氧化亚铁硫杆菌对黄铜矿表面性质及其浸出的影响

通过测定吸附量、Zeta电位和接触角,并通过对原子力显微镜表面进行表征及摇瓶浸出试验考察不同能源(Fe2+、单质硫和黄铜矿)培养的氧化亚铁硫杆菌A.ferrooxidans对黄铜矿表面性质的影响及其与黄铜矿浸出的关系。研究结果表明:不同能源培养的A.ferrooxidans菌对黄铜矿表面性质的影响规律相似;A.ferrooxidans菌均能快速吸附在黄铜矿表面,而矿驯化的A.ferrooxidans菌在矿表面的附着能力更强;细菌的吸附使黄铜矿的等电点朝细菌的等电点方向偏移,且由于在黄铜矿表面生成了硫膜和不稳定铜硫化物使得黄铜矿表面接触角增大,疏水性增强;在浸矿初期,细菌与黄铜矿作用以直接作用机理为主。     

石英对微生物浸出黄铜矿的作用

为探明石英在微生物浸出铜过程中的作用与影响,选择粒度<43μm的石英,与黄铜矿和黄铁矿形成矿浆浸出体系,考察了石英质量浓度对黄铜矿浸出效果的影响.结果表明:适量的石英,其粒度越细越能促进黄铜矿的浸出.当石英质量浓度为50g·L-1、粒度<43μm时,黄铜矿的浸出率最高可达54·09%,比不添加石英的浸出率提高了近20%;通过对微生物浸出过程的氧化还原电位、pH值、Fe2+、Fe3+变化分析,以及浸渣的扫描电镜和能谱分析发现,石英促进黄铜矿浸出主要表现在能缩短微生物浸出的延迟时间,它对浸出过程新生成的沉淀具有吸附作用,能在一定程度上减轻沉淀对黄铜矿浸出的阻碍.     

黄铁矿促进黄铜矿微生物浸出影响因素

采用摇瓶实验,以氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,At.f)浸出黄铁矿--黄铜矿,重点研究了基础培养基、矿物配比和粒度组成等因素的影响.黄铁矿能促进黄铜矿的微生物浸出,以采用无Fe 9K培养基效果较好,它对应铜浸出率是9K培养基的1.68倍;采用宽粒级矿物时铜浸出效果较好,且铜浸出率与黄铁矿和黄铜矿的质量比有关,当质量比为2∶2时铜浸出率最高可达45.58%;黄铁矿含量大小是影响铜浸出率高低的实质,当质量比小于等于5∶2时以At.f菌的氧化作用为主,当质量比为10∶2时以硫化矿间的原电池效应为主.浸渣的X射线衍射分析表明,采用无Fe 9K培养基时浸渣中生成的钝化物黄钾铁矾较少,故黄铁矿可以很好地替代9K培养基中的FeSO4,并能与黄铜矿形成原电池效应,从而促进铜的浸出.     

不同类型黄铜矿的生物浸出研究

研究了两种不同类型(黄铁矿型,斑岩型)黄铜矿生物浸出的差异.实验结果表明:两类黄铜矿生物浸出差别很大,48 d后黄铁矿型黄铜矿浸出率为46.96%,斑岩型黄铜矿浸出率为14.5%.对Fe2+、矿物表面Cu2p谱图和矿床特征的分析发现:适量的Fe2+能促进黄铜矿的浸出,但最佳用量不一样;浸渣表面产物不同,斑岩型黄铜矿表面出现富铜层,阻碍了浸出继续进行;与原矿相比,铜结合能都降低,符合Hiroyoshi等提出黄铜矿浸出的两步溶解模型;两类黄铜矿生物浸出的差异是由成矿岩体、围岩、伴生矿物和元素、成矿温度和压力等因素综合决定的.     

中等嗜热菌浸出黄铜矿的温度影响规律及种群组成分析

在不同温度条件下进行浸出实验.研究结果表明:中等嗜热菌在12～55℃时可保持浸矿活性,其最适生长温度为45～50℃,温度达到60℃时初始阶段还保持一定活性,但几天后菌浓度逐渐降低,种群比例发生较大变化;克隆文库分析表明:45℃和60℃条件下浸矿细菌主要为Leptospirillum ferriphilum,Acidithiobacillus caldus,Sulfobacillus thermotolerans和Acidosphaera rubrifaciens,其中Leptospirillum ferriphilum菌所占比例较大,是浸矿过程中的优势菌种.60℃条件下浸出过程中还存在古生菌Ferroplasma cupricumulans,古生菌可以利用其他浸矿菌产生的有机物为能源生长.它们之间对浸出所起的作用是相辅相成的,可共同促进黄铜矿的溶解.     

