斑马鱼cGnRH-Ⅱ的基因克隆与序列分析

从斑马鱼脑组织提取总RNA,应用RT--PCR方法克隆eGnRH cDNA,其长度为646bp,包括一个258bp开放阅读框;编码的cGnRH-Ⅱ前体为86个氨基酸残基,由一个信号肽、GnRH十肽和一个由蛋白水解位点（Gly—Lys—Arg）连接的促性腺激素释放激素相关肽（GAP）组成;其中信号肽和联接肽的长度分别为24和49个氨基酸．该eDNA编码的cGnRH-Ⅱ的前体氨基酸序列与其他物种的cGnRH-Ⅱ前体一致．表明物种问cGnRH—Ⅱ cDNA的蛋白编码区高度保守,而非编码区的保守性程度很低．进化分析表明,斑马鱼与鲤鱼、鲫鱼、拟鲤、黑头软口鲦等淡水的鲤科鱼类的同源性较高．     

耐热碱性磷酸酯酶基因的DNA序列分析

从栖热菌中克隆到产耐热碱性磷酸酯酶（FD－TAP）基因并进行了DNA序列分析,结果表明此2．0kb的片段含有一个1056bp的开放阅读框,编码501个氨基酸的蛋白质,其N端有一26个氨基酸的信号肽．在起始密码子的上游5bp处有一个5＇－GGAGGT－3＇的SD序列．基因编码区的（G＋C）％为68．7％,第3位密码子（G＋C）％为92．7％．FD－TAP的氨基酸序列与大肠杆菌等生物的碱性磷酸酯酶氨基酸序列比较,相同性为27％,相似性为38％．中央β－折叠区及与活性中心相关的氨基酸残基高度保守．表明FD－TAP具有与大肠杆菌碱性磷酸酯酶相似的结构和作用机制．在相当于大肠杆菌碱性磷酸酯酶的His370至His412两个金属离子结合部位之间,FD－TAP有一72个氨基酸的插入片段,提示该插入片段与FD－TAP的高耐热性相关．     

同义密码子用语与蛋白质二级结构信息

对人体117个蛋白质和大肠杆菌的185个蛋白质的各二级结构相对应的mRNA序列中的同义密码子与氨基酸上下文关联熵、蛋白质序列中氨基酸与氨基酸上下文关联熵作了统计分析，发现密码子关联确实比氨基酸关联对蛋白质二级结构提供的信息量大，而且人蛋白质中同义密码子提供的二级结构信息比大肠杆菌中多．同时，证明了在相对信息剩余大于等于30％的情况下，Adzhubei给出的九种氨基酸中的八种其同义密码子在某些二级结构中明显的携带结构信息；此外A，N，D，R，H，C，Y这几种氨基酸的同义密码子在某些二级结构中也明显地携带结构信息．     

粗毛栓菌atp9基因的克隆、表达及序列分析

ATP合酶是生物体内能量代谢的关键酶,参与多种氧化磷酸化和光合磷酸化反应.atp9基因是ATP合酶的重要组成部分,其编码了ATP合酶A亚基上第9亚单位,与呼吸作用和光合作用密切相关.本研究利用atp9基因在进化过程中高度保守的特点,据已知近缘真菌基因序列,设计并合成了一对引物,以粗毛栓菌mRNA反转录得到的cDNA第一链为模板,PCR扩增得到atp9基因完整序列,并连接于原核表达载体pET32a(+)上.测序与序列分析表明:该克隆片段全长222 bp,共编码73个氨基酸,翻译的蛋白质分子量是7.35 kDa.转化大肠杆菌后经IPTG诱导,可高效表达外源融合蛋白,分子量大小与预测结果一致.经过同源比对和进化树分析,该克隆基因编码的氨基酸序列与可可丛枝病菌(Crinipellis perniciosa)和瓣环栓菌(Trametes cingulata strain ATCC 26747)中相对应的氨基酸序列相似度最高.本实验为未来进一步研究粗毛栓菌atp9基因和其蛋白功能,阐明其调控和作用机制奠定了基础.     

