不确定监控的事件相关电位研究

采用与以前不同的实验任务范式对不确定监控的认知神经加工过程进行了探索．实验采用被试间设计,把被试分成两组：知觉组和监控组,分别完成黑白方块判断任务．知觉组被试判断两种色块的面积是否相等;而监控组被试则对自己做出准确分辨的确定性进行判断．实验发现：监控组被试的反应时间显著长于知觉组被试;监控组被试在头皮前部诱发出的N2（160—220ms）成分的波幅,显著大于知觉组被试,在头皮后部诱发的P2（170230ms）成分的波幅大于知觉组;监控组被试在头皮前部,340—440ms和440—540ms两个时间窗口诱发出的事件相关电位成分与知觉组相比更为负走向．实验结果说明,监控加工所激活的脑区可能对负责完成具体认知加工任务的脑区存在某种“调节”机制,不同脑区之间的“调节”机制可能正是监控对认知加工过程的调节作用在大脑活动中的反映．     

人眼明度视觉空间频率传递特性的研究

为描述人眼视觉系统对空间复杂颜色刺激的信息处理机制,研究人眼视觉系统空间频率信息传递的多通道特性.设计心理物理实验,测量人眼视觉系统在感知均匀色空间CIELAB明度通道上的对比度敏感度数据.实验选取明度轴上5个明度值作为颜色样本,制作明度对比度随正弦波频率调制的图像刺激序列,挑选正常视觉观察者,采集5个明度样本的12个空间频率的对比度敏感度数据.对实验数据进行相关性分析发现:单个明度样本的不同空间频率对应的观察值之间是非线性相关的;随着明度样本数量增多,观察值之间的线性相关性增强.因此,人眼视觉系统对明度颜色通道的信息处理机制可用线性模型描述;明度颜色通道的空间频率传递特性可用3条空间频率调谐曲线表征;3条空间频率调谐曲线作用的频段不同,峰值不同,表现了人眼视觉系统具有不同的空间频率感受野.      

3H生物钟超日节律对图形命名测验一侧化效应的影响

采用半视野速示技术对被试进行连续8h图形命名测验，检查生物钟超日节律对大脑两半球机能优势效应的可能影响，结果表明：（1）14例被试明显表现出周期约为3h的左右脑半球优势节律；（2）其中7例被试表现为连续左视野（右半球）优势波动，另7例为左右视野（两半球）交叉优势波动；（3）女性被试的节律周期明显长于男性被试，且男性被试倾向于出现持续右半球优势波动，而女性被试倾向于出现两脑半球交叉优势波动。     

异族面孔识别的电位效应

为研究异族效应的认知机制,采用快速流刺激范式,让中国被试对本族面孔和异族面孔进行种族分类判断,记录被试在观看面孔时诱发的识别电位的潜伏期和波幅变化.结果在行为和ERP上均观察到了显著的种族效应:在行为上,被试对异族面孔的判断显著快于本族面孔,对正立面孔的判断显著快于倒置面孔;在脑电上,中国面孔诱发的RP波幅比高加索的更大.研究表明,面孔种族分类在RP阶段已经完成,由于知觉经验上的差别,二者在加工深度上不同.识别电位作为视觉加工的指标可用来揭示异族效应的神经机制.     

一种恒河猴重复启动范式及其训练过程

以恒河猴为被试,选择人类面孔、几何图形和食物3个范畴的刺激。为使恒河猴按照实验设计进行反应,经过了3个连续训练步骤(同时辨别、相继辨别和重复启动范式)。结果表明,恒河猴通过训练,能和人类共享一种重复启动实验范式,且正确反应率达到90%所需训练时间具有刺激范畴依赖性。讨论了恒河猴重复启动实验范式学习的影响因素和意义。     

改进的SIFT特征人脸识别方法ADSIFT

针对光照、表情、噪声等因素容易造成误识别的问题,提出一种改进的SIFT特征人脸识别方法.对每个训练图像,先提取得到SIFT特征向量集合,利用每个SIFT特征向量,并选择阈值构造一个弱分类器.利用一种基于Adaboost的算法从每个训练图像的弱分类器集合中选出一部分,确定其对应的阈值和权重,然后构造出该训练图像的相似度函数.根据相似度函数可计算出目标图像与每个训练图像的相似度,从而求出目标图像与每个类的训练图像的平均相似度,则目标图像属于平均相似度最高的类.实验表明在ORL人脸数据库上则可达到98%识别率,优于现有的方法.     