柠檬酸强化黄铜尾矿的生物浸矿

通过摇瓶试验研究混合硫杆菌浸出黄铜矿尾矿砂,并初步探讨不同矿浆质量浓度和柠檬酸质量浓度对浸提实验的影响。研究结果表明,添加柠檬酸在一定质量浓度范围内对黄铜矿尾矿砂的硫杆菌浸提有促进作用。在整个浸提实验中,浸矿效率最高达到44.8%,溶液中柠檬酸质量浓度和矿浆质量浓度都会直接影响细菌的氧化活性和浸矿效果。     

一株黄铜矿专属浸出细菌的分离与鉴定

从甘肃白银硫化矿区矿坑水中分离得到一株能够浸矿的细菌（命名为BY）,该菌株为革兰氏阴性细菌,短杆状,菌体的直径×长度为（0.45±0.05）μm×（1.5±0.4）μm,最适生长温度为25-30℃,最适pH值为2.0,化能自养型,能利用亚铁、单质硫和低浓度的葡萄糖生长,不能利用硫代硫酸钠、蛋白胨生长。研究结果表明：BY菌株与嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌（简称A.f菌）WJ13位于系统发育树同一个分支中,相似度为99.66%,与标准A.f菌株ATCC23270的相似度为99.93%;编码区的核酸序列与报道序列（登记序列号DQ166839-DQ166841）仅差1个碱基,氨基酸序列完全一致;于30℃浸出27 d后,含菌株的摇瓶的Cu^2＋的质量浓度即达到60 mg/L,而无菌浸出时Cu^2＋的质量浓度仅为10 mg/L,表明该菌株具有应用于黄铜矿浸出的潜力。     

Triton X-100对氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化活性及浸出黄铜矿的影响

为提高黄铜矿的微生物浸出效果,研究了非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100对氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)氧化Fe2+和S0的活性以及浸出黄铜矿的影响,并采用XRD对浸出后的产物进行了表征.结果表明,Triton X-100对氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化Fe2+有一定的抑制作用,而对氧化S0则显现出促进作用;Triton X-100可显著改善黄铜矿的微生物浸出效果,当其质量浓度为30 mg·L-1时,黄铜矿中铜的浸出率提高了52.15%.Triton X-100的加入提高了氧化亚铁硫杆菌对黄铜矿浸出过程中间产物硫的生物利用性和消解作用,从而提高了浸出体系中细菌浓度和Fe3+浓度,进而促进了黄铜矿的溶解.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化黄铜矿的实验研究

黄铜矿是自然界中最为常见的含铜硫化物,矿石或尾矿中黄铜矿的风化往往会导致严重的矿区重金属污染,细菌的参与可以改变黄铜矿的氧化分解行为.本文通过对比实验系统研究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans）对黄铜矿氧化分解的影响.利用等离子光谱仪（ICP-AES）、pH计、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和激光拉曼光谱分别测定了实验溶液的成分变化以及黄铜矿表面沉淀的物质组成.结果表明,细菌对实验溶液的pH值、Eh值和黄铜矿的氧化进程起着重要的控制作用.随着反应的进行及细菌的生长,溶液的pH值呈下降趋势,Eh值呈上升趋势,H＋和Cu2＋离子浓度升高.实验表明,细菌是整个氧化过程的主导因素,反应初期,Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans氧化溶液和黄铜矿中的Fe2＋成Fe3＋ 随着反应的进行和Fe3＋的增多,在Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans和Fe3＋的共同作用下,黄铜矿被氧化,并可生成自然硫,自然硫进而被Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans氧化为SO42- Fe3＋对黄铜矿的化学氧化作用和细菌的生物氧化作用持续进行,构成了黄铜矿的氧化过程.反应后期,Fe3＋以次生沉淀形式覆盖在矿物表面,沉淀物对黄铜矿的溶出有抑制作用.     