金鱼蛋白磷酸酶2A—B＂家族Alpha和Gamma调节基因的cDNA克隆及mRNA表达

以金鱼卵巢组织作为材料,运用RTPCR和cDNA末端快速扩增（RACE）技术克隆得到蛋白磷酸酶2A（PP2A）调节亚基B＂家族中γ基因（GSPR）cDNA全序列和α基因（PR130）cDNA部分序列．结果显示γ基因cDNA全长1885bp,编码一个含457个氨基酸的蛋白质．而α基因cDNA长1781bp,编码的多肽共含426个氨基酸,系v亚基的部分蛋白序列．它们与已知其他物种对应的B＂家族蛋白质均有着很高的同源性．结构预测分析发现,α和γ两条多肽均存在PP2A调节亚基B＂家族成员共有的两个EFHAND结构域．用RT—PCR的方法检测了这两个基因在金鱼不同组织和胚胎发育不同时期的mRNA表达水平．结果表明,γ亚基在金鱼多种组织和各个胚胎发育时期中均有较高表达且表达量比较平均,仅在卵巢和精巢组织中最为丰富．与γ亚基表达模式相比,α亚基表达呈现明显的组织和胚胎发育阶段差异性,在卵巢和肌肉组织中最高,在肾脏和鳃中最低,在原肠胚、神经胚、脑泡分化和体色素等胚胎发育时期的表达较弱,而在其他时期中的表达较强．据此,推测α、γ两调节亚基可能在金鱼不同组织和胚胎发育过程中起着特定的作用．此外,进一步的分析发现,α基因除参与PP2A全酶功能外还可能具有独立的功能．     

新基因GIDRP88编码蛋白质电泳异常迁移的研究

通过制备GIDRP88蛋白质特异的多克隆抗体对GIDRP88基因体外翻译的样品进行检测,结果观察到GIDRP88蛋白质的电泳迁移率随凝胶中丙稀酰胺浓度的改变而发生改变,表明其存在异常迁移．生物信息学分析发现GIDRP88蛋白质一级结构电荷分布不均．为进一步研究电荷分布对其迁移率的影响,分别克隆了GIDRP88基因中电荷分布相对均匀的C端区段A(编码222个氨基酸残基),以及有多余负电荷的中部区段B(编码182个氨基酸残基),在大肠杆菌中诱导表达后,发现A区段表达肽段迁移正常而B区段表达肽段表观分子量比预期偏大32．9％．表明电荷分布不均影响了GIDRP88蛋白质在SDS-PAGE上的迁移．     

暗纹东方纯CD8α基因克隆、原核表达与多克隆抗体制备

CD8是与Ⅰ型主要组织相容性复合体（MHCI）结合，是T细胞表面受体（TCR）的共受体．也是T淋巴细胞表面的重要标志物。该研究报道了暗纹东方纯胸腺等组织中克隆获得CD8αcDNA序列及其相应的基因组序列。克隆到的cDNA序列全长1061bp，包含1个657bp的开放读码框（ORF），编码218个氨基酸；其对应的基因组序列为1533bp，包含5个内含子和6个外显子。生物信息学分析表明，D8d蛋白质序列由信号肽、胞外可变区、铰链区、跨膜区和胞内区5部分组成。胞外区的可变区和铰链区部分各有两个高度保守的半胱氨酸残基，可能参与链内和链间二硫键的形成。氨基酸序列多重比对表明，暗纹东方鲍与其他鱼类的CD80α，特别是与鲽形目鱼类具有较高的同源性。为进一步研究暗纹东方纯CD8的生物学功能，构建了表达CD8α成熟肽胞外区的重组质粒，诱导表达出重组蛋白。以纯化的重组蛋白为抗原免疫大白兔，制备了抗血清。经间接ELISA法检测抗体效价表明。获得了高效价的特异性暗纹东方纯CD8c~抗体，为进一步研究CD8在鱼类淋巴细胞进化和适应性免疫中的作用奠定了基础。     

