized within mineral-based ceramics rather than glass because of their superior aqueous durability and lower risk of accidental criticality. However, in the long term, the alpha-decay taking place in these ceramics will severely disrupt their crystalline structure and reduce their durability. A fundamental property in predicting cumulative radiation damage is the number of atoms permanently displaced per alpha-decay. At present, this number is estimated to be 1,000-2,000 atoms/alpha in zircon. Here we report nuclear magnetic resonance, spin-counting experiments that measure close to 5,000 atoms/alpha in radiation-damaged natural zircons. New radiological nuclear magnetic resonance measurements on highly radioactive, 239Pu zircon show damage similar to that caused by 238U and 232Th in mineral zircons at the same dose, indicating no significant effect of half-life or loading levels (dose rate). On the basis of these measurements, the initially crystalline structure of a 10 weight per cent 239Pu zircon would be amorphous after only 1,400 years in a geological repository (desired immobilization timescales are of the order of 250,000 years). These measurements establish a basis for assessing the long-term structural durability of actinide-containing ceramics in terms of an atomistic understanding of the fundamental damage event.     

添加剂对WC-Co合金组织和性能的影响

研究了合金元素TaC、Cr_3C_2及Mo对WC-Co硬质合金的组织和性能影响。实验结果表明,加入一定量的添加剂可以改善合金性能。对其机理也进行了讨论。     

锕系元素基态与激发态性质的量子拓扑化学

在基态原子价壳层电子隐核图的基础上,将拓扑理论和量子化学方法相结合,引入价电子的主量子数、角量子数、自旋磁量子数以及价电子的轨道能量等结构参数,得到一个新的量子拓扑指数Ym.利用线性回归方法分别建立了锕系元素16种基态与激发态性质的定量结构-性质关系（QSPR）模型,采用留一法和Jackknife检验相结合的方法,对定量结构-性质相关模型的稳定性和预测能力进行检验.研究结果表明,用新的量子拓扑指数Ym能较好地表征锕系元素的分子结构信息,且所建模型具有良好的稳定性和预测能力.     

煤矿深部岩巷掘进爆破试验研究

分析了影响煤矿深部硬岩巷掘进爆破效果的因素。通过对试验工作面岩石物理力学性能的测试,结合试验工作面的具体条件,提出了不同地质条件下合理的炮眼直径、装药直径、掏槽方式和装药方式。介绍了一个典型工作面试验方法、炮眼布置和爆破参数的选取。试验表明：在条件允许的工作面使用煤矿许用二级水胶炸药具有较优的爆破效果和较高的安全性;采用大直径掏槽炮眼和小直径其它炮眼相结合的炮眼布置形式,司达到较好爆破效率和光爆效果。