Zinc bioleaching from an iron concentrate using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain from Hercules Mine of Coahuila,Mexico

The iron concentrate from Hercules Mine of Coahuila,Mexico,which mainly contained pyrite and pyrrhotite,was treated by the bioleaching process using native strain Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A.ferrooxidans) to determine the ability of these bacteria on the leaching of zinc.The native bacteria were isolated from the iron concentrate of the mine.The bioleaching experiments were carried out in shake flasks to analyze the effects of pH values,pulp density,and the ferrous sulfate concentration on the bioleaching process.The results obtained by microbial kinetic analyses for the evaluation of some aspects of zinc leaching show that the native bacteria A.ferrooxidans,which is enriched with a 9K Silverman medium under the optimum conditions of pH 2.0,20 g/L pulp density,and 40 g/L FeSO4,increases the zinc extraction considerably observed by monitoring during15 d,i.e.,the zinc concentration has a decrease of about 95% in the iron concentrate.     

嗜酸嗜热菌FD-LH对高矿浆浓度黄铜矿的生物氧化

研究耐高铜离子浓度的嗜酸嗜热菌FD-LH对梅州黄铜矿生物氧化的特性,考察不同温度、pH值、高矿浆浓度对梅州黄铜矿生物氧化速率的影响,并初步研究串级浸矿工艺的浸出特性.结果表明,在70℃,pH值1.5时黄铜矿浸出效果最佳.FD-LH菌具耐高矿浆浓度(15%~20%)的能力.在矿浆浓度15%时,采用分批浸矿工艺,8 d铜的浸出率为92.0%;采用串级浸矿工艺,8 d铜浸出率高达97.4%.串级浸矿工艺有利于提高铜的浸出速率和浸出率.     

Adsorption and leaching of chalcopyrite by Sulfolobus metallicus YN24 cultured in the distinct energy sources

The chalcopyrite-adsorption characteristics and leaching properties of Sulfolobus metallicus (S. metallicus) YN24 were investigated in this study. The effects of zeta potentials of S. metallicus samples on chalcopyrite cultivated with distinct sources of energy were similar. Regardless of the energy source cultivated, all of the investigated S. metallicus samples adhered rapidly to the chalcopyrite surface, with an adhesion plateau being reached within 60 min. However, the mineral-cultured S. metallicus adsorbed more strongly onto chalcopyrite than the sulfur-cultured S. metallicus did. Furthermore, chalcopyrite-leaching tests suggested that the copper-leaching ability of the mineral-cultured S. metallicus was also greater than that of unadapted S. metallicus. Therefore, the results provide insights into the mechanism of mineral-surface adsorption of microorganisms that helps enhance the copper-leaching rate.     

Bioleaching of chalcopyrite and bornite by moderately thermophilic bacteria：an emphasis on their interactions

Interactions between chalcopyrite and bornite during bioleaching by moderately thermophilic bacteria were investigated mainly by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical measurements performed in conjunction with bioleaching experiments. The results showed that a synergistic effect existed between chalcopyrite and bornite during bioleaching by bothAcidithiobacillus caldus and Leptospirillum ferriphilum and that extremely high copper extraction could be achieved when chalcopyrite and bornite coexisted in a bioleaching system. Bornite dissolved preferentially because of its lower corrosion potential, and its dissolution was accelerated by the gal-vanic current during the initial stage of bioleaching. The galvanic current and optimum redox potential of 390?480 mV vs. Ag/AgCl pro-moted the reduction of chalcopyrite to chalcocite (Cu2S), thus accelerating its dissolution.     

铜萃取过程对嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌的影响

在生物浸出—溶剂萃取—电积提铜技术中,萃取对生物浸出过程必然产生影响.用最大或然数法(most probable number,MPN)研究了主要萃取参数不同时,萃取过程对嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)的影响.结果表明,萃原液pH为1.5~3.0时,萃余液中细菌细胞浓度逐渐增加,其中pH2.0时活细菌所占比例最大,为24.8%;当Lix984N浓度为2.5%~15%时,萃余液中细菌细胞浓度呈现降低趋势,同时活细菌所占比例由23.6%显著降低到6.2%.萃取过程对浸矿细菌有截留作用,将导致返回堆浸环境中浸矿细菌细胞浓度降低,同时使细菌活性减弱,从而使生物浸矿效率下降.     

嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌对市政污泥脱水性能的影响

嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌具有氧化亚铁离子及产酸的特性,可改变污泥颗粒表面电化学性质,从而改善污泥的脱水性能.本文研究了一株嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌生物酸化铁氧化效果,从pH、Fe(Ⅱ)含量及污泥比阻等方面探究其改善污泥脱水性的可行性及效果,并探究菌群不同接种量对污泥脱水效果的影响.实验结果表明,Fe2+可通过促进嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌进行生物酸化铁氧化生化过程,最终反应体系pH降为2.6左右,Fe2+含量基本为0,比阻降为0.57×1012m·kg-1,从而使污泥更易脱水.不同接种量会影响污泥的脱水性能.接种量越大,菌体氧化Fe(Ⅱ)能力越强且时间也越短,平衡时pH越低;当接种量大于50%时,最终pH可降至2.8;污泥的脱水性能得到明显改善.     

Bio-oxidation of pyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

This paper deals with the bio-oxidation processes by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans of pyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. Our experimental results show distinctive bio-oxidation characteristics for the three sulfide minerals. In the presence of A. ferrooxidans, the sulfide oxidation rates generally decrease in the order of pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and pyrite. The pH during bio-oxidation of pyrite tends to decrease as a whole, whereas a rise-fall pattern was recorded for both chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite in their pH variations. No deposition was observed during the bio-oxidation of pyrite, suggesting a possible link to lower pH value in the process. However, large amounts of jarosite and element sulfur were determined in the bio-oxidation processes of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. A. ferrooxidans individuals were found directly as attachments to erosion pits on the smooth surface of pyrite. The erosion pits are similar to the bacterium in shape and length, and thus are probably products of dissolution of organic acid secreted by the cells on the mineral surface. More complicatedly, biofilm exists on the surfaces of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. This type of structured community of A. ferrooxidans is enclosed in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and covered with the deposition generated in the bio-oxidation processes of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. Different bio-oxidation processes of pyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite may be linked mainly to characteristics of individual minerals and the pH in the reaction solution of the bio-oxidation system.     

Dual effects of sodium sulfide on the flotation behavior of chalcopyrite: I. Effect of pulp potential

This study explores the flotation behavior of chalcopyrite in the presence of different concentrations of sodium sulfide (Na₂S·9H₂O) at pH 12 under controlled potential conditions. It was observed that the flotation of chalcopyrite is not depressed completely when the pulp potential is low, even at high concentrations of sodium sulfide, i.e., 10?1–10?2 mol/L. However, a partial and controlled oxidation of pulp does enhance the effectiveness of sodium sulfide on the depression of chalcopyrite. Characterization of the chalcopyrite particle surface by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allowed the identification of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface species, which are responsible for the depression and flotation of chalcopyrite. Changes in pulp potential were found to be an effective float controlling parameter, by which Na2S can be used to initiate or depress the flotation behavior of chalcopyrite.     

温度对浸矿微生物活性及铜浸出率的影响

研究了从紫金山铜矿生物堆浸矿堆中分离出来的浸矿菌群在不同温度下的氧化活性和对紫金山硫化铜矿石的浸出规律,并利用变性梯度凝胶电泳法研究了15℃和30℃的菌群组成情况.结果表明:所分离的细菌的最佳生长温度为30℃,浸出10d,铜浸出率为87.62%,在最佳生长温度以外铜浸出率都会降低;15℃和30℃的优势菌分别为Leptospirillum fer-riphilum和Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans,两个温度下均有同一种劣势菌Acidithiobacillus caldus;优势菌种随温度的变化是与菌种的性质相关的.     

培养时间对五种荒漠藻胞外多糖性质的影响

探讨了培养时间对五种荒漠藻胞外多糖性质的影响,结果发现培养六个月后84.4%~99.7%的胞外多糖为中性部分(水洗脱),而培养三个月的胞外多糖以弱酸性为主(1.0M NaC l洗脱)。     

混合菌群诱变及诱变菌群对闪锌矿浸出的影响

将采自不同地区的混合菌分别培养于以黄铜矿和黄铁矿为能源的9 K培养基中,并以该培养物作为出发菌群,用亚硝酸钠(NaNO2)、硫酸二乙酯(DES)、紫外线(UV)及其组合为诱变剂,对混合菌群进行诱变。诱变后,经过连续浸矿筛选,得到对闪锌矿浸矿效果最好的诱变菌群E。浸矿试验结果表明:在9 K和Leathen培养基中,用诱变菌群E浸出闪锌矿40 d后,Zn2 的浸出率分别比对照组提高68%和84%;离心收集Leathen培养基中的菌体和矿样浸渣,弃除液体,加入新的Leathen培养基,在30℃和200 r/min条件下,恒温摇床培养20 d后,诱变菌群E对闪锌矿中Zn2 的二次浸出率比对照组高92%。