高温高压条件下甲醇-空气-稀释气层流燃烧速度测定

利用高速纹影摄像法在定容燃烧弹内研究了不同初始压力、初始温度、气体稀释度和燃空当量比下甲醇一空气混合气预混层流燃烧速度和Markstein长度,分析了火焰拉伸对火焰传播速度的影响．基于火焰纹影照片,分析了火焰前锋面形态随混合气初始状态的变化规律．结果表明：甲醇-空气混合气层流燃烧速度随初始压力的增加而降低,随初始温度的增加而增加．氮气作为稀释气添加后,混合气的燃烧速度随稀释度增加而减小．Markstein长度值随初始压力增加而减小,随初始温度增加而减小,随气体稀释度增加而增大．随初始压力增加,火焰前锋面不稳定性增加,皱褶火焰前锋面出现的时刻提前．     

高辛烷值燃料-空气预混层流燃烧特性研究

在定容燃烧弹中采用高速纹影摄像方法研究了不同当量比(φ=0.8～1.4)和初始温度(373K,423 K,473 K)下高辛烷值燃料-空气预混合气的层流燃烧特性,分析了当量比和初始温度对燃烧的影响.结果表明:拉伸火焰传播速率、无拉伸火焰传播速率、拉伸层流燃烧速率和无拉伸层流燃烧速率随着初始温度的增加而增加,无拉伸层流燃烧速率在φ=1.0～1.1附近有最大值;马克斯坦长度随初始温度的增加而增加,随当量比的增加而减小;燃烧压力峰值与混合气质量的比值在φ=1.1时出现最大值,初始温度增加,该比值相应增加.     

正丁醇/正庚烷预混层流燃烧特性的试验研究

利用向外传播的球形火焰,试验研究了初始温度为393 K和初始压力为0.1 MPa时,当量比和正丁醇的掺混量对正丁醇/正庚烷掺混燃料的层流燃烧速度和火焰不稳定性的影响.试验结果表明:混合物的层流燃烧速度随当量比的增大先增大后减小,随正丁醇掺混量的增加逐渐增大;火焰不稳定性随当量比的增大而增加,低当量比时随正丁醇掺混量的增加逐渐增加,高当量比时随掺混量的增加逐渐减小,当量比1.1时火焰不稳定性受掺混量的影响不大.     

采用机器学习的二甲醚层流燃烧速度预测研究

为了明确二甲醚层流燃烧速度与混合气初始条件(温度、压力、当量比)之间的关系,基于大量的实验及数值模拟数据,利用机器学习多变量回归算法,建立了二甲醚/空气预混层流燃烧速度随初始条件的拟合关系式。通过与文献及数值模拟结果的对比,发现所建立的函数关系式能够在0.8～1.4当量比、298～373K初始温度和0.1～1.0MPa初始压力范围内得到准确的二甲醚层流燃烧速度预测结果。二甲醚层流燃烧速度随初始压力呈负指数关系,随初始温度呈正指数关系,化学当量比时,压力和温度指数的绝对值较小,混合气较浓或较稀时,压力和温度指数的绝对值增大,表明二甲醚层流燃烧速度随初始压力的增大而减小,随初始温度的升高而增大,且在较浓或者较稀的混合气条件下,层流燃烧速度随初始压力和温度的变化更为敏感。研究结果可以为二甲醚发动机数值模拟提供简单准确的层流燃烧速度输入数据,从而节约研究成本和计算时间。     

正丁醇预混层流燃烧试验

基于定容燃烧弹,利用高速纹影摄影和球形火焰扩展法,分析了不同燃空当量比(0.7~1.6)、初始温度(400,430,460 K)、初始压力(0.1,0.2,0.3 MPa)对正丁醇-空气预混层流燃烧的影响.研究了正丁醇-空气层流燃烧速度、火焰传播速度和拉伸率等关键层流燃烧特性参数的变化规律.结果表明:随着燃空当量比的增加,火焰前峰面稳定性变差,火焰传播速度和无拉伸火焰层流燃烧速度均呈现先增加后减小的趋势;随着初始温度的增加,火焰传播速度和无拉伸层流燃烧速度均增加,火焰前峰面稳定性下降;随着初始压力的增加,无拉伸层流燃烧速度和火焰传播速度均减小,火焰前峰面稳定性变差;火焰前峰面拉伸率随拉伸火焰传播速度的增加而逐渐减小.     