知觉运动技能训练在排球运动中的应用

排球运动知觉学习是专门化的知觉技能训练过程,对该主题的研究有利于排球运动员认知运动技能的提高与发展.在前期文献基础上,对知觉技能进行了分类,探究了排球运动知觉学习的实质,整理并提出有关排球运动知觉学习的机制,对未来排球运动相关发展的影响因素进行了讨论.提出了针对排球知觉运动技能训练开展专门化知觉学习应着重解决的问题.     

左腹侧枕颞区在颜色特征的直接和间接提取中的功能分离

以往的研究提示,物体特性的储存／提取与知觉这些特性的脑区有关．有的研究发现知识的储存和提取恰恰激活了知觉区,而另一些研究则表明,知识的储存区并不是知觉区本身,而是位于知觉区的附近,比如前部．而知觉区或其前部与对刺激不同特性的提取是否有关,尚未有针对性的研究．文中采用功能磁共振成像技术,探讨了在颜色知觉和颜色提取过程中,腹侧枕颞区的激活特点．实验采用静止的灰度图像做控制条件,首先对被试进行颜色知觉的功能定位,然后用6d时间在扫描机器外训练被试记住颜色和运动、颜色和字母之间的联系,最后进行颜色信息的直接和间接提取的功能磁共振扫描．结果发现,颜色知觉任务激活了双侧腹侧枕颞区后部,当以运动为线索,直接提取相对应的颜色信息时,这一区域也被激活;而当呈现运动和字母两种线索,要求被试（通过间接提取颜色）判断二者是否互相匹配时,除枕颞区后部外,其左侧前部也出现激活．结果为颜色信息的提取中,左侧枕颞区后部和前部在不同提取任务中的功能分离提供了证据：与颜色相关的信息储存在腹侧枕颞区两个前后相近的部位,其中后部和颜色的知觉特性相关,而前部可能和颜色相关的各种知识联系相关．     

左腹侧枕颞区在颜色特征的直接和间接提取中的功能分离

以往的研究提示,物体特性的储存/提取与知觉这些特性的脑区有关.有的研究发现知识的储存和提取恰恰激活了知觉区,而另一些研究则表明,知识的储存区并不是知觉区本身,而是位于知觉区的附近,比如前部.而知觉区或其前部与对刺激不同特性的提取是否有关,尚未有针对性的研究.文中采用功能磁共振成像技术,探讨了在颜色知觉和颜色提取过程中,腹侧枕颞区的激活特点.实验采用静止的灰度图像做控制条件,首先对被试进行颜色知觉的功能定位,然后用6 d时间在扫描机器外训练被试记住颜色和运动、颜色和字母之间的联系,最后进行颜色信息的直接和间接提取的功能磁共振扫描.结果发现,颜色知觉任务激活了双侧腹侧枕颞区后部,当以运动为线索,直接提取相对应的颜色信息时,这一区域也被激活;而当呈现运动和字母两种线索,要求被试(通过间接提取颜色)判断二者是否互相匹配时,除枕颞区后部外,其左侧前部也出现激活.结果为颜色信息的提取中,左侧枕颞区后部和前部在不同提取任务中的功能分离提供了证据:与颜色相关的信息储存在腹侧枕颞区两个前后相近的部位,其中后部和颜色的知觉特性相关,而前部可能和颜色相关的各种知识联系相关.     

