一项值得重视的低压低功耗超高速集成电路技术--TFSOI技术

本文详细地分析了薄膜SOI器件的特性并指出该器件的许多特性是其固有的。这些特性使得SOI技术对于高可靠、低压、低功耗、高速系统具有极大的吸引力。同时,该技术也适用于千兆位DRAM、片上系统、以及抗辐射加固电路、微电子机械系统、模拟／混合信号电路、智能功率集成电路、便携式通讯系统、高温电子学和量子器件等。因此,SOI技术可能成为21世纪最具竞争力的半导体集成电路技术。     

有机功能材料薄膜与器件

具有光、电、磁物理功能的有机材料的出现促进新思想、新概念、新材料的发展；有机功能材料的电子状态、导电机理以及杂质的影响完全有别于无机金属和半导体，因此，在深入探索结构与功能的关系的基础上，有可能开展分子、聚集态以及器件设计的研究。若与有机化合物的结构多样化，良好的加工性、成膜和成纤性等特点相结合，有可能实现无机电子材料所难兼具的电子行为。进而实现“分子电路”的设想。这里，我们对有机功能材料的基本概念、种类，功能材料薄膜的沉积、器件的构筑，分子电子学和分子器件的概念作了一个较为全面的介绍。     

硅基光电子发光材料与器件

用光子作为信息载体的光互连是硅集成电路的发展趋势之一,而硅基光互连的实现,必须发展与当前集成电路制造工艺兼容的高效硅基光源.本文概述了近年来国际上硅基光源的主要研究成果,重点介绍了我们研究组在硅量子点、硅晶体缺陷、硅基氮氧化物薄膜和硅基氧化物半导体薄膜发光材料与器件等方面的研究进展.     

基于碳纳米管薄膜的吸附式气体传感器的研究

研究了低温低压化学气相沉积(LPCVD)法生长的多壁碳纳米管薄膜对气体的敏感性. 结果表明纯的多壁碳纳米管薄膜对气体没有明显的气敏特性, 而碳纳米管-二氧化硅复合薄膜表现出对甲烷、氢气和乙炔的敏感性. LPCVD法生长的多壁碳纳米管-二氧化硅复合薄膜由于Schottky结的形成而具有电容性, 被测气体在多壁碳纳米管表面发生化学吸附, 从而调节Schottky结处存在的空间放电区域而导致介电常数改变是其对气体敏感的主要原因.     

功能树枝聚合物的应用

树枝聚合物是一类新型聚合物材料。树枝聚合物由芯、支化单元和表面组成，包含大量的空穴，具有高支化的3维结构和纳米尺寸以及独特的电、光、热、力学和流变性能。通过对树枝聚合物结构的功能化设计即在树枝聚合物的芯、支化单元和表面引入确定功能的基团，可使之具有催化、分子识别、能量和电子转移、氧化还原、吸热或放热受体等功能，具有可控制的溶液、热等性能和液晶态，并能广泛应用于电活性和电致发光器件，光化学分子器件(能量和电子转移，非线性光学)，太阳能电池，化学传感器，液晶显示，催化剂，超薄膜(层)，胶束与胶囊，生物医用和药用，分析和分离等领域。     

迈进二十一世纪的集成电路

文章讨论了进入二十一世纪微电子科学技术所面临的诸多问题：超微细加工新技术,高电导率金属和低介电常数介质的互连技术,SiCMOS工艺的限制以及GaAs集成电路的崛起等。     

Si过渡层对Co/Cu/Co三明治膜巨磁电阻效应的影响

用高真空电子束蒸发方法制备了以半导体材料Si为过渡层的Co/Cu/Co三明治膜.研究了不同厚度的Si过渡层对三明治膜巨磁电阻效应的影响，发现三明治膜巨磁电阻在过渡层厚度达到0.9 nm时表现出明显的各向异性，而过渡层厚度小于0.9 nm时基本上呈各向同性. 巨磁电阻的各向异性行为可由三明治膜的平面内磁各向异性解释.在Si过渡层和金属Co层的界面处相互扩散形成具有(301)择优取向的Co     