去B链羧端三肽人胰岛素原的基因构建和表达

用改进的寡苷酸诱导 突变法将人胰岛素原基因（ＢＣＡ）删除编码Ｂ链羧端三肽的碱基片段，得到去Ｂ链羧端三肽胰岛素原的基因（Ｂ＾－３ＣＡ）。为了便于表达产物的蛋白质后加工，又用ＰＣＲ的方法在Ｂ链Ｎ端起始Ｍｅｔ与Ｐｈｅ密码子之间增加了编码Ｌｙｓ的３个碱基，得到改造后基因ＬＢ＾－３ＣＡ，将ＬＢ＾－３ＣＡ克隆到表达质粒ｐＢＶ２２０上，在大肠杆菌系统中热诱导表达，表达率为１２％。表达产物经蛋白质后加工，得到的去     

日本囊对虾电压门控钠通道基因克隆与组织表达

利用基因克隆等分子生物学技术,获得日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus ja ponicus)的电压门控钠通道(voltage-gate sodium channel,VGSC)蛋白的部分eDNA序列,获得的片段核苷酸长度为2 877 bp,可编码954个氨基酸残基,总分子质量约为108.2 ku.与同源蛋白比较结果显示,日本囊对虾的VGSC序列与其他一些物种具有较高相似性,特别是跨膜蛋白结构域具有极高的保守性.基于VGSC氨基酸序列比对绘制的系统树基本能够反映出各物种间的进化关系.以RT-PCR法检测日本囊对虾VGSC的组织表达,结果显示VGSC表达与各组织的功能有极其密切的关系.VGSC mRNA在脑神经节中表达量最高,其次为肝胰腺,说明了钠通道在神经信号传导以及调节内分泌中都起到了重要的作用.     

狨猴(Saguinus mystax)血红蛋白(Hb)α链一级结构的测定

分析了狨猴(Saguinus mystax)血红蛋白(Hb)a链的氨基酸序列.经CM-23纤维素柱层析得到的狨猴Hb珠蛋白a链,分别用溴化氰裂解、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶消化,经高效液相层析(HPLC)和高压电泳-纸层析分离后的肽段,用蛋白质顺序自动分析仪测定其氨基酸序列.结果表明,完整狨猴a链的一级结构与人、恒猴和懒猴的a链有差异,肯定了狨猴的进化地位.同时对测定一级结构的方法进行了讨论.     

6个氨基酸小C肽人胰岛素原类似物基因的构建和表达

用片段置换法，从在Ｃ肽两端具有酶切位点的双突人胰岛素原因中，将Ｃ肽基因替换成含Ａｒｇ－Ａｒｇ－Ｇｌｙ－Ｓｅｒ－Ａｒｇ－Ｌｙｓ６个氨基酸小Ｃ肽基因。将这个小Ｃ肽岛素原类似物基因重组到具有Ｔａｃ启动子的质粒中，并与部分牛凝乳酶原基因融合，在Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ中得到了高效表达。表达的ＢＣ＇Ａ融合蛋白占菌体总蛋白的１６％。表达产物以包含体形式存在，经ＣＮＢｒ裂解及磺酸，再经复性后，具有对胰岛素的放射免疫活性。     

Regulation of human insulin gene expression in transgenic mice

Insulin is a polypeptide hormone of major physiological importance in the regulation of fuel homeostasis in animals (reviewed in refs 1,2). It is synthesized by the beta-cells of pancreatic islets, and circulating insulin levels are regulated by several small molecules, notably glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and certain pharmacological agents. Insulin consists of two polypeptide chains (A and B, linked by disulphide bonds) that are derived from the proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, generating equimolar amounts of the mature insulin and a connecting peptide (C-peptide). Humans, like most vertebrates, contain one proinsulin gene, although several species, including mice and rats, have two highly homologous insulin genes. We have studied the regulation of serum insulin levels and of insulin gene expression by generating a series of transgenic mice containing the human insulin gene. We report here that the human insulin gene is expressed in a tissue-specific manner in the islets of these transgenic mice, and that serum human insulin levels are properly regulated by glucose, amino acids and tolbutamide, an oral hypoglycaemic agent.     