LASIK术前术后角膜知觉敏感度变化

目的：探讨lasik手术对角膜知觉敏感度的影响．方法：应用法国luneau公司的角膜知觉敏感度测量计对40例（80眼）lasik手术患者检查,观察术前、术后1周、1个月、3个月6个月的角膜中央知觉敏感度的变化情况．结论：lasik手术可引起角膜知觉敏感度的下降,至术后6个月可恢复术前水平．     

Miniature eye movements enhance fine spatial detail

Our eyes are constantly in motion. Even during visual fixation, small eye movements continually jitter the location of gaze. It is known that visual percepts tend to fade when retinal image motion is eliminated in the laboratory. However, it has long been debated whether, during natural viewing, fixational eye movements have functions in addition to preventing the visual scene from fading. In this study, we analysed the influence in humans of fixational eye movements on the discrimination of gratings masked by noise that has a power spectrum similar to that of natural images. Using a new method of retinal image stabilization, we selectively eliminated the motion of the retinal image that normally occurs during the intersaccadic intervals of visual fixation. Here we show that fixational eye movements improve discrimination of high spatial frequency stimuli, but not of low spatial frequency stimuli. This improvement originates from the temporal modulations introduced by fixational eye movements in the visual input to the retina, which emphasize the high spatial frequency harmonics of the stimulus. In a natural visual world dominated by low spatial frequencies, fixational eye movements appear to constitute an effective sampling strategy by which the visual system enhances the processing of spatial detail.     

Neural correlates of short-term perceptual learning in orientation discrimination indexed by event-related potentials

The current work investigated the neural correlates of visual perceptual learning in grating orientation discrimination by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) from human adults. Subjects were trained with a discrimination task of grating orientation in three consecutive training sessions within 2 h. While reaction times (RTs) were shortened gradually across training sessions, the N1 was decreased and the P2 was increased over the parietal and occipital areas. A broadly distributed P3 was increased along with more practices. In addition, the time course of learning reflected in the P2 and P3 amplitudes was in line with the changes of reaction times and exhibited a stable level during later training. The impli- cations of these results to the neural mechanisms subserving perceptual learning were discussed.     

Practising orientation identification improves orientation coding in V1 neurons

The adult brain shows remarkable plasticity, as demonstrated by the improvement in fine sensorial discriminations after intensive practice. The behavioural aspects of such perceptual learning are well documented, especially in the visual system. Specificity for stimulus attributes clearly implicates an early cortical site, where receptive fields retain fine selectivity for these attributes; however, the neuronal correlates of a simple visual discrimination task remained unidentified. Here we report electrophysiological correlates in the primary visual cortex (V1) of monkeys for learning orientation identification. We link the behavioural improvement in this type of learning to an improved neuronal performance of trained compared to naive neurons. Improved long-term neuronal performance resulted from changes in the characteristics of orientation tuning of individual neurons. More particularly, the slope of the orientation tuning curve that was measured at the trained orientation increased only for the subgroup of trained neurons most likely to code the orientation identified by the monkey. No modifications of the tuning curve were observed for orientations for which the monkey had not been trained. Thus training induces a specific and efficient increase in neuronal sensitivity in V1.     

基于眼睛状态识别的疲劳驾驶检测

由于光照变化、头部姿态等因素的影响,现有的疲劳驾驶检测精度仍有待提高。针对该问题,提出一种基于迁移学习的眼睛状态识别网络(Gabor and LBP-convolutional neural networks,GL-CNN),该网络是由Gabor特征和LBP特征通过迁移学习加入卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks, CNN)调制组成的。首先用多任务级联卷积神经网络(multi-task CNN,MTCNN)检测驾驶员的人脸和双眼,然后经过眼睛筛选机制获取待检测的单只眼睛,通过GL-CNN识别眼睛的睁闭状态,最后根据PERCLOSE准则判断驾驶员的疲劳状态。实验结果表明,该算法具有较高的准确率,可以检测多种姿态眼睛的状态,同时满足实时性的要求。     

Rapid motion aftereffect seen within uniform flickering test fields

Prolonged viewing of a moving pattern selectively elevates the threshold for a pattern moving in the same direction and induces the classical motion aftereffect (MAE). The aftereffect is seen as a slow drift in the opposite direction, which is visible even with the eyes shut or while viewing a uniform field. However, as we report here, a strikingly different aftereffect is seen when the test field is uniform and sinusoidally flickered: the field is filled with rapid motion in the direction opposite the adapting motion. This flicker MAE has distinct properties: the adapting grating must be of low spatial frequency; the effect is promoted by high contrast and high temporal frequencies of both adapting and test stimuli; and the aftereffect does not transfer interocularly. In all these respects the flicker MAE differs from the traditional MAE. Motion detectors have been identified in human vision by the threshold detectability and discriminability of moving patterns and by selective adaptation. The flicker MAE selectively taps a class of transient motion mechanisms that are selective for rapid motion and low spatial frequency. Uniform flicker is an effective stimulus for these mechanisms. It thus appears that the human visual system contains at least two distinct classes of mechanisms for sensing motion.     