IGBT 模块故障机理及其预报方法综述

以IGBT模块的内部结构和材料特性为基础,研究了焊料层疲劳、铝键接线断裂或剥离、DCB基片失效等封装级故障产生机理;分析栅氧化层击穿、电过应力、辐射失效等器件级故障的产生机理;最后,分别给出了两大类故障的预报方法。     

一种基于基片集成波导的基片介电常数测量方法

设计制造微波毫米波微带集成电路必须首先获知介质基片的相对介电常数。然而传统基于介质填充波导的测量方法由于存在介质同波导壁之间的空气间隙和需要制作精确的介质样片，从而导致测量过程复杂，测量结果精度不高。利用基片集成波导的类波导特性及其导体介质之间的无缝隙特性，提出了一种快速准确地测量介质基片介电常数的方法。仿真和实际测试的结果验证了该方法的准确性和有效性。     

外延晶体硅薄膜太阳电池的器件模拟及性能优化的研究

由于晶体硅薄膜太阳电池兼有晶体硅太阳电池高效、性能稳定和薄膜电池低成本的优点,是最有可能取代现有晶体硅太阳电池技术的下一代薄膜电池技术.本文利用PC1D软件对外延晶体硅薄膜太阳电池进行了器件模拟.为了使模拟更接近真实的情况,我们采用了更符合实际情况的器件结构和参数设置.在此基础上,全面系统地研究了背表面场（back surface field,BSF）层、基区和发射区参数、晶体硅活性层电学质量、电池表面钝化情况、电池内部复合情况和pn结漏电情况等对外延晶体硅薄膜太阳电池光电性能的影响.在影响外延晶体硅薄膜太阳电池效率的众多因素中,辨认出对电池效率影响幅度最大的3个参数依次是基区少子扩散长度、二极管暗饱和电流和正表面复合速度.通过模拟还发现,基区不是越厚越好,基区厚度的选择必须要考虑基区少子扩散长度的值.当基区少子扩散长度较小时,基区的最佳厚度应小于或等于基区少子扩散长度;当基区少子扩散长度较大时,基区少子扩散长度应至少是最佳基区厚度的2倍.此外,本文不但对模拟结果的现象进行了描述,还深化解释了其变化的物理机制.由于外延晶体硅薄膜太阳电池在器件结构上与晶体硅太阳电池具有很大的相似性,所以本文的结论在某种程度上对晶体硅太阳电池特别是当下研究最热门的薄硅片太阳电池也是适用的.     

Gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake by rat kidney brush-border membrane vesicles

Summary Brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from rat kidney cortex possessed two uptake systems for -aminobutyric acid (GABA), a high affinity system (Km=10.9 M) and a low affinity system (Km=1203 M). Both uptake systems were inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid and ouabain, and by the action of neuraminidase, whereas the GABA analogs nipecotic acid, -alanine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo-[4,5c]-pyridin-3-ol had no effect on the GABA uptake activity. The BBMW uptake systems were clearly different from the GABA transport systems present in brain tissue.     

Identification of a major cytokinin in coconut milk

A major cytokinin found in coconut milk was isolted by using the tobacco callus growth-promoting assay as a guide during purification. The structure of the factor was determined to be 14-O-{3-O-[-d-galactopyranosyl-(12)--d--galactopyranosyl-(13)--L-arabinofuranosyl]-4-O-(-L-arabinofuranosyl)--d-galactopyranosyl}-trans-zeatin riboside [G₃A₂-ZR] by various NMR techniques, including heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity by 2D multiple quantum NMR (HMBC), as well as mass spectroscopy and sugar analysis. The optimum concentration of G₃A₂-ZR for cytokinin activity in the tobacco callus assay was estimated to be 5×10^–6 M, so that G₃A₂-ZR is one order of magnitude more potent than 1,3-diphenylurea and one order less potent than zeatin riboside. At least 20% of the cytokinin activity of coconut milk could be attributed to G₃A₂-ZR.     