Human preprovasoactive intestinal polypeptide contains a novel PHI-27-like peptide, PHM-27

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a 28-amino acid peptide originally isolated from porcine duodenum, is present not only in gastrointestinal tissues but also in neural tissues, possibly as a neurotransmitter, and exhibits a wide range of biological actions (for example, relaxation of smooth muscle, stimulation of intestinal water and electrolyte secretion and release of insulin, glucagon and several anterior pituitary hormones). As the structure of porcine and bovine VIP shows several similarities to those of mammalian glucagon, secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), VIP is considered to be a member of the glucagon-secretin family. Recently, we have found that VIP is synthesized from a precursor, pro-VIP (molecular weight (Mr) 17,500), in human neuroblastoma cells and that the primary translation product of the mRNA encoding VIP is prepro-VIP (Mr 20,000). In an attempt to elucidate the primary structure of the precursor, we have now cloned the DNA sequence complementary to the mRNA coding for human VIP and analysed the nucleotide sequence. The entire amino acid sequence of the precursor, deduced from the nucleotide sequence, indicates that the precursor protein contains not only VIP but also a novel peptide of 27 amino acids. The peptide, designated PHM-27, differs by only 2 amino acids from PHI-27, a peptide recently isolated from porcine intestine, and is also closely related in sequence to VIP.     

Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the major protein of hepatitis B virus surface antigen.

DNA extracted from hepatitis B virus Dane particles has been cloned in bacteria using a plasmid vector. A full-length clone has been examined by restriction endonuclease analysis, and the nucleotide sequence of an 892-base pair fragment from cloned hepatitis B viral DNA encoding the surface antigen gene is reported. The amino acid sequence deduced from the DNA indicates that the surface antigens is a protein consisting of 226 amino acids and with a molecular weight of 25,398. The portion of the gene coding for this protein apparently contains no intervening sequences.     

Isolation of a cDNA clone encoding rat insulin-like growth factor-II precursor

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II are mitogenic polypeptides of relative molecular mass (Mr) approximately 7,500 isolated from human plasma each containing four peptide domains in a single chain and identical at more than 60% of their amino acid loci. The B- and A-domains of the IGFs are approximately 40% identical to the B- and A-chains of human insulin. IGF-I and IGF-II have similar in vitro biological activities and receptor reactivity, but are immunologically distinct. IGF-I appears to mediate the effects of growth hormone on cartilage to promote skeletal growth whereas IGF-II may have a special role in fetal development and in the central nervous system. To investigate the in vivo role of IGF-II, we have studied IGF-II biosynthesis in the BRL-3A rat liver cell line. BRL-3A cells synthesize and secrete a 7,484 Mr protein 93% identical to human IGF-II and representing rat IGF-II (rIGF-II). Rat IGF-II is synthesized as a approximately 22,000 Mr prepro-rIGF-II (ref. 12) from 12 S poly(A)+mRNA. In addition, approximately 20,000 Mr pro-rIGF-II has been identified in lysates of biosynthetically labelled intact BRL-3A cells. We report here the isolation of an almost complete cDNA clone for rIGF-II. Our results indicate that pro-rIGF-II is synthesized as a 156 amino acid peptide precursor (17,619 Mr) containing mature rIGF-II 1-67 at its amino-terminus and an 89-residue carboxy-terminal peptide extension.     

Primary structure of alpha-subunit precursor of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor deduced from cDNA sequence

DNA sequences complementary to the Torpedo californica electroplax mRNA coding for the alpha-subunit precursor of the acetylcholine receptor were cloned. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned cDNA indicates that the precursor consists of 461 amino acids including a prepeptide of 24 amino acids. Possible sites for acetylcholine binding and antigenic determinants on the alpha-subunit molecule are discussed.     

