Cu-50Cr合金在含Cl^-介质中的腐蚀电化学行为研究

利用动电位扫描法，结合电化学交流阻抗技术研究了用传统电弧熔炼制备的Cu^-50Cr合金在不同Cl^-浓度介质中的腐蚀电化学行为．结果表明：随Cl^-浓度的增加，自腐蚀电位均出现不同程度的负移，腐蚀电流增大，腐蚀速度加快；Cu-50Cr合金在中性Na2S04溶液中未出现钝化现象，加入Cl^-后，出现了钝化现象，但钝化区间很窄．从交流阻抗谱及拟合结果分析得知：在0．05mol／LNa28O4和0．05mol／L Na2SO4＋0．02mol／L NaCl腐蚀介质中交流阻抗谱呈单容抗弧特征，没有出现Warburg阻抗，表明电极表面的腐蚀受电化学反应控制，随Cl^-浓度增加，开始出现Warburg阻抗，表明腐蚀过程由电化学反应控制转化为扩散控制．随Cl^-浓度的增加，容抗弧减小，电荷传递电阻减小，腐蚀速度加快．     

Cl-含量对铸态Cu-40Ni合金电化学腐蚀行为的影响

利用动电位扫描法,结合电化学交流阻抗技术研究了用传统电弧熔炼(CA)制备的铸态Cu-40Ni合金在不同Cl-含量的腐蚀介质中的电化学腐蚀行为.结果表明:铸态Cu-40Ni合金在含Cl-腐蚀介质中,随着Cl-含量的增加,自腐蚀电位不同程度负移,膜电阻减小,腐蚀速度加快;合金在Na2SO4中表现出了Warburg阻抗的性质,电极表面的腐蚀过程由电化学控制转变为扩散控制,而在加入Cl-后,没有出现Warburg阻抗的性质,腐蚀过程由电化学控制;腐蚀电化学阻抗谱呈单容抗弧特征,随Cl-含量的增加,极化电阻减小;腐蚀过程中存在一定弥散效应.     

Cu-60Fe-12Cr合金在含Cl-介质中的电化学腐蚀行为

利用动电位扫描法,结合电化学交流阻抗技术研究了用粉末冶金(PM)技术制备的Cu-60FFe-12Cr合金在含Cl-腐蚀介质中的电化学腐蚀行为.结果表明合金在单一Na2SO4介质中具有较低的腐蚀电流,腐蚀速度较慢,而在含Cl-腐蚀介质中,自腐蚀电位不同程度负移,膜电阻减小,腐蚀速度加快;合金在含Cl-介质中腐蚀电化学阻抗谱在呈单容抗弧特征,没有出现Warburg阻抗的性质,腐蚀过程由电化学反应控制;加入Cl-后,极化电阻减小;腐蚀过程中存在一定弥散效应.     

Cu-40Ni-20Cr合金在含Cl-介质中的电化学腐蚀行为研究

利用动电位扫描法和交流阻抗技术研究了传统电弧熔炼制备的Cu-40Ni-20Cr合金在不同Cl-浓度的腐蚀介质中的电化学腐蚀行为.结果表明:合金在单一Na2SO4介质中具有较低的腐蚀电流,腐蚀速度较慢,腐蚀过程由电化学控制腐蚀,电化学阻抗谱呈单容抗弧特征.在含Cl-腐蚀介质中,随着Cl-浓度的增加,自腐蚀电位不同程度负移,腐蚀电流增大,腐蚀速度加快.Cl-浓度大于0.02 mol.L-1时,出现Warburg阻抗特征,腐蚀过程由电化学控制转为扩散控制;加入Cl-后,极化电阻减小,腐蚀过程中存在一定弥散效应.     

Cu-60Fe-12Cr合金在含Cl~-介质中的电化学腐蚀行为

利用动电位扫描法,结合电化学交流阻抗技术研究了用粉末冶金(PM)技术制备的Cu 60Fe 12Cr合金在含Cl-腐蚀介质中的电化学腐蚀行为.结果表明:合金在单一Na2SO4介质中具有较低的腐蚀电流,腐蚀速度较慢,而在含Cl-腐蚀介质中,自腐蚀电位不同程度负移,膜电阻减小,腐蚀速度加快;合金在含Cl-介质中腐蚀电化学阻抗谱在呈单容抗弧特征,没有出现Warburg阻抗的性质,腐蚀过程由电化学反应控制;加入Cl-后,极化电阻减小;腐蚀过程中存在一定弥散效应.     

