纯电动客车最佳制动能量回收控制策略研究

为了充分回收电动汽车制动过程中的制动能量,达到延长续驶里程和节约能源的目的,针对后驱纯电动客车进行了最佳制动能量回收控制策略的研究。在分析制动能量回收系统结构的基础上,考虑驱动电机和动力电池对电机制动力大小的限制,提出了一种最佳制动能量回收控制策略,该策略在保证制动安全的前提下,能回收尽可能多的制动能量。并基于Cruise和Simulink联合仿真平台,搭建了整车仿真模型,进行了仿真验证,仿真结果表明在中国典型城市循环工况中采用该制动能量回收控制策略,所回收的制动能量占制动过程中消耗的动能的比例可达24.7%,占制动系统所消耗的总能量的比例可达36.2%,节能效果明显。     

微型电动轿车制动能量回收及控制策略的研究

分析了电动汽车制动能量转换和回收的制约因素,以某前驱动微型电动轿车为研究对象,在传统汽车制动理论的基础上,提出了电机再生制动力和摩擦制动力以及整车前、后轮制动力的联合控制策略;基于Matlab/Simulink和Advisor软件平台进行了系统建模和典型循环工况下的仿真,结果表明,该联合控制策略能够实现安全制动条件下的制动能量回收,且能量回收率达14.13%。     

新能源汽车解耦式电液复合制动系统

设计集成有制动踏板感觉模拟、液压助力和失效制动备份功能的一体式制动主缸,并依此开发制动踏板与轮缸压力解耦的电液复合制动系统。考虑ECE R13法规和电动机、电池组外特性约束,以有效回馈功率为优化目标,制定解耦式电液复合制动系统的制动力分配控制策略。利用MATLAB/Simulink-AMESim建立解耦式系统的联合仿真模型,结合硬件在环仿真台架试验,考核其液压控制性能及制动力配控制策略。结果表明:解耦式电液复合制动系统实现轮缸压力的精确控制,并有效地回收制动能量,在NEDC循环工况下,其制动能量回馈效率可达54.8%。     

商用车气压制动系统压力响应模型构建与验证

为准确获取商用车气压制动系统的压力响应动态特性,对商用车气压制动系统压力响应模型进行了构建与验证。综合考虑制动管路及各部件间耦合关系对系统压力响应的影响,依据制动系统中各部件的工作机理及其与管路间的连接方式,建立了包括气动管路、储气罐、制动气室、继动阀等部件在内的压力响应理论模型。采用立方插值拟质点法求解气动管路的分布参数模型。在此基础上,分别建立了各关键部件的仿真模型,并将其封装添至Simulink仿真模型库中。以某型商用车的双回路气压制动系统为例,搭建整车气压制动系统的压力响应仿真模型。将仿真实验结果与基于实车的台架实验数据进行对比,结果表明,各测压点的压力均方根偏差最大值为10kPa,相关系数为0.98。以前轴制动气室为例,比较了有无管路对压力响应的影响,结果证明了考虑管路的必要性。所构建的气压制动系统压力响应模型应可为商用车气压制动系统的性能分析、结构设计优化和制动控制开发提供依据和参考。     

基于制动稳定性要求的电动汽车制动力分配

为进一步提高电动汽车的能量利用效率以改善其续驶里程,提出一种基于制动稳定性要求的电动汽车最优化能量回收制动力分配策略。通过对制动稳定性要求和ECE R13制动法规的分析,从理论上确定了纯电动汽车安全制动力的分配范围。考虑电机及蓄电池对能量回收的制约,在确定的安全制动范围内,分析了以最大限度回收制动能量为目标的制动力分配流程。将开发的制动控制策略嵌入ADVISOR 2002中,分别在城市道路工况和高速路工况下进行仿真。仿真结果表明:对比ADVISOR中缺省的制动力分配策略,提出的制动力分配策略在保证制动稳定性的要求下,回收能量和能量利用效率都有提高,城市道路工况能量回收提高幅度达163.4%。     

纯电动大客车制动能量回馈控制策略

为提高电动汽车再生制动能量回收率,针对后轮驱动的纯电动大客车提出了一种基于模糊逻辑的制动力分配及制动能量回馈控制策略,并结合实际工况利用Matlab/Simulink软件对控制对象进行了建模与仿真,仿真结果证明了该策略的有效性.     