基于对抗学习的讽刺识别研究

为了避免现有讽刺识别方法的性能会受训练数据缺乏的影响, 在使用有限标注数据训练的注意力卷积神经网络基础上, 提出一种对抗学习框架, 该框架包含两种互补的对抗学习方法。首先, 提出一种基于对抗样本的学习方法, 应用对抗生成的样本参与模型训练, 以期提高分类器的鲁棒性和泛化能力。进而, 研究基于领域迁移的对抗学习方法, 以期利用跨领域讽刺表达数据, 改善模型在目标领域上的识别性能。在3个讽刺数据集上的实验结果表明, 两种对抗学习方法都能提高讽刺识别的性能, 其中基于领域迁移方法的性能提升更显著; 同时结合两种对抗学习方法能够进一步提高讽刺识别性能。     

A comparison of inhibition in orientation and spatial frequency selectivity of cat visual cortex

Neurones in the visual cortex are highly selective for orientation and spatial frequency of visual stimuli. There is strong neurophysiological evidence that orientation selectivity is enhanced by inhibitory interconnections between columns in the cortex which have different orientation sensitivities, an idea which is supported by experiments using neuropharmacological manipulation or complex visual stimuli. It has also been proposed that selectivity for spatial frequency is mediated in part by a similar mechanism to that for orientation, although evidence for this is based on special use of visual stimuli, which hampers interpretation of the findings. We have therefore examined selectivity for both orientation and spatial frequency using a technique which allows direct inferences about inhibitory processes. Our method uses microiontophoresis of an excitatory amino acid to elevate maintained discharge of single neurones in the visual cortex. We then present visual stimuli both within and outside the range of orientations and spatial frequencies which cause a cell to respond with increased discharge. Our results show that orientations presented on either side of the responsive range usually produce clear suppression of maintained discharge. In marked contrast, spatial frequencies shown to either side of the responsive range have little or no effect on maintained activity. We conclude that there is an intracortical organization of inhibitory connections between cells tuned to different orientations but not different spatial frequencies.     

不同运动形式对血清睾酮的影响

本文的研究目的是调查体育系和其他男大学生在耐力练习(1500m)和力量练习时的血清睾酮浓度的反应及差异,以探讨不同体能水平,不同运动形式对运动时垂体—睾丸系统的影响。     

基于DCNN的管制员疲劳状态检测

空中交通管制员疲劳工作势必会严重威胁空中交通安全,通过对眼睛睁闭状态判定是现阶段对管制员疲劳检测的一种主要方式。为检测管制员疲劳状态,提出了一种基于迁移学习的DCNN眼睛状态识别模型。首先,利用深度级联神经网络的MTCNN算法检测出管制员面部区域,并实现对面部5个关键点标定和眼睛的定位;然后将检测到的眼睛图像传入到预训练的DCNN眼睛状态分类模型,识别眼睛的睁闭眼状态;最后结合PERCLOSE 80指标检测管制员疲劳状态。分别在ZJU、CEW和ATCE数据集上,对DCNN、VGG16、InceptionV3、ResNet50四种模型的准确率、损失率和F1分数指标进行对比实验。实验结果表明：在ZJU和CEW数据集上,DCNN眼睛状态分类模型检测准确率为97%,较VGG16、InceptionV3、ResNet50等模型进行眼部状态分类任务,DCNN模型的F1分数有3%至7%的提高。在ATCE数据集上DCNN模型检测准确率达到98.35%,F1分数达到98.06%,验证了DCNN模型的有效性与准确性。