Scarites buparius,a caraboid beetle with an X1X2Y sex-chromosomes system

Summary Scarites buparius has 2n=37 and n=17+X₁X₂Y. This multiple sex-chromosomes system seems to be the result of a reciprocal translocation between the primitive X-chromosome and an autosome. This is the first caraboid beetle, exceptingCicindela spp., that has multiple sex-chromosomes.This work has been supported by a grant of the Comisión Asesora de Investigación Científica y Técnica, No. 1.552.     

ω10-Lipoxygenase products of α-linolenic acid are esterified to phospholipids inHydra vulgaris

We have recently reported the occurrence of 9(R)-hydroxy-, 9(R)-hydroperoxy- and 9-keto-octadeca-10E,12Z,15Z-trienoic acids (9-HOTrE, 9-HPOTrE and 9-KOTrE) inHydra vulgaris, and their biosynthesis from -linolenic acid (-LA) through the action of an enantioselective 10(R)-lipoxygenase (10-LO). Here we describe the finding of these -LA metabolites as esters to the 2-position of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and, in trace amounts, phosphatidylinositol. Small amounts of a compound co-eluting with an authentic standard of 9(R)-hydroxy-octadeca-10E,12Z-dienoic acid, a metabolite potentially derived from the action of 10-LO on linoleic acid, were also found esterified with phospholipids. Since direct peroxidation of membrane lipids has been described, experiments were aimed at establishing whether -LA metabolite-containing phospholipids could originate, inH. vulgaris, from either spontaneous or 10-LO-catalyzed oxidation of phospholipid-bound -LA. Incubation of either unlabelled or radiolabelled PUFA-containing phosphoglycerides withH. vulgaris 10-LO did not result in their peroxidation. This suggests that -LA and LA metabolites are incorporated into glycerophospholipids after their formation by 10-LO, and that, as in mamals, membrane phospholipids may serve as a reservoir for these bioactive compounds. This is the first example in an invertebrate species of lipoxygenase products esterified to phosphoglycerides.     

Hydra vulgaris ω10-lipoxygenase is used in vivo to synthesize new α-linolenic acid metabolites

Previous studies conducted in cytosolic extracts of the freshwater hydrozoanHydra vulgaris led to the finding of an abundant 11(R)-lipoxygenase catalyzing the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) on the tenth carbon atom from the aliphatic end (10 peroxidation). Here we describe experiments aimed at identifying the actual metabolites generated in vivo by such enzymic activity. Homogenates ofH. vulgaris polyps were analyzed by HPLC. This showed the presence of three major components chromatographically identical to three metabolites obtained when incubating the homogenates with exogenous -linolenic acid (-LA). The presence, in extracts of polyps prelabelled with [¹⁴C]--linolenic acid, of radioactive metabolites displaying the same chromatographic properties, substantiated the hypothesis that the natural products isolated in vivo are derived from -LA. Gas chromatographic analyses revealed that this was the most abundant PUFA in both free and phosphoglyceride-bound fatty acid pools. [¹H]-NMR analysis of the endogenous substances, carried out in comparison with products obtained from exogenously incubated -LA, indicated that their structures were those of 9-hydroxy-, 9-hydroperoxy- and 9-keto-octadeca-10E-12Z-15Z-trienoic acids (9--HOTrE,-HPOTrE and-KOTrE).Hydra homogenates transformed 9--HPOTrE partly into 9--HOTrE and partly into 9--KOTrE. Chiral phase HPLC conducted on 9--HOTrE established that this metabolite was composed mostly of theR anantiomer. These observations, and the finding that the presence of exogenous arachidonic acid in incubated homogenates significantly reduces the production of -LA metabolites, provide strong evidence that these compounds are produced by an enzymic activity identical to the previously-describedH. vulgaris (R)-10-lipoxygenase. Further experiments suggested that -LA, acting as the native substrate for this enzyme, is mainly esterified on the 2 position ofHydra phosphoglycerides, and that the production of the -LA metabolites described here for the first time from natural sources, can be potentially enhanced in vivo by stimuli activating phospholipase A₂.     