Sequence similarity analysis of non-self CTL epitopes and mouse proteins using sequence alignment

This research analyzed amino acid sequence similarity between non-self T cell epitopes recognized by mouse antibodies and mouse proteins. Using sequence alignment,we found that only 8 of 1 108 epitopes are highly similar to mouse protein sequences. The result shows that non-self T cell epitopes are not similar or have little similarity to mouse protein sequences. Furthermore,reviewing the related literature,we also found that the eight epitopes would trigger immune responses in some particular environment,which are ignored by T cells in normal condition. The result suggests that no or low-similarity peptide vaccines can reduce the chance of collateral cross-reactions and enhance the antigen-specific immune response to vaccine.     

Striking similarities between antigen receptor J pieces and sequence in the second chain of the murine CD8 antigen

The CD8 antigen is a marker for T-lymphocyte subsets that is absent from helper T cells but expressed on cytotoxic T cells which recognize foreign determinants in association with class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. It has been suggested that CD8 plays some part in recognition by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells since anti-CD8 antibodies can block their functions and the human CD8 antigen contains a domain with clear similarities to immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor (TCR) variable-region (V) domains. Human CD8 antigen is thought to be a homodimer but in the mouse and rat the equivalent antigens (alternatively called Lyt2,3 and OX8) are heterodimeric. Rat CD8 contains two chains of relative molecular mass 32,000 (32K) and 37K: the 32K chain is the rat homologue of human CD8 and mouse Lyt2. We describe here the molecular cloning of the rat 37K chain using an oligonucleotide probe predicted from peptide sequence. The full protein sequence is derived from the complementary DNA and matches limited peptide sequence for mouse Lyt3. The new sequence is more like immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor V domains than other T-cell antigens and includes a patch that is almost identical to some joining (J) piece sequences. This suggests that the CD8 and receptor heterodimers may have evolved directly from a common ancestor.     

Expression of human growth hormone-releasing factor in transgenic mice results in increased somatic growth

The neurohumoral regulation of growth hormone secretion is mediated in part by two hypothalamic peptides that reach the anterior pituitary via the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal blood system. Somatostatin inhibits the release of growth hormone, whereas growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) positively regulates both growth hormone synthesis and secretion. Two forms of human GRF, 40 and 44 amino acids long, have been characterized from extra-hypothalamic tumours as well as from the hypothalamus. Analysis of human GRF complementary DNA and genomic clones indicates that the GRF peptides are first synthesized as a 107- or 108-amino-acid precursor protein. To examine the physiological consequences of GRF expression, we have established strains of transgenic mice containing a fusion gene including the promoter/regulatory region of the mouse metallothionein-I (MT-I) gene and the coding region of the human GRF gene. We report that expression of the human GRF precursor protein in these animals results in measurable levels of human GRF and increased levels of mouse growth hormone in plasma and accelerated growth rates relative to control littermates. These results demonstrate a direct role for GRF in the positive regulation of somatic growth. Unexpectedly, female transgenic mice carrying the MT-GRF fusion gene are fertile, in contrast to female transgenic mice expressing human or rat growth hormone, which are generally infertile. These transgenic mouse strains should provide useful animal models for the study of several types of human growth disorders.     

Sequence of cDNA encoding human insulin-like growth factor I precursor

Somatomedins (SM) or insulin-like growth factors (IGF) constitute a heterogeneous group of peptides with important growth-promoting effects in vitro as well as in vivo. Amino acid sequences have been determined for only two of them, IGF-I and IGF-II, which are highly homologous. IGF-I, which is identical with SM-C, is composed of 70 amino acid residues and IGF-II contains 73 amino acids and may be identical with SM-A. Other peptides with different charge properties but with similar SM-like or insulin-like behaviour in biological and receptor assays, have been described but have not yet been fully characterized. The liver is known to be a major site of production of these peptides, but many other tissues--especially in the fetus--may synthesize them as well. We report here the nucleotide sequence of a human liver cDNA encoding the complete amino acid sequence of IGF-I. The IGF-I coding region is flanked by sequences encoding an amino-terminal peptide of at least 25 amino acid residues and a carboxyl-terminal peptide of 35 amino acids. This provides evidence that IGF-I is synthesized as a precursor protein and that formation of IGF-I from this precursor requires proteolytic processing at both ends.