Ou-40Ni-20Cr合金在含Cl^-介质中的电化学腐蚀行为研究

利用动电位扫描法和交流阻抗技术研究了传统电弧熔炼制备的Cu-40Ni-20Cr合金在不同Cl^-浓度的腐蚀介质中的电化学腐蚀行为．结果表明：合金在单一Na2SO4介质中具有较低的腐蚀电流，腐蚀速度较慢，腐蚀过程由电化学控制腐蚀，电化学阻抗谱呈单容抗弧特征．在含Cl^-腐蚀介质中，随着Cl^-浓度的增加，自腐蚀电位不同程度负移，腐蚀电流增大，腐蚀速度加快．Cl^-浓度大于0.02mol·L^-1时，出现Warburg阻抗特征，腐蚀过程由电化学控制转为扩散控制；加入Cl^-后，极化电阻减小，腐蚀过程中存在一定弥散效应．     

纳米化对Ag-50Ni在H3PO4介质中腐蚀电化学行为影响

通过电化学极化曲线方法和电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)技术对比研究了不同晶粒尺寸的Ag-50Ni合金在不同浓度的H3PO4介质中的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:2种尺寸的Ag-50Ni合金在不同浓度的H3PO4介质中主要呈单容抗弧特征,其中纳米尺寸的Ag-50Ni合金在H3PO4浓度分别为0.0,0.1及0.5 mol/L中呈双容抗弧特征,表明电极表面腐蚀受电化学反应控制。随着H3PO4浓度的增加,合金的自腐蚀电位向负方向移动,传递电阻逐渐减小,腐蚀电流密度逐渐增大,表明腐蚀速度加快。在同一种浓度腐蚀介质中,常规尺寸Ag-50Ni合金的腐蚀电流密度低于纳米尺寸Ag-50Ni合金,表明晶粒细化后抗腐蚀性能降低。     

Cu48Zr43Al9合金在0.05mol/L Na2SO4介质中腐蚀电化学行为研究

采用真空电弧熔炼法制备Cu48Zr43Al9晶态合金及铜模铸造法制备Cu48Zr43Al9非晶合金。通过极化曲线和交流阻抗谱技术研究了Cu48Zr43Al9晶态和非晶态合金在0.05 mol/LNa2SO4溶液中腐蚀电化学行为。结果表明,在0.05 mol/LNa2SO4溶液中,Cu48Zr43Al9晶态和非晶态合金的交流阻抗谱均呈单容抗弧,实验结果说明合金的腐蚀过程是由电化学控制。与非晶合金相比,腐蚀电位负移,晶态合金的电荷传递电阻减小,腐蚀电流密度变大,腐蚀速度加快。在0.05mol/LNa2SO4溶液中,Cu48Zr43Al9非晶态合金具有良好的耐腐蚀性能,这是因为非晶态合金不具有晶格缺陷,结构均一稳定。     

Fe-Cr合金在含Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)离子溶液中的腐蚀行为

为研究Fe-Cr合金在含Cl-和SO2-4离子溶液中浸泡的腐蚀行为,采用显微激光拉曼光谱技术进行腐蚀产物分析,并进行线性极化和交流阻抗电化学测试明确腐蚀机理。研究结果表明,Fe-Cr合金含有大量Cr更容易形成钝化膜,在浸泡初期Fe-Cr合金腐蚀速度很小。随着浸泡时间增加,维钝电流密度呈现先增加而后明显减小的趋势,说明钝化膜不断加强,钝化膜起到较好的阻碍Cl-和SO2-4阴离子侵蚀作用。在酸性溶液中,Fe-Cr合金钝化的同时也发生着点蚀,且随着浸泡时间的增长而加剧。Fe-Cr合金在浸泡150 h后,在三角晶界及其附近的晶界更易出现腐蚀产物,这是由于模拟溶液中含有大量Cl-离子,致使钝化膜破损。而在Fe-Cr合金的腐蚀产物中出现CrOOH,对腐蚀有抑制作用。     

晶粒细化对Cu-20Ag-30Cr合金在HCl溶液中腐蚀电化学行为的影响

采用机械合金化通过控制球磨时间制备不同晶粒尺寸的三元合金粉末,然后分别以真空热压工艺制备常规晶粒尺寸和纳米晶粒尺寸的Cu-20Ag-30Cr合金块状合金。并且利用PARM273A和M5210电化学综合测试系统对两种合金进行电化学腐蚀测试,通过测定电化学极化曲线和交流阻抗谱研究了常规晶粒尺寸和纳米晶粒尺寸的Cu-20Ag-30Cr合金在不同浓度HCl溶液中的腐蚀电化学行为。结果表明随着HCl浓度的增加,腐蚀电流密度随之持续增大,自腐蚀电位持续负移,传递电阻持续减小,表明合金的腐蚀程度加剧,合金的耐腐蚀性能减弱;在相同浓度的HCl溶液中,纳米晶粒尺寸的Cu-20Ag-30Cr合金的腐蚀电流密度明显高于高于Cu-20Ag-30Cr合金,表明经过晶粒细化合金腐蚀速度加快,其耐腐蚀性能下降。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to