非解耦式与解耦式电液复合制动系统及其评价

分析了电液复合制动系统的结构,对比了非解耦式和解耦式方案的优缺点;研究了电液复合制动系统前、后轴制动力及再生制动力、液压制动力的分配策略,对比了3种不同的协调控制方案.依据实车参数和测试数据,利用Simulink-AMESim建立了电液复合制动系统联合仿真模型;定义了以回馈能量效率和司机驾驶解释一致性作为不同方案的量化对比评价指标.NEDC和SC03循环工况结果表明,解耦式方案的回馈能量效率和司机驾驶解释一致性评价指标均优于非解耦式方案,两种工况下的回馈能量效率均高于50%.     

单轴解耦式复合制动系统的控制策略及试验验证

针对吉林大学自主开发的基于传统ESC液压调节单元的单轴解耦式制动能量回收系统,开发了固定分配系数的串联控制策略,进行电机制动力和液压制动力的协调控制.将制动能量回收控制算法集成在制动控制器中,编写控制策略并进行实车试验.试验结果表明,以60 km/h的初速度分别进行协调制动、叠加80 N·m电机力矩制动和叠加50 N·m电机力矩制动,能量回收率分别达24.84%、17.38%和10.28%,并且协调制动过程中车辆加速度与制动踏板保持稳定,驾驶员没有制动变"软"的感觉,说明所提出的控制策略能够提高制动能量回收率,并且保证制动踏板感觉.     

基于系统效率优化的电液复合制动协调控制

为了进一步提高混合动力汽车电液复合制动系统协调性能和制动能量回收率,以一款新型双电机插电式混合动力汽车(PHEV)为研究对象,针对电机制动系统和液压制动系统工作特性的不同,提出符合其电液复合制动系统耦合工作特性的制动能量分配与控制策略。在保证制动安全性的前提下,以最大程度利用电机再生制动力为目标,建立电机损耗模型及可动态控制压力的液压制动系统模型,模拟实际电液复合制动系统的工作特性,通过控制电机制动系统电流实现损耗最小,并且调节速比实现电机与无级变速器(CVT)联合工作效率最优。利用比例-积分-微分(PID)控制调节液压制动系统高速开关阀,实现轮缸压力动态协调控制。制定基于阈值实时优化的制动力分配策略及基于制动强度修正的协调控制策略,利用MATLAB/Simulink和AMESim仿真平台对电机、液压制动系统及传动系统建立整车动力学模型,通过对连续制动及制动突变等制动工况进行联合仿真试验验证该控制策略的性能。研究结果表明:该控制策略可充分发挥双电机制动回收系统的优点,大幅提高制动能量回收率,有效兼顾汽车的制动安全性和平顺性,减小制动力波动;初速度为60 km/h,制动强度由0.6突变至0.3时,最大冲击度由93.36下降为17.52 m/s~3,满足汽车平顺性的要求;在城市车辆排放测试(UDDS)循环工况下,实际能量回收功率最高可增加0.32 kW。     

混合动力电动汽车无级变速-动力耦合机构

为提高混合动力电动汽车燃油经济性,设计了一种五杆行星轮系动力耦合机构。该机构利用双行星排实现三动力耦合,其中,发动机与行星架相连,电机1通过链轮1和太阳轮1相连,电机2和太阳轮2相连,并通过链轮2把动力传到驱动桥。推导了输出轴转速与三个动力源转速的关系,传动比分析表明,该机构在实现动力耦合的同时,还能在运行过程中无级变速。对启动、起步、加速和上坡、巡航、滑行、刹车制动、低速纯电动和倒车等8种运行工况进行了能量流动路径分析,采用Advisor软件在某车型上对耦合机构进行了新欧洲行驶工况仿真验证。研究结果表明,回收的制动能量增加了45kJ,回收率提高了3.42%,有效地提高了整车燃油经济性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that