Nachweis von Kernäquivalenten in Zyanophyzeen

Summary In Cyanophyceae (Oscillatoria, Nostoc), it is possible to show a nuclear equivalent system with the use of acridin orange as fluorochrome. The equivalents are rodshaped and spiral structures respectively, showing a certain arrangement to each other and to the threadaxis (Oscillatoria), or not (Nostoc). Independently of this, equivalents of chondriosomes may be ascertained in the metachromatic granula on using berberin as fluorochrome. The granula contrast with the nuclear equivalent in periplasma. In contradiction toBringmann, an isotopic localisation of nuclear equivalents and metachromatic granula could not be confirmed.     

Serological study of Ia antigens determined at the I-A and I-E sub-regions of the H-E complex in the H-2 complex of mice

Immune serum B10.S (7R) anti-B10.S (9R)(anti I-JEkCd) contained as expected an anti-Ia7 antibody. A series of weaker but reproducible extra-reactions might recognize Ia3 specificity coded at the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex. Results with recombinant haplotypes confirmed this mapping. Such a reactivity could be interpreted as an interlocus cross-reaction (I-E/I-A) since the immunization was induced against an I-E subregion product. Another interpretation was possible: the immune serum would thus contain an antibody recognizing Ia7 (on the E alpha k Ia chain) and another antibody recognizing an antigenic determinant carried by the E beta k Ia chain. The latter antibody might recognize by cross-reaction as specificity carried by the A beta chain of various haplotypes (H-2b,k,q).     

Central nicotinic receptor blockade inhibits emotionally conditioned pressor responses in rats

A conditioned stimulus previously paired with electric footshock produced an increase in blood pressure in conscious, freely moving rats. The conditioned pressor response was reproducible. Intracerebroventricular injection of the nicotinic receptor antagonists hexamethonium (1–10 g) or pentolinium (10 g) but not the muscarinic receptor antagonist methylatropine (3 g) produced an inhibition of the conditioned pressor response, whereas intraarterial injection of hexamethonium (10 g) did not affect the response. Intraventricular injection of the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine (3–10 g) produced an enhancement of the conditioned pressor response. These results are consistent with the possibility that central nicotinic receptors play a role in the expression of the emotionally conditioned pressor response in rats.     

Metal accumulation inAgaricus bisporus: Influence of Cd and Cu on growth and tyrosinase activity

Summary To investigate heavy metal uptake in the common mushroomAgaricus bisporus, commercial cultures of the fungus were exposed to different amounts of copper ad cadmium. In contrast to copper, cadmium already exerted pronounced toxic effects at low concentrations (>10 M) in the compost and concomitantly enhanced the uptake of copper. Tyrosinase activity measured in the fruit bodies increased sharply, when small amounts of Cd (10 M) were added to copper-rich compost. Gel filtration experiments with crude extracts from fruit bodies demonstrated the absence of a low molecular weight metal binding protein.Acknowledgments. This work was supported by the Schweizerischer Nationalfonds grant 3.420–0.78 (to K.L.) and by Hauser Champignonkulturen AG. We are indepted to Dr D. Rast for helpful discussions.     

Frescon: Neurophysiological action of a molluscicide

Summary The molluscicide N-trityl morpholine (Frescon) has an unusual effect on the central nervous system of a freshwater snail. Nerve impulses become grouped into spontaneous bursts, with many cells firing synchronously. This may result from interference with inhibitory processes.We thank Dr.C. B. C. Boyce of Shell Research for materials and information.