R134a气体水合物蓄冷实验

空调蓄冷是实现电网"移峰填谷"的重要手段.为缩短蓄放冷时间,以R134a为工质,在气体水合物蓄冷循环中加入引射器,研究结果表明:引射器增强了水和R134a气体的混合,在引射器内生成了部分水合物晶核.与无引射循环相比,水合物的成核过冷度降低约2～4 ℃,水合物的生成时间缩短13%～25%,获得了较好的蓄冷效果.并提出"热势"理论对实验现象进行解释,采用引射器后,水合物形成需要的"热势"降低,从而使水合物的成核过冷度和形成时间有明显降低.     

气体水合物蓄冷技术的实验研究

本文研究了间接接触蓄，放冷模式下，蓄冷罐内状态点在相图上的变化情况，得出了蓄，放冷过程中蓄冷罐内各层之间的传热特性数据，以及表面活性剂的加入对蓄，放冷过程中的过冷度，气体水合物疏松度的影响，模拟了实用气体水合物蓄冷系统的蓄，放冷过程。     

SDS促进剂对甲烷水合物蓄冷量的影响

甲烷水合物蓄冷量的确定是甲烷水合物蓄冷降温技术实现工业化的关键。为探究SDS对甲烷水合物蓄冷量的影响,根据Clausius-Clapeyron方程及三参数对应态原理,建立甲烷水合物蓄冷量的计算模型。利用可视化水合物蓄冷实验系统,结合定温压力搜索法测定四组不同SDS浓度体系下甲烷水合物的相平衡条件。依据实验数据和该模型计算得到不同体系、不同相平衡参数下甲烷水合物的蓄冷量。结果表明:甲烷水合物具有较高的蓄冷密度,蓄冷量达40~60 kJ/mol;甲烷水合物的蓄冷量不但与相平衡条件有关,还与SDS的添加浓度有关。相平衡温度越高、SDS添加浓度越高,甲烷气体生成水合物时蓄冷量越低。该研究为甲烷水合物蓄冷降温系统的研制提供了参考。     

制冷剂水合物蓄冷技术研究现状及应用前景

通过几种空调蓄冷方式的比较,制冷剂水合物蓄冷被认为是比较理想的蓄冷方式。文章介绍了制冷剂水合物蓄冷技术的工质选择、促晶技术、装置设计等几个方面的研究情况及其在空调产业中的应用前景,并对制冷剂水合物蓄冷技术今后的研究方向提出了看法。     

添加剂对气体水合物蓄冷过程影响的实验研究

对R141b水合物在添加不同比例的次氯酸钙或苯磺酸钠的结晶生成过程进行了实验研究．实验表明，适当比例的添加剂使水合物生成过冷度明显减小，3／10000的苯磺酸钠可以使过冷度减小0．78℃；水合物生成速度显著提高，8／10000的次氯酸钙可以使水合物平均生成速度增加0．2g／s．蓄冷装置实现了稳定高效的蓄冷密度和蓄冷效率，加入3／10000的苯磺酸钠时，蓄冷量为4．74MJ，蓄冷密度为206．07MJ／m^3，满足了实际蓄冷空调工程应用的要求．     

添加剂对水合物蓄冷过程影响探讨

水合物蓄冷技术应用的关键是水合物的快速成核与生长。探讨了多孔介质、醇、电解质、表面活性剂、纳米颗粒等影响水合物结晶成核诱导时间、生长速度和蓄冷密度等关键因素。通过合适的添加剂制成乳液和纳米乳液,降低了水合物成核诱导时间,减少了水合物形成过冷度。纳米乳液中水合物可在静态系统中蓄冷。     

制冷剂气体水合物分解热的确定

利用可视化高压流体测试装置，测定了HFC134a、HCFC141b和HFC152a水合物的分解条件。根据测定的制冷剂气体水合物形成条件和压缩因子，计算了制冷剂气体水合物在0℃以上的分解热，并进行了分析比较。结果表明：水合物分解热与形成水合物的结构有关；在一定温度范围内，两者的水合物分解热随温度的变化不大；HFC134a和HCFC141b水合物填充晶格的分子直径大小相当，两者的水合物分解热相近；计算和实验结果符合良好。该方法可用于蓄冷系统的工程设计计算。     

空调用纳米复合相变蓄冷材料导热性能的研究

对比分析了水蓄冷、冰蓄冷、共晶盐蓄冷及气体水合物蓄冷技术的优缺点,提出在常规空调中采用纳米复合材料相变蓄冷技术,针对目前空调用有机相变蓄冷材料普遍存在导热系数低、传热性能差的缺点,采用在其中添加纳米颗粒来改善介质的导热性能,对其导热性能进行了实验研究.结果表明：加入纳米TiO2颗粒后,有效地提高了有机相变蓄冷材料的导热系数.     

四氢呋喃水合物换热管外结晶分解动力学研究

为了考察四氢呋喃水合物作为蓄冷介质应用于间接接触换热式蓄冷系统的可行性，对四氢呋喃水合物在单根换热管外的结晶分解过程进行了研究，并与冰的结晶分解动力学特性进行了对比．研究表明：质量分数为19％的四氢呋喃溶液在垂直放置的反应器中被流向为由上向下的冷媒冷却时，其过冷度与诱导时间与水／冰相变过程近似，所需要的冷媒温度可以高于O℃，有利于提高蓄冷过程的制冷效率；质量分数高于或低于19％的四氢呋喃溶液，其结晶分解动力学特性不利于蓄冷过程．     

小型气体水合物蓄冷装置的实验研究

采用一种内置换热、外置促晶式小型气体水合物蓄冷装置,以HCFC-141b气体水合物为蓄冷工质,测试和计算了气体水合物蓄冷过程中蓄冷量、生长速率、水合率以及总体换热系数等特性参数值,详细考察了换热器种类、十二水合硫酸钠(SDS)的含量、各种促晶方式(连续促晶、促晶5min以及融冰快速成核)等因素对以上特性参数的影响.实验结果表明:采用带垂直金属翅片的换热器相对于采用光管换热器,可以大大提升蓄冷性能,而且在此基础上,通过添加质量分数为0.04%的SDS,可以进一步提升性能.对于3种促晶方式的研究结果表明:连续促晶具有最好的蓄冷效果,但会额外增加能耗并诱发装置故障;融冰快速成核的蓄冷效果最差,但不需要促晶泵,值得进一步深入研究;促晶5 min的蓄冷效果处于中间状态,是目前最具有应用价值的一种促晶方式.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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