二甲醚-氢气-空气混合气预混燃烧的实验研究

在定容燃烧弹中,研究了不同燃空当量比、掺氢比和初始压力下的二甲醚-氢气-空气预混合气的一系列层流燃烧特性参数,并且系统地分析了当量比、掺氢比和初始压力对燃烧的影响.结果表明:随着掺氢比的增大,火焰传播速率、层流燃烧速率、燃烧压力升高率和质量燃烧速率都明显增大,火焰发展期和燃烧持续期则随之缩短;当掺氢比较低时,随着当量比的升高,马克斯坦长度不断递减,即稀混合气的燃烧稳定性更高;当掺氢比较高时,随着当量比的升高,马克斯坦长度不断递增,即浓混合气的燃烧稳定性更高;最高燃烧压力随着初始压力的升高而升高,受掺氢比的影响相对较小.     

稀释气对高甲烷含量天然气燃烧特性的影响

针对高甲烷含量天然气在实际发动机中燃烧温度过高、NOx排放过高的问题,利用定容燃烧弹实验和Chemkin软件模拟计算相结合的方法,对其预混层流燃烧特性进行研究,分析了不同稀释比和稀释气种类(N2和CO2)对混合气的层流火焰速度、NOx摩尔分数、燃烧压力和燃烧期等燃烧特性参数的影响。研究表明,层流火焰速度、质量燃烧率和热释放率均随稀释比的增加而减小,稀释气添加导致火焰温度下降,从而降低了NOx摩尔分数。Markstein长度和火焰厚度都随稀释比的增加而增加,火焰流动不稳定性得到抑制。添加稀释气导致燃烧压力峰值和压力升高率降低、燃烧期延长,与N2相比,CO2对混合气燃烧特性的稀释效果更加显著,从而为通过废气再循环技术路径降低高甲烷含量天然气发动机燃烧温度,控制NOx排放提供了理论指导。     

不同初始条件下页岩气层流燃烧火焰结构分析

应用Chemkin4.5中预混层流火焰速度模型,调节燃烧初始条件,针对页岩气层流燃烧的火焰结构开展了研究.探讨了页岩气层流燃烧时,初始温度、初始压力和氮气稀释度对页岩气反应物、生成物和自由基摩尔分数的影响,分析了H+OH基摩尔分数峰值和绝热火焰温度的变化规律.结果表明:当燃烧初始温度升高时,燃烧反应速度加快,H+OH基摩尔分数峰值提高,页岩气预混层流燃烧速度加快;燃烧反应速度随初始压力的增大而加快,自由基摩尔分数下降,由于反应速度的增加小于密度的增加,火焰传播速度下降;由于反应物裂解作用减弱,初始压力增大时,绝热火焰温度提高;氮气稀释度升高,空燃比提高,反应物、生成物和自由基摩尔分数下降,绝热火焰温度降低,燃烧速度下降.     

高温下掺氢天然气层流预混火焰传播特性

利用本生灯-纹影系统及CHEMKIN-PRO对高温下掺氢天然气层流预混火焰传播速度进行实验及数值模拟研究,并从热力学及化学动力学效应方面讨论了初始温度对掺氢天然气层流预混火焰传播特性的影响.结果表明:GRI-3.0机理能较准确地预测293~500K条件下的掺氢天然气层流预混火焰传播速度;在相同初始温度下,混合物层流预混火焰传播速度在高掺氢比时增幅更显著;在相同当量比下,混合物层流预混火焰传播速度及绝热火焰温度随初始温度的升高呈近线性增加;高温下,H自由基浓度的增大进一步增强了H+O₂=O+OH对整体燃烧反应的促进作用,使混合物层流预混火焰传播速度显著加快.     

初始压力与掺比对2-甲基呋喃汽油预混火焰发展的影响

以定容燃烧弹为试验平台,探究了初始压力和掺比对2-甲基呋喃汽油混合燃料火焰传播的影响.结合高速纹影成像,得到了各工况下的层流火焰传播照片,分析火焰发展形态,得到拉伸火焰传播速度及不稳定临界火焰半径等参数,再根据马克斯坦长度理论,求解了无拉伸火焰传播速度,并分析了火焰传播速度与火焰拉伸率的关系.研究结果表明,随着初始环境压力的升高,层流火焰传播速度减小,不稳定临界火焰半径减小,火焰不稳定性增大.随着2-甲基呋喃在混合燃料中体积分数的增加,层流火焰传播速度增大,不稳定临界火焰半径减小,火焰不稳定性增大.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.